Bioorganic chemistry: Institutes,journals, publications,a short scientific metric analysis <Emphasis Type="Italic">on the 50th anniversary of the Institute of Natural Compound Chemistry,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry</Emphasis>

An attempt to illustrate the development of bioorganic chemistry in Russia and all over the world has been made. The development of a new field of science was accompanied by the emergence of specialized journals, organizations, departments and institutions for research in this field. A brief report about the four most important world journals on bioorganic chemistry is represented. The analysis of publications of world scientific institutions, having the word “bioorganic” in their title since 1972 to the middle of 2008, has been made with the help of information from Web Science. The publication distribution among countries, institutions, languages, journals, and the list of the most productive authors clearly demonstrate the leading role of the USSR and Russia and of the Institute of Natural Compound Chemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, in the creation and development of this field of science in the world. The publication distribution among the areas of knowledge displays a close connection between bioorganic chemistry and a number of the other fields of science, first of all, biochemistry and molecular biology, and also organic chemistry.     

Exploring the evolution of sustainable fisheries development: Focusing on ecological,environmental and management issues

Living marine resources are crucial for guaranteeing food security, meeting nutritional needs, generating employment, and solving other human challenges worldwide. Nevertheless, resource overexploitation and environmental contamination pose serious challenges to the sustainable development of fisheries (SDF). Numerous studies have been conducted in various disciplines worldwide to address these challenges. In this study, we collected 4450 journal articles from the Web of Science Core Collection database to help explain the evolution process, current state of affairs, research hotspots, and trends of research on the SDF. Using bibliometric tools, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Scimago Graphica, a scientometric analysis was conducted to define the knowledge structure by visualizing the co-occurrence network, co-authorship network, co-citation network, and emergence analysis. The findings indicate that the number of publications in this field are expanding rapidly, and key events related to the SDF have influenced publication numbers. Additionally, performance analysis from the author, journal and national perspectives provides scientific information for researchers. The thematic content on the SDF has also changed to emphasize ecosystem structure and its services.     

Our "Collegium Antropologicum" officially the most improved social science journal in the world for mid-2002

Thomson ISI's bimonthly web-product ISI Essential Science Indicators (ESI) is an in-depth analytical tool that regularly reports quantitative analyses of research performance and science trends, covering about 8,500 scientific journals from the entire world. In each issue ESI lists the scientists, institutions, countries and journals that are most improved from one update to the next, i.e. that show the largest percentage increase in total citations. In its edition of January 2003, it reported that our "Collegium Antropologicum" was the most improved journal in the field of Social Sciences during the period from July 2002 to September 2002. The field of Social Sciences is one of 22 categories of science regularly analyzed by ESI. It includes anthropology, public health, sociology, social work and policy, political science, law, education, communication, library and information sciences, environmental studies and rehabilitation. Due to journal's success, which is based on publications of predominantly Croatian scientists within the past seven post-war years, Croatia was also officially the most improved among more than 200 countries, and University of Zagreb was the most improved in the field of Social Science among thousands of other institutions. We hope that this is an early sign of revival of the scientific activity in our country after the War in Croatia (1991-1995).     

基于Web of science数据库的ACC脱氨酶研究文献计量分析

随着土壤环境日益恶化,ACC脱氨酶(1-Aminocyclop ropane-1-carboxylate deaminase)提高植物抗逆性及生态修复功能越来越受到关注。基于文献数据库,客观分析当前国际ACC脱氨酶研究的发展动态,旨在推动我国ACC脱氨酶相关研究及其在土壤污染修复中的应用。基于Web of science数据库,采用文献计量学方法,对全球发表于1991-2016年的ACC脱氨酶研究论文的国家、机构、作者、研究领域、期刊及关注热点进行统计分析。ACC脱氨酶全球论文数量在近几年呈现出持续增长态势。其中印度、加拿大和巴基斯坦在ACC脱氨酶研究领域处于国际领先地位,加拿大的发文量和发文影响力均位于首位,研究力量集中,研究人员实力较强。中国在ACC脱氨酶方面的研究起步较晚,发文数量虽然排名全球第四,但其影响力较低。全球范围内,ACC脱氨酶的研究内容主要集中在农业生产及环境修复两个方面。中国从微生物生态学、植物与微生物互作及植物修复等多个方向开展研究,也是今后值得重点关注和跟踪研究的方向。加拿大的研究力量处于国际领先水平。我国在该领域的研究起步晚,但近五年发展速度较快,关注热点体现出一定的特色和前瞻性,今后要注重高水平论文的发表,同时加强与高水平研究机构之间的合作,带动该领域研究力量的整体提升。     

Evaluating research and impact: a bibliometric analysis of research by the NIH/NIAID HIV/AIDS clinical trials networks

Evaluative bibliometrics uses advanced techniques to assess the impact of scholarly work in the context of other scientific work and usually compares the relative scientific contributions of research groups or institutions. Using publications from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) HIV/AIDS extramural clinical trials networks, we assessed the presence, performance, and impact of papers published in 2006-2008. Through this approach, we sought to expand traditional bibliometric analyses beyond citation counts to include normative comparisons across journals and fields, visualization of co-authorship across the networks, and assess the inclusion of publications in reviews and syntheses. Specifically, we examined the research output of the networks in terms of the a) presence of papers in the scientific journal hierarchy ranked on the basis of journal influence measures, b) performance of publications on traditional bibliometric measures, and c) impact of publications in comparisons with similar publications worldwide, adjusted for journals and fields. We also examined collaboration and interdisciplinarity across the initiative, through network analysis and modeling of co-authorship patterns. Finally, we explored the uptake of network produced publications in research reviews and syntheses. Overall, the results suggest the networks are producing highly recognized work, engaging in extensive interdisciplinary collaborations, and having an impact across several areas of HIV-related science. The strengths and limitations of the approach for evaluation and monitoring research initiatives are discussed.     

The &quot;impact factor&quot; revisited

The number of scientific journals has become so large that individuals, institutions and institutional libraries cannot completely store their physical content. In order to prioritize the choice of quality information sources, librarians and scientists are in need of reliable decision aids. The "impact factor" (IF) is the most commonly used assessment aid for deciding which journals should receive a scholarly submission or attention from research readership. It is also an often misunderstood tool. This narrative review explains how the IF is calculated, how bias is introduced into the calculation, which questions the IF can or cannot answer, and how different professional groups can benefit from IF use.     

International harmonization of health monitoring

Proper health surveillance is vitally important to the evaluation of the microbial status of laboratory animals and the performance of standardized experiments with a minimum number of animals. Sufficient and reliable information about animals health status has become even more important during the last decade with the rapid development and worldwide exchange of new genetically modified rodents. But a universal testing strategy for the assessment of pathogen status in rodent populations and internationally recognized standards and definitions of their quality do not exist, even though health data can provide consistent information only when based on systematic sampling and testing. Although there have been repeated calls for the development of international health monitoring standards and reporting, there are also objections. This article presents both the advantages and limitations of guidelines. After an overview of major factors to consider I discuss previous attempts to harmonize health monitoring procedures. The health monitoring recommendations for rodents issued by the Federation of European Laboratory Science Associations (FELASA) could serve as a model for global recommendations and for international harmonization. Given the increased significance of accurate health information when exchanging animals, research institutions and universities would benefit from universal standards, which would also help scientists as well as reviewers and readers of publications to better assess the validity of research results.     

A renewed look at laboratory rodent housing and management

Since its publication in 1996, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, Washington DC, National Academy Press) has become a primary source of information for institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) and research facility managers. In the ensuing years, recommendations relating to laboratory animal care have evolved in response to new scientific information and use of new technology such as ventilated caging. In this article, recent publications are examined to determine the potential impact of new scientific evidence on current practices for the housing and care of laboratory rodents. The discussion points out recent advances in technology and new knowledge of the conditions for the housing of various laboratory rodents, including cage space, single versus group housing, ventilated caging systems, thermoregulation, bedding materials, and enrichment. This new information is provided to aid IACUCs and facility managers in making decisions regarding the housing and care of laboratory rodents.     

PSI:Biology-materials repository: a biologist’s resource for protein expression plasmids

The Protein Structure Initiative:Biology-Materials Repository (PSI:Biology-MR; MR; ) sequence-verifies, annotates, stores, and distributes the protein expression plasmids and vectors created by the Protein Structure Initiative (PSI). The MR has developed an informatics and sample processing pipeline that manages this process for thousands of samples per month from nearly a dozen PSI centers. DNASU (), a freely searchable database, stores the plasmid annotations, which include the full-length sequence, vector information, and associated publications for over 130,000 plasmids created by our laboratory, by the PSI and other consortia, and by individual laboratories for distribution to researchers worldwide. Each plasmid links to external resources, including the PSI Structural Biology Knowledgebase (), which facilitates cross-referencing of a particular plasmid to additional protein annotations and experimental data. To expedite and simplify plasmid requests, the MR uses an expedited material transfer agreement (EP-MTA) network, where researchers from network institutions can order and receive PSI plasmids without institutional delays. As of March 2011, over 39,000 protein expression plasmids and 78 empty vectors from the PSI are available upon request from DNASU. Overall, the MR’s repository of expression-ready plasmids, its automated pipeline, and the rapid process for receiving and distributing these plasmids more effectively allows the research community to dissect the biological function of proteins whose structures have been studied by the PSI.     

Design and utilization of epitope-based databases and predictive tools

In the last decade, significant progress has been made in expanding the scope and depth of publicly available immunological databases and online analysis resources, which have become an integral part of the repertoire of tools available to the scientific community for basic and applied research. Herein, we present a general overview of different resources and databases currently available. Because of our association with the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource, this resource is reviewed in more detail. Our review includes aspects such as the development of formal ontologies and the type and breadth of analytical tools available to predict epitopes and analyze immune epitope data. A common feature of immunological databases is the requirement to host large amounts of data extracted from disparate sources. Accordingly, we discuss and review processes to curate the immunological literature, as well as examples of how the curated data can be used to generate a meta-analysis of the epitope knowledge currently available for diseases of worldwide concern, such as influenza and malaria. Finally, we review the impact of immunological databases, by analyzing their usage and citations, and by categorizing the type of citations. Taken together, the results highlight the growing impact and utility of immunological databases for the scientific community.     

CSF-PR 2.0: An Interactive Literature Guide to Quantitative Cerebrospinal Fluid Mass Spectrometry Data from Neurodegenerative Disorders

The rapidly growing number of biomedical studies supported by mass spectrometry based quantitative proteomics data has made it increasingly difficult to obtain an overview of the current status of the research field. A better way of organizing the biomedical proteomics information from these studies and making it available to the research community is therefore called for. In the presented work, we have investigated scientific publications describing the analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid proteome in relation to multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Based on a detailed set of filtering criteria we extracted 85 data sets containing quantitative information for close to 2000 proteins. This information was made available in CSF-PR 2.0 (http://probe.uib.no/csf-pr-2.0), which includes novel approaches for filtering, visualizing and comparing quantitative proteomics information in an interactive and user-friendly environment. CSF-PR 2.0 will be an invaluable resource for anyone interested in quantitative proteomics on cerebrospinal fluid.     

人肠道病毒71型动物模型研究进展

人肠道病毒71型是婴幼儿手足口病的致病原之一,其严重的并发症可导致神经系统疾病,甚至死亡,是近期威胁中国儿童健康的因素之一。目前尚无临床疫苗可以预防该病毒感染,而EV71的动物模型是进行致病机理、疫苗评价和药物等研究的基础。本文对EV71的两种常用动物模型：小鼠和猕猴（Macaca mulatta）模型进行了描述,并对其在研究中的应用给与概括,为研究者选择合适的动物模型提供了依据。     

Programs for invasive research in North American zoos and aquariums

Zoo-based research in North America is an emerging field, which has progressed from an ad hoc approach in a small number of zoos to a coordinated, integrated network of scientists with recognized research programs in approximately one half of the accredited institutions in North America. The disciplines most active in these programs--veterinary medicine and pathology, nutrition, reproductive biology, contraception, and behavior--are now becoming coordinated in zoos through Scientific Advisory Groups. Zoos with research programs generally establish either an institutional animal care and use committee or another committee to evaluate research proposals. In addition to scientific merit and experimental design, zoos evaluate proposals based on factors such as priority by conservation program/identified need; direct effect on species conservation, species type, and appropriateness; availability and location of animals; operational requirements/logistics; communication between institutions; and available funding. Euthanasia is considered only in rare circumstances. Zoo-based research has evolved into an integral component in animal management and conservation programs by providing practical information that is used to improve animal care, well-being, health, and reproduction. However, the degree to which zoos participate in invasive research varies considerably among institutions, due not only to resource limitations but also to how the term "invasive" is defined and accepted at each institution. A more standardized approach among zoological institutions for examining and approving research projects that are supported by zoo-based conservation programs would greatly facilitate the wildlife research efforts of North American zoos.     

How to write consistently boring scientific literature

Although scientists typically insist that their research is very exciting and adventurous when they talk to laymen and prospective students, the allure of this enthusiasm is too often lost in the predictable, stilted structure and language of their scientific publications. I present here, a top-10 list of recommendations for how to write consistently boring scientific publications. I then discuss why we should and how we could make these contributions more accessible and exciting.     

中国生物微量元素研究的现状与展望

微量元素包括铁、锌、铜、锰、硒、碘等,在机体生命活动中发挥着极其重要的生理学功能,参与蛋白质结构,并通过与蛋白质和其他有机基团结合参与酶、激素和维生素等生物大分子合成。微量元素代谢失衡会发生系列病理改变并最终导致疾病。生物微量元素研究是多学科交叉的科学研究领域,业已成为生命科学的国际研究热点。该领域发展对人类生存与健康具有重要意义。经过几代科学家的不懈努力,我国的生物微量元素研究已经从无到有,逐步取得令国际同行瞩目的科研成果,尤其近年来,我国该领域基础研究快速发展,更是相继产生了诸多高水平原创性科研成果。这种迅速发展与壮大,得益于大批海外归国优秀人才,更离不开国家和社会在科研经费和政策等方面的大力支持。简介了近年来我国生物微量元素研究领域的科学家及其主要科研成果,期望广大读者能全面了解国内生物微量元素研究现状以及可喜的发展趋势。衷心期待着中国的生物微量元素研究能有更大发展,能有更大成就。     

The management and coordination of biotechnology in the U.K. 1980-88

Government policy towards biotechnology has come a long way since the Spinks Report. Spinks advocated centralized coordination of policy, an approach deliberately rejected in 1981 by the Government in favour of continued pluralism, with each of the scientific research councils and various ministries 'doing their own thing'. This has led to considerable diversity of activity, and during these eight years more has in fact been achieved than is often recognized. But it also created an overlapping of responsibilities with concomitant friction and bad feeling that has wasted time and resources. The paper argues that some degree of friction is inevitable. By their nature new technologies cut across existing disciplines and blur institutional boundaries. The traditional approach has been to muddle through, allowing new institutions to emerge and adapting the old as seems appropriate. Lack of resources, however, argues against too brash a competitive approach. The paper suggests that strategic or precompetitive research should be seen as a complement to, rather than competitive with basic research, and cautions against too radical a restructuring of institutions at the present time.     

Survey of the Quality of Experimental Design,Statistical Analysis and Reporting of Research Using Animals

For scientific, ethical and economic reasons, experiments involving animals should be appropriately designed, correctly analysed and transparently reported. This increases the scientific validity of the results, and maximises the knowledge gained from each experiment. A minimum amount of relevant information must be included in scientific publications to ensure that the methods and results of a study can be reviewed, analysed and repeated. Omitting essential information can raise scientific and ethical concerns. We report the findings of a systematic survey of reporting, experimental design and statistical analysis in published biomedical research using laboratory animals. Medline and EMBASE were searched for studies reporting research on live rats, mice and non-human primates carried out in UK and US publicly funded research establishments. Detailed information was collected from 271 publications, about the objective or hypothesis of the study, the number, sex, age and/or weight of animals used, and experimental and statistical methods. Only 59% of the studies stated the hypothesis or objective of the study and the number and characteristics of the animals used. Appropriate and efficient experimental design is a critical component of high-quality science. Most of the papers surveyed did not use randomisation (87%) or blinding (86%), to reduce bias in animal selection and outcome assessment. Only 70% of the publications that used statistical methods described their methods and presented the results with a measure of error or variability. This survey has identified a number of issues that need to be addressed in order to improve experimental design and reporting in publications describing research using animals. Scientific publication is a powerful and important source of information; the authors of scientific publications therefore have a responsibility to describe their methods and results comprehensively, accurately and transparently, and peer reviewers and journal editors share the responsibility to ensure that published studies fulfil these criteria.