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Mokshina N. E. Mikshina P. V. Gorshkova T. A. 《Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry》2022,48(3):529-542
Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - Plant cellulose is synthesized on the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase complex and a number of coenzymes. Different cellulose synthases are... 相似文献
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Stéphane Herbette Brigitte Bouchet Nicole Brunel Estelle Bonnin Hervé Cochard Fabienne Guillon 《Annals of botany》2015,115(2):187-199
Background and Aims The efficiency and safety functions of xylem hydraulics are strongly dependent on the pits that connect the xylem vessels. However, little is known about their biochemical composition and thus about their hydraulic properties. In this study, the distribution of the epitopes of different wall components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and lignins) was analysed in intervessel pits of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × alba).Methods Immunogold labelling with transmission electron microscopy was carried out with a set of antibodies raised against different epitopes for each wall polysaccharide type and for lignins. Analyses were performed on both immature and mature vessels. The effect of sap ionic strength on xylem conductance was also tested.Key Results In mature vessels, the pit membrane (PM) was composed of crystalline cellulose and lignins. None of the hemicellulose epitopes were found in the PM. Pectin epitopes in mature vessels were highly concentrated in the annulus, a restricted area of the PM, whereas they were initially found in the whole PM in immature vessels. The pit border also showed a specific labelling pattern, with higher cellulose labelling compared with the secondary wall of the vessel. Ion-mediated variation of 24 % was found for hydraulic conductance.Conclusions Cellulose microfibrils, lignins and annulus-restricted pectins have different physicochemical properties (rigidity, hydrophobicity, porosity) that have different effects on the hydraulic functions of the PM, and these influence both the hydraulic efficiency and vulnerability to cavitation of the pits, including ion-mediated control of hydraulic conductance. Impregnation of the cellulose microfibrils of the PM with lignins, which have low wettability, may result in lower cavitation pressure for a given pore size and thus help to explain the vulnerability of this species to cavitation. 相似文献
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The pattern and expression level of β-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene regulated by six heterologous promoters were studied in transgenic Populus tremula × P. alba plants obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Binary vector constructs used contained the following promoter sequences: the CaMV35S from cauliflower
mosaic virus; its duplicated version fused to the enhancer sequence from alfalfa mosaic virus; CsVMV from cassava vein mosaic
virus; ubiquitin 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana (UBQ3); S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (Sam-s) from soybean; and the rolA from Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Histochemical staining of root, stem and leaf tissues showed phloem and xylem-specific gus expression under rolA promoter, and constitutive expression with the other putative constitutive promoters. Quantitative GUS expression of 10 –
15 independently transformed in vitro grown plants, containing each promoter, was determined by fluorimetric GUS assays. The UBQ3-gus fusion induced the highest average expression level, although an extensive variation in expression levels was observed between
independent transgenic lines for all the constructs tested. 相似文献
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Werner Landolt Madeleine Günthardt-Goerg Ilse Pfenninger Christoph Scheidegger 《Trees - Structure and Function》1994,8(4):183-190
Summary Cuttings of hybrid poplar (Populus × euramericana var. Dorskamp) were exposed to ozone (80 g/m3 from 2100 hours to 0700 hours, 180 g/m3 from 0700 hours to 2100 hours) for 3 months. Ozone reduced the starch content in leaves and stem bark, whereas starch granules accumulated in bundle sheath cells along small leaf veins. At the same time, sucrose and inositol content increased in the leaves. Mesophyll cells in the vicinity of the stomata were injured first, and droplet-like material appeared on their walls. In the sieve plates of fumigated trees, the pores showed a higher degree of narrowing than those of the control treatment. Cell collapse in the leaves was accompanied by water loss and an increase in air space. In the stems, the ozone treatment led to a reduced radial width, particularly in the xylem tissue. These results are discussed in relation to reduced or inhibited phloem loading and ozone-induced drought stress. The plants injured by ozone showed quite distinct patterns of metabolite responses as well as enzyme activities (PEP- and RubP-carboxylase) in the leaves from the top to the bottom. There were also remarkable differences in the reaction of sucrose and inositol between leaves and stem bark. Future research should therefore increasingly follow a whole-plant approach for a better understanding of complex plant reactions. 相似文献
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Hoenicka H Lautner S Klingberg A Koch G El-Sherif F Lehnhardt D Zhang B Burgert I Odermatt J Melzer S Fromm J Fladung M 《Planta》2012,235(2):359-373
Constitutive expression of the FPF1 gene in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) showed a strong effect on wood formation but no effect on flowering time. Gene expression studies showed that activity of flowering time genes PtFT1, PtCO2, and PtFUL was not increased in FPF1 transgenic plants. However, the SOC1/TM3 class gene PTM5, which has been related to wood formation and flowering time, showed a strong activity in stems of all transgenic lines studied. Wood density was lower in transgenic plants, despite significantly reduced vessel frequency which was overcompensated by thinner fibre cell walls. Chemical screening of the wood by pyrolysis GC/MS showed that FPF1 transgenics have higher fractions of cellulose and glucomannan products as well as lower lignin content. The latter observation was confirmed by UV microspectrophotometry on a cellular level. Topochemical lignin distribution revealed a slower increase of lignin incorporation in the developing xylem of the transgenics when compared with the wild-type plants. In line with the reduced wood density, micromechanical wood properties such as stiffness and ultimate stress were also significantly reduced in all transgenic lines. Thus, we provide evidence that FPF1 class genes may play a regulatory role in both wood formation and flowering in poplar. 相似文献
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The seasonal changes in protein content have been followed in the wood of Populus × canadensis Moench robusta, both biochemically and electronmicroscopically at the cellular level. In the storage-parenchyma cells of the twig wood, 4–6 g · mg–1 DW protein were deposited in the fall, parallel to the yellowing of leaves, and mobilized completely again during the outgrowth of buds in the spring. Environmental impacts on the leaves, e.g. a fungal attack and mechanical injury by a hurricane, were found to affect protein deposition in the wood considerably. Accumulation of protein bodies in the fall and their disappearance from the cells in the spring proceeded parallel to the changes in protein content measured biochemically, proving that these organelles are the main sites of protein storage in the wood parenchyma cells. Using immunogold labelling and an anti-32-kDa poplar storage-protein antibody the protein bodies were shown to be the exclusive sites of storage of a 32-kDa polypeptide. Transient changes in protein content were also observed during fall and winter. Because these changes coincided with changes in protein-body structure and with changes in the population of vesicles and-or tubular membrane cisternae of the cells, an exchange of nitrogen compounds from the storage pool into the structural protein of membranes possibly takes place during these periods. The structural events observed during proteolysis in spring are very similar to those found in seeds. The possible roles of small cytoplasmic vesicles found within protein bodies during proteolysis and of multimembraneous vacuolar compartments during membrane retrieval are discussed.Abbreviations DW
dry weight
- SDS-PAGE
sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. Hans Marquardt on the occasion of his 80th birthdayThe valuable technical assistance of Miss Sabine Karg and Miss Astrid Diercks is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 相似文献
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Water uptake across cell membranes is a principal requirement for plant growth at both the cellular and whole-plant levels; water movement through plant membranes is regulated by aquaporins (AQPs) or major intrinsic proteins (MIPs). We examined the expression characteristics of the poplar plasma membrane intrinsic protein 1 gene (PatPIP1), a type of MIP, which was isolated from a suspension cell cDNA library of Populus alba×P. tremula var. glandulosa. Examination of protoplasts expressing the p35S-PatPIP1::sGFP fusion protein revealed that the protein was localized in the plasma membrane. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene was strongly expressed in poplar roots and leaves. Gene expression was inducible by abiotic factors including drought, salinity, cold temperatures and wounding, and also by plant hormones including gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Since we found that the PatPIP1 gene was strongly expressed in response to mannitol, NaCl, jasmonic acid and wounding, we propose that PatPIP1 plays an essential role in the defense of plants against water stress. 相似文献
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Langenfeld-Heyser R Gao J Ducic T Tachd P Lu CF Fritz E Gafur A Polle A 《Mycorrhiza》2007,17(2):121-131
In order to characterise the effect of ectomycorrhiza on Na+-responses of the salt-sensitive poplar hybrid Populus × canescens, growth and stress responses of Paxillus involutus (strain MAJ) were tested in liquid cultures in the presence of 20 to 500 mM NaCl, and the effects of mycorrhization on mineral
nutrient accumulation and oxidative stress were characterised in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal poplar seedlings exposed
to 150 mM NaCl. Paxillus involutus was salt tolerant, showing biomass increases in media containing up to 500 mM NaCl after 4 weeks growth. Mycorrhizal mantle
formation on poplar roots was not affected by 150 mM NaCl. Whole plant performance was positively affected by the fungus because
total biomass was greater and leaves accumulated less Na+ than non-mycorrhizal plants. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis using transmission electron microscopy analysis of the
influence of mycorrhization on the subcellular localisation of Na+ and Cl− in roots showed that the hyphal mantle did not diminish salt accumulation in root cell walls, indicating that mycorrhization
did not provide a physical barrier against excess salinity. In the absence of salt stress, mycorrhizal poplar roots contained
higher Na+ and Cl− concentrations than non-mycorrhizal poplar roots. Paxillus involutus hyphae produced H2O2 in the mantle but not in the Hartig net or in pure culture. Salt exposure resulted in H2O2 formation in cortical cells of both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal poplar and stimulated peroxidase but not superoxide dismutase
activities. This shows that mature ectomycorrhiza was unable to suppress salt-induced oxidative stress. Element analyses suggest
that improved performance of mycorrhizal poplar under salt stress may result from diminished xylem loading of Na+ and increased supply with K+. 相似文献
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Yusuke Yamagishi Joto Yoshimoto Hiromu Uchiyama Eri Nabeshima Satoshi Nakaba Ugai Watanabe Ryo Funada 《Planta》2013,237(4):1179-1185
The formation of tracheary elements was induced in calli derived from petioles of hybrid poplar (Populus sieboldii × P. grandidentata) after 10 days of culture on medium that lacked auxin but contained 1 μM brassinolide. Some differentiated cells formed broad regions of cell walls and bordered pits, which are typical features of tracheary elements of secondary xylem. Other differentiated cells resembled tracheary elements of primary xylem, with spiral or reticulate thickening of cell walls. The tracheary elements that developed in calli were formed within cell clusters. This induction system provides a new model for studies of the mechanism of differentiation of secondary xylem cells in vitro. 相似文献
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There is increasing evidence that temperature, in addition to photoperiod, may be an important factor regulating bud dormancy.
The impact of temperature during growth cessation, dormancy development, and subsequent cold acclimation was examined in four
hybrid poplar clones with contrasting acclimation patterns: ‘Okanese’—EARLY, ‘Walker’—INT1, ‘Katepwa’—INT2, and ‘Prairie Sky’—LATE.
Four day–night temperature treatments (13.5/8.5, 18.5/13.5, 23.5/8.5, and 18.5/3.5°C) were applied during a 60-day induction
period to reflect current and predicted future annual variation in autumn temperature for Saskatoon, SK. Warm night temperature
(18.5/13.5°C) strongly accelerated growth cessation, dormancy development, and cold acclimation in all four clones. Day temperature
had the opposite effect of night temperature. Day and night temperatures appeared to act antagonistically against each other
during growth cessation and subsequent dormancy development and cold acclimation. Growth cessation, dormancy development,
and cold acclimation in EARLY and LATE were less affected by induction temperature than INT1 and INT2 suggesting that genotypic
variations exist in response to temperature. Separating specific phenological stages and the impact by temperature on each
clone revealed the complexity of fall phenological changes and their interaction with temperature. Most importantly, future
changes in temperature may affect time to growth cessation, subsequently altering the depth of dormancy and cold hardiness
in hybrid poplar. 相似文献
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Summary Embryogenic cultures were established from silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) female megagametliophytes with developing embryos and from excised mature embryos after pollination with Abies cephalonica Lond. or Abies numidica DeLann pollea The frequency of embryogenic callus formation was dependent on genotype, collection time, medium and explants used. The embryogenic callus initiation potential of megagamethophytes with developing embryos in both hybrids was higher in early July and dropped as the zygotic embryos matured. Excised cotyledonary embryos were less suitable for induction of embryogenic cultures. SH medium supplemented with 1mg/l BAP was the most efficient for callus induction and maintenance. Cultures were composed of early somatic embryos with an embryonal mass formed of highly cytoplasmic cells, rich in cell organelles and a suspensor built up by vacuolated, strongly elongated cells. Maturation of embryos was detected with the formation of bipolar structures with shoot and root apices. Nutrition reserves were observed in cells of embryos cultured on DCR medium containing 1 or 10 mg/l ABA. Cotyledon formation, hypocotyl elongation and low frequency germination occured following transfer of the embryos to the same medium without ABA. 相似文献
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Ying Li Hao Li Zhong Chen Le-Xiang Ji Mei-Xia Ye Jia Wang Lina Wang Xin-Min An 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2013,114(1):39-48
Homozygous genotypes are valuable for genetic and genomic studies in higher plants. However, obtaining homozygous perennial woody plants using conventional breeding techniques is currently a challenge due to a long juvenile period, high heterozygosity, and substantial inbreeding depression. In vitro androgenesis has been used to develop haploid and doubled haploid plants. In the present study, we report the regeneration of haploid lines of poplar (Populus × beijingensis) via anther culture. Anthers at the uninucleate stage were induced to produce callus using three basic media. Two auxins (naphthalene acetic acid [NAA] and 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D]), and two cytokinin (kinetin [KT] and 6-benzyladenine [BA]) were tested to explore the influence of plant growth regulators on callus response. H medium (Bourgin and Nitsch 1967) supplemented with 1.0 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L KT induced the highest rate of callus formation. When callus obtained from anthers were subcultured in MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.2 mg/L NAA, followed by transfer to half-strength MS medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (0.2–0.5 mg/L), the formation of regenerated plantlets increased dramatically. Inclusion of gibberellic acid (0.02–0.2 mg/L) in addition to a combination of BA (0.6 mg/L)-NAA (0.2 mg/L) in the culture medium resulted in enhanced frequency of shoot development, as well as greater internode elongation. Ploidy analysis of 580 regenerated plants, using both flow cytometry and chromosome counting, revealed 10.3 % haploid and 1.0 % triploid plantlets. The remaining plantlets were all diploid. 相似文献
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Transformation of elite white poplar (Populus alba L.) cv. ' Villafranca' and evaluation of herbicide resistance 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
M. Confalonieri B. Belenghi A. Balestrazzi S. Negri G. Facciotto G. Schenone M. Delledonne 《Plant cell reports》2000,19(10):978-982
Transgenic white poplar plants (Populus alba L.) expressing the nptII gene and the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus have been produced using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Eleven kanamycin-resistant plant lines were obtained with a transformation frequency of 7%. Successful
genetic transformation was confirmed by Southern and northern analyses. The level of resistance to the commercial preparation
of phosphinothricin (Basta; Roussel-Hoechst Agrovet) was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo assays. Using in vitro selective
conditions for phosphinothricin, only plantlets from four kanamycin-resistant independent lines remained green and continued
to grow and root. After transfer to the growth chamber, all selected transgenic lines were shown to be completely resistant
to the herbicide Basta with doses equivalent to 6 l ha–1 (normal field dosage) and were tolerant at concentration of 12 l ha–1. This is the first report describing the genetic transformation of a P. alba clonal cultivar of commercial interest with a gene of agronomic value.
Received: 12 June 1999 / Revision received: 6 March 2000 / Accepted: 7 March 2000 相似文献
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A. Sukganah C. Y. Choong J. Russell D. Neale R. Wickneswari 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2013,9(5):1369-1381
There is large potential in the establishment of Acacia auriculiformis × Acacia mangium hybrid plantations through selection of high quality parents especially with characteristics favourable for some end products like pulp and fibre. Trees altered in their lignin profile with reduced amounts of lignin or increased extractable syringyl are desirable in the pulp and paper industry. Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) are two enzymes likely to regulate lignin content and composition in the syringyl (S)- and guaiacyl (G)-related monolignols at specific branches of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. A goal of this study was to discover the genetic variation in CCR and COMT genes in Acacia species using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this study, two lignin genes, CCR (3,317 bp) and COMT (2,764 bp), were isolated from the Acacia hybrid, sequenced and analysed in silico. Southern blot analysis suggested that there are one to two copies of genes encoding CCR and COMT in the Acacia hybrid. Upon genotyping 480 individuals from natural populations of A. auriculiformis and A. mangium, six CCR SNPs were found in A. auriculiformis and five CCR SNPs in A. mangium. Three COMT SNPs were found in A. auriculiformis and one COMT SNP in A. mangium. A pair of CCR SNPs showed high linkage disequlibrium (LD) with r 2 value of 0.870 in an A. mangium population from Papua New Guinea. The SNPs will be further exploited through the candidate gene-based LD mapping to identify QTLs for the Acacia marker-assisted breeding. This is the first documentation of the isolation, cloning and re-sequencing of CCR and COMT genes in the Acacia hybrid and the natural populations of A. auriculiformis and A. mangium. 相似文献
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Aleksandra Muszyńska Katarzyna Jarocka Ewa U. Kurczynska 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2014,36(5):1155-1165
The effect of salinity on cell turgor, plasma membrane permeability and cell wall elasticity has been measured in petioles of an aspen hybrid using the cell pressure probe. Control plants were grown in soil without the addition of NaCl and treated plants were grown in soil with 50 mM of NaCl for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. In parenchyma cells from Populus tremula × tremuloides petioles with an increased level of NaCl in the soil: (a) turgor pressure was reduced after 1 week of treatment but afterward it was similar to untreated plants, (b) the value of elastic modulus of the cell walls increased, and (c) hydraulic conductivity of the plasma membrane of treated plants decreased in comparison to untreated ones. No histological differences and distribution of JIM5 antibody between the petioles of plants grown under salinity and the untreated were found. In cell walls of parenchyma and collenchyma from plants grown under salinity, the presence of pectic epitopes recognized by JIM7 antibodies was increased in comparison to the control plants. The obtained results indicate that under salt stress the permeability of water through plasma membrane is disturbed, cell walls became more rigid but the turgor pressure did not change. 相似文献
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