狼蛛,蟹蛛和跳蛛

狼蛛、蟹蛛和跳蛛分别是蜘蛛目中三个科的蜘蛛的通称。这三类蜘蛛包括了我们日常见到的游猎型蜘蛛的大部分种类,它们在帮助人类消灭害虫中所起作用也较大,所以作为动物学教学中的例子加以介绍。 (一)狼蛛狼蛛在地面或植物上疾驰,凶狠如狼,故名。体长3-25毫米,但多数种类在5-8毫米间。体色多黄褐色,不鲜艳。8眼,排成三列。前列4个小眼,中、后两列各2个眼,较大;后列两眼的间距稍大于中列两眼的间距(图1左)。卵袋扁球形,由两片半圆形丝膜缝合而成。卵袋挂在母蛛腹部后端的纺器上,由母蛛随身携带。幼蛛孵出后不分散,而是爬伏在母蛛腹部     

我国狼蛛属3新种（蜘蛛目：狼蛛科）

记述我国南方狼蛛属3新种,定名为:王氏狼蛛Lycosa wangi sp.nov.,宜章狼蛛Lycosa yizhangensis sp.nov.和云南狼蛛Lycosa yunnanensis sp.nov.。     

我国狼蛛属1新种（蜘蛛目：狼蛛科）

报道我国狼蛛属1新种:二监狼蛛Lycosa erjianensis sp.nov.。     

中国水狼蛛属一新纪录种(蜘蛛目:狼蛛科)

记述了采自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的水狼蛛属Pirata一新纪录种,盗水狼蛛Pirata praedo Kulczyński,1885。提供了该种外生殖器手绘图和显微照片,同时也给出了其近似种——真水狼蛛Pirata piraticus(Clerck,1757)的显微照片。标本现保存于西南大学生命科学学院。     

浙江省狼蛛科2新种记述（蛛形纲：蜘蛛目）

记述采自浙江省的狼蛛科2新种,定名为宁波熊蛛Arctosa ningboensis sp.nov.,树穴狼蛛Hogna trunca sp.nov.     

狼蛛科蜘蛛的繁殖行为

根据国内外研究进展,对狼蛛科蜘蛛的繁殖行为进行了简要综述,内容涉及狼蛛科蜘蛛的求偶、交配、产卵和携卵、携幼等4方面的行为研究。     

农田狼蛛亚群落结构的研究

本文对南宁市郊农田九种生境狼蛛亚群落结构进行了讨论。群落有7属37种狼蛛。文中揭示了农田各生境区间狼蛛亚群落的主要成分及其主要属性差异的原因。以狼蛛类群为指示动物,用群落相似性比例和聚类分析法,能较好地区分幼豹蛛(Pardosa pusiola)与奇异獾蛛(Trochosa ruricola)和拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)与拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)是构成农田区旱地和水田生境型具有代表性的两个狼蛛亚群落主要成分。     

中国狼逍遥蛛属1新种2新纪录种记述（蜘蛛目：逍遥蛛科）

记述分布于内蒙古的逍遥蛛科蜘蛛1新种:武川狼逍遥蛛Thannatus wuchuanensis sp.nov和2中国新纪录种:北极狼逍遥蛛Thanatus arctivus Thorell,1872;草原狼逍遥蛛Thanatus stepposus Logunov,1996.     

中国狼蛛科娲蛛属(娲蛛亚科)分类地位的探讨

采用DNA测序方法,获得了中国狼蛛科Lycosidae4亚科6属26种mtDNA-16S rRNA基因的部分序列,比较来自北美狼蛛科豹蛛属2种豹蛛的同一基因序列,并选取漏斗蛛科1种蜘蛛作为外群,采用Bayesian方法和最大简约法(MP)构建分子系统树.两种建树方法均支持娲蛛属和豹蛛属形成一大的单系;这一结果与现行狼蛛科传统分类体系中娲蛛属的分类地位有差别.据此,作者认为:娲蛛属和豹蛛属可以归为同一个分类亚单位.狼蛛科6属间的分子系统关系为(Rirata(Hippasa(Trochsa Arctosa(Pardosa Wadicosa)))).     

我国狼蛛科5种记述

记述我国蜘蛛目狼蛛科5种,包括1种豹蛛(罩豹蛛Pardosa vulvitecta)雄性新发现,1种豹蛛(意大利豹蛛Pardosa italica)中国新纪录,以及我国已记载的2种豹蛛和1种舞蛛的修订。     

A DNA marker to identify predation of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae) by Nabis kinbergii (Hem., Nabidae) and Lycosa sp. (Aranaea, Lycosidae)

Abstract:  Predators are important biotic factors in the population dynamics of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella . A specific DNA marker was developed to detect P. xylostella in the gut contents of two polyphagous predators, Nabis kinbergii and Lycosa sp. A distinct 275-bp product was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of the ribosomal gene of P. xylostella , but not from 11 other arthropod species collected from Brassica fields in South Australia. Fortuitously, the primer set could also amplify DNA products from two species and three varieties of Brassica plants, with the fragment size about 600 bp. When N. kinbergii was analysed after feeding a single fourth instar P. xylostella , 67% of individuals were positive with the 275-bp PCR product up to 16 h after feeding. Likewise, the PCR product was detected in 80% individuals of Lycosa sp. up to 72 h after feeding on a single fourth instar P. xylostella larva. Initial tests of samples collected from the field showed that the predation incidences for both N. kinbergii and Lycosa sp. determined by the 275-bp fragment corresponded to the density of P. xylostella in the field.     

Circadian Rhythms of Locomotor Activity in Lycosa tarentula (Araneae,Lycosidae) and the Pathways of Ocular Entrainment

Lycosa tarentula is a ground-living spider that inhabits a burrow where it awaits the appearance of prey or conspecifics. In this study, circadian rhythms of locomotor activity were examined as well as the ocular pathway of entrainment. Thirty-three adult virgin females were examined under constant darkness (DD); all of them exhibited robust circadian rhythms of locomotor activity with a period averaging 24.1h. Fourteen of these spiders were studied afterwards under an LD 12:12 cycle; they usually entrained to in the first or second day, even when the light intensity was as low as 1 lx. During the LD cycle, locomotor activity was generally restrained to the darkness phase, although several animals showed a small amount of diurnal activity. Ten males were also examined under LD; they were also nocturnal, but were much more active than the females. Seven females were examined under constant light (LL); under this they became arrhythmic. Except for the anterior median eyes (OMAs), all the eyes were capable of entraining the locomotor activity to an LD cycle. These results demonstrate that under laboratory conditions and low light intensities locomotor activity of Lycosa tarentula is circadian and in accordance with Aschoff's 'rule'. Only OMAs are unable to entrain the rhythm; the possible localization of circadian clock is therefore discussed.     

Susceptibility of twolined spittlebug (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) life stages to entomophagous arthropods in turfgrass

Prosapia bicincta (Say) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), the twolined spittlebug, is an economic pest of turfgrass in the southeastern United States. No data concerning natural enemies of P. bicincta in turfgrass have been reported previously. We compared predation of spittlebug eggs, nymphs, and adults in the laboratory by potential generalist predators commonly found in turfgrass: bigeyed bugs Geocoris uliginosus Say and Geocoris punctipes Say; red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren; wolf spiders (Lycosa sp. Walckenaer); carabid beetles Harpalaus pensylvanicus DeGeer and Calosoma sayi Dejean; and tiger beetles Megacephala carolina carolina L. Eggs were readily consumed by generalist predators. S. invicta consumed 100% of the eggs offered. H. pensylvanicus and C. sayi were also significant predators of P. bicincta eggs. Nymphs live in spittlemasses that protect them from attack by predators, but exposed nymphs were susceptible to attack when mechanically removed from their spittlemasses. S. invicta and M. carolina carolina caused significant mortality of exposed nymphs. P. bicincta adults are aposematic and have the ability to reflex bleed; however, reflex bleeding did not prevent attack by predators. S. invicta and M. carolina carolina killed 100% of the adult spittlebugs offered in laboratory bioassays. Lycosa sp. are less voracious predators of adults. Sound background knowledge about P. bicincta and its potential natural enemy complex is important for the development and implementation of a detailed, site-specific, biologically based pest management program in turfgrass.     

穴居狼蛛毒中磷酸单酯酶和核酸酶的研究

本文分别用对硝基酚磷酸酯、3＇-[32p]标记的RNA和大肠杆菌噬菌体入DNA作底物测定了新疆产穴居狼蛛毒中与核酸代谢有关的酶,发现此毒中含有磷酸单酯酶、核糖核酸酶和脱氧核糖核酸酶。     

农田蜘蛛群落结构及其多样性研究

本文对南宁地区农田自然蜘蛛群落和旱地狼蛛亚群落结构及其多样性进行了研究。 1.农田区蜘蛛群落有14科、41属、80种。主要成分是食虫瘤胸蛛、拟环纹狼蛛、拟水狼蛛、奇异獾蛛和豹蛛属种类,个体数以食虫瘤胸蛛最多。旱地狼蛛亚群落主要成分是奇异獾蛛和豹蛛属种类。 2.稻田区蜘蛛群落多样性指数以田埂杂草群落最高,早稻田群落最低。多样性、均匀度和种类丰富度时间格局是早、晚稻皆随时间序列增加。平均多样性、均匀度和个体数,晚稻均高于早稻。狼蛛更群落多样性和均匀度以草地最高。 3.应用群落比例相似性和聚类分析表明,拟环纹狼蛛与拟水狼蛛和奇异獾蛛与豹蛛属种类是组成当地农田区的水田和旱地生境具有代表性的两个狼蛛亚群落主要成分。 本文试图揭示农田生态系统中的稻田蜘蛛,在不受化学农药干扰下群落结构及其多样性变化,并以狼蛛亚群落为代表,比较农田区内不同生境的群落结构及多样性与生境生态特征的关系,为害虫防治和动物资源的利用提供参考。     

穴居狼蛛毒中抗菌活性物质的耐热及缔合性质

穴居狼蛛(Lycosa singoriensis)毒中的抗菌活性物质具有耐热性(在沸水浴中处理半小时活性不变)、耐酸性和耐碱性。但用透析袋(Visking 18/32)对毒腺提取物透析时,在中性及碱性条件下可全部被透析掉。当用Sephadex G-25柱对较少量样品进行层析时,在酸性条件下至少可被分出8个蛋白峰,其中峰4和峰8具抗菌活性,但随上柱样品量的增加,在层析图上峰4的面积增大,峰8的面积变小,甚至活性消失;反之,在中性或弱碱性条件下所得到的层析图上,则是峰8的面积大,抗菌活性明显,而峰4的面积小,甚至检不出抗菌活性。此峰8样品经热处理后,在酸性条件下经分子筛过滤,又可得到两个分子量不同的抗菌活性峰。这些结果提示,上述耐热和耐酸碱性强的抗菌物质在酸性环境中可能是以目身高聚体或与其它大分子蛋白非共价结合,随pH值的升高而解离成单体或低聚体。     

湖北九宫山自然保护区蜘蛛群落的初步调查

1999年7－8月对湖北省九宫山自然保护区蜘蛛资源进行了调查,共采集到蜘蛛15科14属68种。结果表明：群落优势种为肩斑银鳞蛛、斜纹猫蛛和银锥腹蛛。群落多样性指数（H‘）为3．2367,均匀性指数（E）为0．7671,优势集中性指数（C）为0．0720。4种蜘蛛为湖北省分布新记录。