Relationship between lipase production and pseudomycelia formation in a dimorphicCandida sp.

Nitrilotriacetic acid, octanol, hexanol, xylene, naphthalene and camphor increased the lipase production and the formation of mycelia by 10 to 50% and 10 to 27% respectively in a dimorphicCandida sp. Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺ and SeO^2- ₃ ions enhanced lipase production and mycelia formation by 16 to 53% and 13 to 23% respectively.     

Simultaneous production of hydrogen and bioflocculant by Enterobacter sp. BY-29

Hydrogen and a bioflocculant could be produced simultaneously by anaerobic culture of Enterobacter sp. BY-29. For production of hydrogen and the bioflocculant by cell culture of the bacterium in batch cultures, cultivation at 37 °C in a medium containing glucose as a carbon source and Polypepton as a nitrogen source was found to be suitable. In continuous production of hydrogen and the bioflocculant by cell culture or immobilized cells of the bacterium, the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield by the immobilized cells on porous glass beads in stirred and column reactors were higher than those by the cell culture in a stirred reactor. However, production of the bioflocculant by the cell culture was superior to that by the immobilized cells in continuous production.     

Removal of Benzo[a]pyrene by a fungus Aspergillus sp. BAP14

A fungal strain BAP14 isolated from marine sediments of coast in Xiamen city, was found to have the ability to degrade benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and identified as Aspergillus sp. based on 18S rRNA gene sequence. Aspergillus sp. BAP14 was able to remove about 30 and 60% of BaP with initial concentration of 10 mg l⁻¹ in 3 and 12 days of incubation, respectively. Addition of saccharides and low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons appeared to have effect on the degradation ability, in particularly the addition of lactose and naphthalene. Furthermore, we demonstrated that lipidic particles could be observed in the presence of benzo[a]pyrene based on the morphologic performance of Aspergillus sp. BAP14 through scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively.     

A hyper-thermostable, alkaline lipase from Pseudomonas sp. with the property of thermal activation

A hyper-thermostable, alkaline lipase from a newly-isolated, mesophilic Pseudomonas sp. was optimal at pH 11 and at 90 °C. It had a half-life of more than 13 h at 90 °C. It was activated by 30% when heated at 90 °C for 2 h. The enzyme had a greater affinity for mustard oil (K _m=40 mg ml^–1) than for olive oil (K _m=140 mg ml^–1).     

Quantification of intra- and extra-cellular thermophilic lipase/esterase production by Thermus sp.

Four Thermus strains produced lipolytic activity when grown in liquid medium for 30 h at 70 degrees C. The highest total lipase/esterase activity (57 U l(-1)) was in Thermus aquaticus YT-1, followed by Thermus thermophilus HB27 and HB8 (33 and 25 U l(-1), respectively), and finally by Thermus sp. (16 U l(-1)). Extra-cellular activity was detected in T. aquaticus YT-1 and T. thermophilus HB27 (33 and 17 U l(-1)). All enzymes were stable at 80 degrees C over 30 min, and their activity towards fatty acid esters increased as substrate chain-length diminished (i.e. hydrolysis rate was up to 6-fold higher on p-nitrophenyl caproate than on laurate).     

Biodegradation of glucosinolates in brown mustard seed meal (Brassica juncea) by Aspergillus sp. NR-4201 in liquid and solid-state cultures

Aspergillus sp. NR-4201 was assessed by degrading glucosinolates in brownmustard seed meal (Brassica juncea). A liquid culture of the strain, in a medium derived from the meal, produced total degradation of glucosinolates at 32 h. Under these conditions, the glucosinolate-breakdown product, allylcyanide, was formed inculture filtrates. In a plate culture under sterile conditions, the growth of the strain inheat-treated meal media was shown to be effective at 30 °C with 51% moisture,as determined by the measurement of the colony growth rate. On the laboratory scale,solid-state culture under the same conditions gave rise to total glucosinolate degradationwithin 48 h. In comparison, under non-sterile conditions in either heat-treated or nonheat-treated meal samples, the degradations were complete after 60 and 96 h, respectively.In these cases, growth was associated with some out-growths of contaminating fungi,mainly Rhizopus sp. and Mucor sp. The glucosinolate-breakdown product,allylcyanide, was not detected in the solid-state meal-media culture presumably due toevaporative loss from the fermentation matrix.     

A thermoalkaliphilic lipase of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geobacillus</Emphasis> sp. T1

A thermoalkaliphilic T1 lipase gene of Geobacillus sp. strain T1 was overexpressed in pGEX vector in the prokaryotic system. Removal of the signal peptide improved protein solubility and promoted the binding of GST moiety to the glutathione-Sepharose column. High-yield purification of T1 lipase was achieved through two-step affinity chromatography with a final specific activity and yield of 958.2 U/mg and 51.5%, respectively. The molecular mass of T1 lipase was determined to be approximately 43 kDa by gel filtration chromatography. T1 lipase had an optimum temperature and pH of 70°C and pH 9, respectively. It was stable up to 65°C with a half-life of 5 h 15 min at pH 9. It was stable in the presence of 1 mM metal ions Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺ , but inhibited by Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺. Tween 80 significantly enhanced T1 lipase activity. T1 lipase was active towards medium to long chain triacylglycerols (C10–C14) and various natural oils with a marked preference for trilaurin (C12) (triacylglycerol) and sunflower oil (natural oil). Serine and aspartate residues were involved in catalysis, as its activity was strongly inhibited by 5 mM PMSF and 1 mM Pepstatin. The T _m for T1 lipase was around 72.2°C, as revealed by denatured protein analysis of CD spectra.     

Production,isolation and partial purification of xylanases from anAspergillus sp.

AnAspergillus sp., isolated from a rubbish dump, produced 10.6 IU ml^-1 xylanase activity. Two xylanases were recognized and each was purified to homogeneity by two-stage chromatography on DEAE-and CM-Sepharose. Xylanase I had a pI of 7.2 and anM _r of 26 kDa whereas xylanase II had a pI of 4.7 and anM _r of 21 kDa. At 50°C, xylanase I was stable for 2.5 h but xylanase II was only stable for 1 h.P. Khanna is with the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India. S. Sivakami Sundari and N. Jothi Kumar are with the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Madras Zonal Laboratory, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani 600 113, India.     

基于空腔填充效应构建伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶LipA的热稳定性突变体

【目的】中温伯克霍尔德菌胞外脂肪酶LipA在工业领域具有重要的应用价值。利用蛋白质工程技术来提高其热稳定性,对开发脂肪酶LipA酶制剂及提高其应用范围及应用效果,具有重要的意义。【方法】利用生物信息学软件Castp、Voronoia和Cave分析LipA分子中存在的空腔及其组成氨基酸残基;利用FoldX软件构建上述氨基酸残基的突变体电子文库,并基于空腔效应(体积变小)、自由能变化值(降低)和空间结构特点等对前述突变体电子文库进行筛选。从突变体电子文库中选择具有代表性的突变体,通过基因工程技术,引入突变。经诱导表达后,实验验证并筛选出热稳定性的突变体。【结果】构建了一个由58个突变体组成的电子文库;并对其中17个代表性的突变体进行了实验验证;筛选到2个热稳定性有明显提高的突变体LipA-His15Pro和LipA-Ala210Val;其叠加突变体LipA-His~(15)Pro/Ala~(210)Val的T50~(12)较野生型LipA提高了8°C,在55°C下的半衰期较野生型脂肪酶LipA提高了23.1倍。【结论】基于空腔填充技术构建热稳定性伯克霍尔德菌胞外脂肪酶LipA突变体,是一种行之有效的策略。     

Aspergillus nomius,a new aflatoxin-producing species related to Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamarii

Aspergillus nomius is described and represents a new aflatoxigenic species phenotypically similar to A. flavus. Strains examined were isolated from insects and agricultural commodities. Separation from A. flavus is based on the presence of indeterminate sclerotia and a lower growth temperature. Comparisons of DNA relatedness show A. nomius to have only relatively recently evolved from A. flavus and A. tamarii.     

Culture conditions for a new phytase-producing fungus

Extracellular phytase produced by Aspergillus sp. 5990 showed a 5-fold higher activity in liquid culture when compared with cultures of Aspergillus ficuum NRRL 3135. The optimum fermentation conditions were determined to be 35 °C, neutral pH, and 4 days incubation. The phytase had a higher optimum temperature for its activity than the commercial enzyme, Natuphos, from Aspergillus ficuum NRRL 3135.     

Optimization of thermostable lipase production from a thermophilic Geobacillus sp. using Box-Behnken experimental design

Thermostable lipase production by Geobacillus thermoleovorans was optimized in shake-flask cultures using Box-Behnken experimental design. An empirical model was developed through response surface methodology to describe the relationship between tested variables (Tween 80, olive oil, temperature and pH) and enzyme activity. Maximum enzyme activity (495 U l^–1) was attained with Tween 80 at 5 g l^–1; olive oil at 60 g l^–1; 70 °C and pH 9. Experimental verification of the model showed a validation of 95%, which is more than 4-fold increase compared to the basal medium.     

Characterization and optimization of extracellular alkaline lipase production by Alcaligenes sp. Using stearic acid as carbon source

The aim of this study was to improve the production of an extracellular alkaline lipase from Alcaligenes sp. (ATCC 31371) by optimization of the culture medium, for economic production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. A number of carbon sources including different types of starch, sugar, sugar alcohol, organic acids, and surfactants were investigated. Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate, whose side chain is stearic acid, was the most effective carbon source for lipase production. Box-Behnken experimental design was used for three factors (soy protein, sodium nitrate, and stearic acid) and the optimal composition for maximum lipase production (1.7-fold enhancement) was established as soy protein 4.07%, sodium nitrate 0.17%, and stearic acid 0.28% at 28°C with an agitation rate of 220 rpm for 24 h. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity and the recovery of the lipase activity was 7.8% with a 30-fold purification. The estimated molecular size of the protein determined by SDS-PAGE was 33 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified lipase was 8.5 and 40°C, respectively. The purified enzyme was stable in the pH range of 6.0 and 9.5 and in the temperature range of 20 and 50°C.     

Rhizopus sp.PW358菌脂肪酶固态发酵生产

研究了Rhizopus sp.PW358菌的固态生长和产脂肪酶条件。结果表明：黄豆饼粉为培养基的基本成分,用来生产脂肪酶。培养基中可加入淀粉和蛋白胨作为碳源和源,有利于脂肪酶的合成,培养基的含水量以及金属离子Ca^2 ,Mg^2 的浓度也影响Rhizopus sp.PW358菌和脂肪酶 产生。在优化条件下,12g豆粉中含1.0g淀粉及0.5g蛋白胨、15ml营养盐中Ca^2 ,Mg^2 离子浓度分别为8．0和4．0g/L,培养基含水量为55．6％,在接种后培养48h,酶活力可达最大值320IU／g干培养基。脂肪酶的基本性质研究表明,酶的最适反应温度和PH分别为35℃和7．0,酶的半失活温度为53．5℃,不同的PH环境中,30℃保温1h后酶在PH6．5－8．5范围内较为稳定。     

Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii sp. nov

Accumulation of the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B, has been reported from members of three different groups of Aspergilli (4) Aspergillus flavus, A. flavus var. parvisclerotigenus, A. parasiticus, A. toxicarius, A. nomius, A. pseudotamarii, A. zhaoqingensis, A. bombycis and from the ascomycete genus Petromyces (Aspergillus section Flavi), (2) Emericella astellata and E. venezuelensis from the ascomycete genus Emericella (Aspergillus section Nidulantes) and (3) Aspergillus ochraceoroseus from a new section proposed here: Aspergillus section Ochraceorosei. We here describe a new species, A. rambellii referable to Ochraceorosei, that accumulates very large amounts of sterigmatocystin, 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1, but not any of the other known extrolites produced by members of Aspergillus section Flavi or Nidulantes. G type aflatoxins were only found in some of the species in Aspergillus section Flavi, while the B type aflatoxins are common in all three groups. Based on the cladistic analysis of nucleotide sequences of ITS1 and 2 and 5.8S, it appears that type G aflatoxin producers are paraphyletic and that section Ochraceorosei is a sister group to the sections Flavi, Circumdati and Cervini, with Emericella species being an outgroup to these sister groups. All aflatoxin producing members of section Flavi produce kojic acid and most species, except A. bombycis and A. pseudotamarii, produce aspergillic acid. Species in Flavi, that produce B type aflatoxins, but not G type aflatoxins, often produced cyclopiazonic acid. No strain was found which produce both G type aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid. It was confirmed that some strains of A. flavus var. columnaris produce aflatoxin B2, but this extrolite was not detected in the ex type strain of that variety. A. flavus var. parvisclerotigenus is raised to species level based on the specific combination of small sclerotia, profile of extrolites and rDNA sequence differences. A. zhaoqingensis is regarded as a synonym of A. nomius, while A. toxicarius resembles A. parasiticus but differs with at least three base pair differences. At least 10 Aspergillus species can be recognized which are able to biosynthesize aflatoxins, and they are placed in three very different clades.     

Lactic acid production from sugar-cane juice by a newly isolated Lactobacillus sp.

A newly isolated sucrose-tolerant, lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus sp. strain FCP2, was grown on sugar-cane juice (125 g sucrose l⁻¹, 8 g glucose l⁻¹ and 6 g fructose l⁻¹) for 5 days and produced 104 g lactic acid l⁻¹ with 90% yield. A higher yield (96%) and productivity (2.8 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹) were obtained when strain FCP2 was cultured on 3% w/v (25 g sucrose l⁻¹, 2 g glucose l⁻¹ and 1 g fructose l⁻¹) sugar-cane juice for 10 h. Various cheap nitrogen sources such as silk worm larvae, beer yeast autolysate and shrimp wastes were also used as a substitute to yeast extract.     

Arthrobacter sp. lipase immobilization for improvement in stability and enantioselectivity

Arthrobacter sp. lipase (ABL, MTCC no. 5125) is being recognized as an efficient enzyme for the resolution of drugs and their intermediates. The immobilization of ABL on various matrices for its enantioselectivity, stability, and reusability has been studied. Immobilization by covalent bonding on sepharose and silica afforded a maximum of 380 and 40 IU/g activity, respectively, whereas sol–gel entrapment provided a maximum of 150 IU/g activity in dry powder. The immobilized enzyme displayed excellent stability in the pH range of 4–10 and even at higher temperature, i.e., 50–60°C, compared to free enzyme, which is unstable under extreme conditions. The resolution of racemic auxiliaries like 1-phenyl ethanol and an intermediate of antidepressant drug fluoxetine, i.e., ethyl 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate alkyl acylates, provided exclusively R-(+) products (∼99% ee, E=646 and 473), compared to cell free extract/whole cells which gave a product with ∼96% ee (E=106 and 150). The repeated use (ten times) of covalently immobilized and entrapped ABL resulted in no loss in activity, thus demonstrating its prospects for commercial applications.     

Development of fermentation process for PLA-degrading enzyme production by a new thermophilic Actinomadura sp. T16-1

The fermentation process for a poly (L-lactide) (PLA)-degrading enzyme production by a newly isolate of thermophilic PLA-degrading Actinomadura sp. T16-1 was investigated. The strain produced 33.9 U/mL of enzyme activity after cultivation at 50°C under shaking of 150 rpm for 96 h in a medium consisting of (w/v) 0.05% PLA film, 0.2% gelatin, 0.4% (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.4% K₂HPO₄, 0.2 % KH₂PO₄, and 0.02% MgSO₄ · 7H₂O. The optimal concentration of PLA film and gelatin obtained by response surface methodology (RSM) for the highest production of PLA-degrading enzyme was 0.035% (w/v) and 0.238% (w/v), respectively. Under these conditions, the model predicted 40.4 U/mL of PLA-degrading activity and the verification of the optimization showed 44.6 U/mL of PLA-degrading enzymatic activity in the flasks experiment. The maximum PLA-degrading activity reached 150 U/mL within 72 h cultivation in the 3-L airlift fermenter.     

产脂肪酶菌株筛选及柠檬酸杆菌产酶条件优化

脂肪酶可以催化甘油三酯水解成脂肪酸和甘油,已广泛应用在工业领域,而获得产酶微生物是研究的基础。采用油脂平板法筛选出1株脂肪酶产生菌。经16S rRNA序列分析可知,该菌株属于柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter werkman and Gillen)。单因素试验对其进行产酶条件优化,优化后产酶条件（g/L）：淀粉2.0,KH₂PO₄ 1.0,K₂HPO₄·3H₂O 2.2,(NH₄)₂SO₄ 1.0,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.1,牛肉膏2.0,橄榄油10.0 mL,pH 7.5,接种量1.5%(v/v),37 ℃培养43 h。获得最大酶活为384 U/mL,是优化前的13倍。可以利用该菌制备脂肪酶。