珊瑚树和大豆叶片叶绿素荧光的非光化学猝灭

用ＰＡＭ－２０００型荧光仪和７５４型分光光度计观测了珊瑚树和大豆叶片叶绿素荧光的非光化学猝灭性,中和慢３个组分和５０５ｎｍ光吸收的日变化。主要结果如下：（１）中午,珊瑚树叶片的ｑＮ８比ｑＮｆ大得多,而大豆叶片的这两个参数却几乎处于同一水平。它们的ｑＮｍ虽然也随光强变化,但与ｑＮ８和ｑＮｍ相比,除早期和傍晚以外全天的水平都是最低的。     

珊瑚树叶片叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭的日变化和季节变化

用脉冲调制荧光仪观测了珊瑚树叶片叶绿素荧光化学猝灭的日变化和季节变化后发现：在晴天,ｑＥ及慢弛豫组分随着光强的增加而升高,中午达最高值,之后随光强的减弱而下降,阴天时,这两个指标的日变化不明显。在不同季节,相同日时间和同一光照强度下测定瑚叶片的ｑＥ和ｑＥ－ｓｌｏｗ,两个指标在冬季明显高于春,秋两季;在短时间内改变强光下的叶片周围的温度,叶片的ｑＥ和ｑｅ－ＳＫＯＷ在高温和低温下均高于适温下测定的结果     

珊瑚树和大豆叶片叶绿素荧光的非光化学猝灭

用ＰＡＭ２０００ 型荧光仪和７５４ 型分光光度计观测了珊瑚树和大豆叶片叶绿素荧光的非光化学猝灭快、中和慢３ 个组分（ｑＮｆ,ｑＮｍ 与ｑＮｓ） 和５０５ ｎｍ 光吸收的日变化。主要结果如下：（１） 中午,珊瑚树叶片的ｑＮｓ 比ｑＮｆ 大得多,而大豆叶片的这两个参数却几乎处于同一水平。它们的ｑＮｍ 虽然也随光强变化,但与ｑＮｓ 和ｑＮｆ 相比,除早晨和傍晚以外全天的水平都是最低的。（２） 珊瑚树叶片的初始荧光水平（Ｆｏ） 中午最低,而大豆叶片的Ｆｏ 中午最高。（３） 饱和光照射引起的珊瑚树叶片５０５ ｎｍ 光吸收的增加比大豆叶片大得多。（４） 珊瑚树叶片５０５ ｎｍ 光吸收的日变化方式与ｑＮｓ 的相类似。（５） 叶黄素循环的抑制剂ＤＴＴ对珊瑚树叶片ｑＮｓ 的抑制（５７ ％ ） 比对大豆叶片ｑＮｓ 的抑制（２３ ％ ） 严重。     

珊瑚树叶片叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭的日变化和季节变化

用脉冲调制荧光仪观测了珊瑚树叶片叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭（qE）的日变化和季节变化后发现：在晴天,qE及其慢弛豫组分（qE-slow）随着光强的增加而升高,中午达最高值,之后随光强的减弱而下降;阴天时,这两个指标的日变化不明显。在不同季节,相同日时间和同一光照强度下测定珊瑚树叶片的qE和qE-slow,两个指标在冬季明显高于春、秋两季;在短时间（1d）内改变强光下的叶片周围的温度,叶片的qE和qE-slow在高温和低温下均高于过温下测定的结果。     

缺锰降低大豆叶片叶绿素荧光的高能态猝灭

缺锰大豆叶片光合速率比对照低 5 0 %左右。缺锰叶片的Fv/Fm较对照低约 30 %～ 40 % ,而Fo比对照高 2～ 3倍左右。强光下 ,缺锰叶片的qP为对照的5 0 %。缺锰降低了叶片的高能态猝灭 (qE) ,仅占其NPQ的 6 0 %左右 ;而对照 qE组分占NPQ的 90 %左右。对照和缺锰叶片叶黄素库的脱环氧化程度分别为36 %和 2 1%左右。认为缺锰叶片 qE的降低可能是由于叶黄素脱环氧化程度减少所致     

拟南芥叶黄素缺失突变体叶绿素荧光猝灭的特性

研究了3个叶黄素组分缺失的拟南芥核基因突变体,npq₁（缺乏玉米黄质Z和单环氧玉米黄质A）、lut₂（缺乏lutein）和lut₂-npq₁（双突变体,同时缺Z和lutein）,及其对照野生型（WT）在强光诱导下叶绿素荧光猝灭的特性.与WT相比,3个突变体的叶绿素a/b没有明显的差异,F_v/F_m则有不同幅度的增加,缺乏lutein的突变体lut₂和lut₂-npq₁的叶黄素循环库（V+A+Z）显著增大.缺乏Z的突变体npq₁和lut₂-npq₁在强光下,荧光的非光化学猝灭（NPQ）的诱导受到明显抑制,lut₂的NPQ形成也受到部分抑制.强光处理9 min后,3个突变体和WT的NPQ大小顺序为WT＞lut₂＞npq₁＞npq₁-lut₂.强光诱导过程中突变体的光化学猝灭(qP)都小于WT.强光下突变体显示较弱的抗光抑制能力,其抗光抑制能力的强弱顺序为：WT＞lut₂＞npq₁＞lut₂-npq₁.结果表明叶黄素循环不但与NPQ的形成直接相关也与qP有关.     

叶绿体衰老过程中产生超氧阴离子的研究

以Tiron为探针的电子顺磁共振波谱法,研究了小麦叶绿体衰老时(?)产量的变化和来源.暗诱导和自然衰老叶绿体生成(?)的能力增大,分别在第5和21天达到高峰;而这种升高恰与MDA的积累,Fv/Fo比值下降相同步,推测是(?)和其它活性氧作用的结果.同时衰老时内源SOD的活性却不能清除这种增高的(?)水平.100℃的热变性处理后,叶绿体TH·信号大大增加,DCMU的处理却不改变(?)的生成,表明衰老时(?)的升高可能是叶绿素光氧化后电子接受体如PQ减少之故,而非酶促反应.并由此探讨了叶绿体衰老时(?)的来源和转化的可能途径.     

塔里木河下游地下水位对柽柳叶绿素荧光特性的影响

选取塔里木河下游3处地下水埋深6m的监测井位作为研究点,结合典型生态监测断面的地下水位监测数据,分析不同地下水埋深处柽柳的叶绿素荧光特性和光系统的光合活性.结果表明:随着地下水埋深加大和干旱胁迫加剧,柽柳叶片的实际光化学效率、电子传输速率和光化学猝灭等参数普遍下降;非光化学猝灭和调节性能量耗散量子产量等参数显著升高,而最大光量子产量总体处于相对适宜状态.干旱胁迫下柽柳的PSII光合活性随地下水埋深增大而下降,捕获光能的过剩程度加剧,发生光抑制的几率增大,其自身良好的抗旱性和自我调节机制,使光系统II尚未发生显著光损伤.     

持续低温弱光对黄瓜叶片气体交换、叶绿素荧光猝灭和吸收光能分配的影响

持续常温弱光(25℃/18℃,l00umol m-2 s-1)、低温弱光(12℃/12℃,100 umol m-2 s-1和7℃/7℃,l00μmolm-2s-1)均导致黄瓜生长减慢或停滞、叶绿素含量、气孔导度和净光合速率、光合电子传递速率下降以及胞间CO2浓度上升.常温弱光和12℃弱光处理对光系统II的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm无显著影响,而7℃弱光处理导致Fv/Fm的可逆性下降.常温弱光和7℃、12℃弱光处理均导致了光化学反应速率的降低以及天线热耗散和反应中心过剩能量的增加.在胁迫后,12℃弱光0比7℃弱光更有利于植株光合功能的恢复.     

竹红菌乙素对膜蛋白荧光猝灭研究

竹红菌乙素作为膜蛋白荧光猝灭剂,研究了乙素从水相进入膜体系过程中基本物理现象.包括了:膜与水分配系数(P);进入速度;以及膜与水相的体积比(α),并对其猝灭机理进行深入探讨.结果表明,乙素对膜蛋白质荧光的猝灭服从动态猝灭原理;用ESR技术直接观察到:激发态的色氨酸可以将电子转移给乙素并形成乙素自由基,因此用电子转移方程:K_et=K₀exp(-R)处理猝灭反应过程中的K_q值,可以方便地得到Trp-HB分子间距离(R)信息.     

两种杂交杨品系光合系统Ⅱ叶绿素荧光特征

比较研究伊犁地区两种典型杨树苗大叶杨（大叶钻天杨P.balsanifera Linn（Da））和伊犁杨5号（P.euramerieana cv（I-467））对太阳辐射光能的利用和耗散特性。光照条件下光合系统Ⅱ反应中心（PSⅡ）的最大光化学效率（Fv′/Fm′）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光合功能的相对限制（L（PDF））的分析表明,高的光合有效辐射强度（PAR）会导致光合作用的光抑制,但并不造成PSⅡ反应中心的不可逆破坏。淬灭分析表明,Da的光化学淬灭系数（qP）大于I-467,非光化学淬灭（NPQ）则相反（p〈0.05）。Da的NPQ显著小于I-467的,意味着I-467将PSⅡ反应中心吸收的过剩光能以热耗散等非光化学过程消耗的能力大于Da,因而相应降低了用于qP的份额。两种杨树的NPQ日变化趋势很相似;Fv′/Fm′和ΦPSⅡ的日变化趋势相似。Da的PSⅡ天线色素吸收光能中分配于光化学反应平均的相对份额（P）高于I-467,在较低的PAR环境中Da比I-467能更好的利用光能;Da用于天线热能耗散的相对份额（D）则小于I-467,两者具有极显著差异（p〈0.01）。Da的ΦPSⅡ比I-467大,是因为PSⅡ天线色素吸收的光能中分配于P或光化学淬灭的比例较大,而分配于D或非光化学过程的比例较小的缘故,反应中心的ΦPSⅡ也较Da小。在有效的利用光能方面,Da比I-467更适宜在新疆伊犁地区大面积推广栽植。     

Resolving chlorophyll a fluorescence images of photosynthetic efficiency into photochemical and non-photochemical components – calculation of qP and Fv-/Fm-; without measuring Fo-;

Imaging of chlorophyll a fluorescence from leaves has enabled the spatial resolution of the fluorescence parameter, F/Fm-;. Although this parameter provides a reliable estimate of photosynthetic efficiency under most conditions, the extent to which this efficiency is defined by (i) competition with other energy-dissipating processes operating at photosystem II and (ii) by processes on the reducing side of photosystem II, such as carbon assimilation, requires the use of additional parameters. Of particular value are qP, which quantifies the photochemical capacity of photosystem II, and Fv-;/Fm-;, which quantifies the extent to which photochemistry at photosystem II is limited by competition with thermal decay processes. Imaging of both qP and Fv-;/Fm-; requires measurement of Fo-; (the minimum fluorescence yield in the light-adapted state), which cannot be imaged with existing systems. In this paper, a method is described which estimates Fo-; through a simple equation involving the minimum fluorescence yield in the dark-adapted state (Fo), the maximum fluorescence yield in the dark-adapted state (Fm), and the maximum fluorescence yield in the light-adapted state (Fm-;). This method is tested here, through comparison of measured and calculated values of Fo-;. An example of the application of this method to analysis of photosynthetic performance in leaves, from images of chlorophyll a fluorescence, is also presented.     

Photoadaptation in the Green Alga Spongiochloris Sp. A Three-Fluorometer Study

The dark-adapted cells of the green alga Spongiochloris sp. were exposed to "white light" of 1000 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹ for 2 h and then dark adapted for 1.5 h. Changes of photochemical activities during photoadaptation were followed by measurement of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence kinetics, 77 K emission spectra, photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and pigment composition. We observed a build-up of slowly-relaxing non-photochemical quenching which led to a decrease of the F_v/F_m parameter and the connectivity. In contrast to the depression of F_v/F_m (35 %) and the rise of non-photochemical quenching (∼ 1.6), we observed an increase in effective absorption cross-section (20 %), Hill reaction (30 %), photosynthetic oxygen evolution (80 %), and electron transport rate estimated from the Chl fluorescence analysis (80 %). We showed an inconsistency in the presently used interpretation schemes, and ascribe the discrepancy between the increase of effective absorption cross-section and the photosynthetic activities on one side and the effective non-photochemical quenching on the other side to the build-up of a quenching mechanism which dissipates energy in closed reaction centres. Such a type of quenching changes the ratio between thermal dissipation and fluorescence without any effect on photochemical yield. In this case the F_v/F_m ratio cannot be used as a measure of the maximum photochemical yield of PS2. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Photosynthesis and non-photochemical excitation quenching components of chlorophyll excitation in maize and field bean during chilling at different photon flux density

The influence of chilling (8 °C, 5 d) at two photon flux densities [PFD, L = 200 and H = 500 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹] on the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was investigated in chilling-tolerant and chilling-sensitive maize hybrids (Zea mays L., K383×K130, K185×K217) and one cultivar of field bean (Vicia faba L. minor, cv. Nadwiślański). The net photosynthetic rate (P _N) for the both studied plant species was inhibited at 8 °C. P _N of both maize hybrids additionally decreased during chilling. Changes in the quantum efficiency of PS2 electron transport (Φ_PS2) as a response to chilling and PFD were similar to P _N. Measurements of Φ_PS2/Φ_CO2 ratio showed that in field bean seedlings strong alternative photochemical sinks of energy did not appear during chilling. However, the high increment in Φ_PS2/Φ_CO2 for maize hybrids can indicate reactions associated with chill damage generation. At 8 °C the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased in all plants with chilling duration and PFD. The appearance of protective (q_I,p) and damage (q_I,d) components of q_I and a decrease in q_E (energy dependent quenching) took place. NPQ components of field bean and maize hybrids differed from each other. The amount of protective NPQ (q_E + q_I,p) components as part of total NPQ was higher in field bean than in maize hybrids at both PFD. On 5^th day of chilling, the sum of q_E and q_I,p was 26.7 % of NPQ in tolerant maize hybrids and 17.6 % of NPQ in the sensitive one (averages for both PFD). The increased PFD inhibited the ability of all plants to perform protective dissipation of absorbed energy. The understanding of the genotypic variation of NPQ components in maize may have implications for the future selection of plants with a high chilling tolerance.     

Are red leaves photosynthetically active?

At irradiances close to those representing a sunny day, red and green leaves of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) showed only minor differences in their photosynthetic capacities despite the strong differences in their pigment composition. However, contrarily to green leaves, red leaves did not show inhibition of photosynthesis at high irradiances, because anthocyanins protected chloroplasts from photoinhibition.     

Non-photochemical quenching of Fo in leaves is emission wavelength dependent: consequences for quenching analysis and its interpretation

The effects of light-induced non-photochemical quenching on the minimal F_o, and variable F_v, fluorescence emissions at 690 and 730 nm in leaves were determined. Non-photochemical quenching of F_o, but not F_v, was found to be dependent upon the wavelength of emission, and was greater at 690 nm than at 730 nm. For emission at 730, compared to at 690 nm, approx. 30% of F_o was not affected by non-photochemical quenching processes in leaves of C3 plants; in maize leaves this was found to be approx. 50%. The data indicate that a substantial proportion of the pigments contributing to F_o emission at 730 nm are not quenched by light-induced, non-photochemical quenching processes and that there are large differences in the pigment matrices contributing to F_o and F_v emissions at 730 nm, compared to those at 690 nm. These findings have important implications for the accurate estimation and interpretation of non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence parameters and their use in the calculation of photochemical efficiencies in leaves. Measurements of fluorescence emissions at wavelengths above 700 nm are likely to give rise to significant errors when used for determinations of photochemical and non-photochemical quenching parameters.     

Influence of Manganese Toxicity on Photosynthesis in Ricebean (Vigna Umbellata) Seedlings

Influence of manganese (Mn) toxicity on photosynthesis in ricebean (Vigna umbellata) was studied by the measurement of gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g _s) were reduced with increasing Mn concentration in nutrient solution. The reduction in g _s and E was more pronounced at 6 d of Mn treatment. However, P _N declined at 2 d of Mn treatment implying that the reduction in photosynthesis was not due to the direct effect of Mn on stomatal regulation. Mn did not affect the maximum efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry (F_v/F_m). A reduction in photochemical quenching (q_P) and excitation capture efficiency of open PS2 (F_v′/F_m′) with a concomitant increase in q_N was observed. This implies that reduced demand for ATP and NADPH due to the reduction in photosynthesis causes a down-regulation of PS2 photochemistry and thus a high pH gradient (increase in q_N) and limited electron transport (decreased q_P). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

两种杂交杨叶绿素荧光特性及光能利用

比较研究了伊犁地区两种杂交杨伊犁杨1号(Populus deltaids‘cv-64’ (P64))和伊犁杨小叶杨(P. simonii canaden×P. russkii-9(Jia))对太阳辐射光能的利用和耗散特性。两种杂交杨光合速率(P_n)的日变化均呈现双峰型, 高光量子通量密度(PFD)阶段P_n达到20.1%的差距; 实际最大光化学猝灭ΦPSII日变化均呈“U”型, 于16:30时, P64的ΦPSII达到最低值, 而Jia的值于14:30时达到最低(Jia>P64); 光合系统的闭合程度(L)在14:30时均出现一个短暂回落, 全天平均闭合程度无显著差异(p>0.05)。非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)在16:30同时达到最大值(Jia>P64), 两者NPQ全天相差31.7%。叶片转化吸收太阳能热能耗散(E.D)和光化学反应转化的光能量(E.P)进行估算表明: 在PFD较低的环境条件下, 两种杂交杨将吸收的光能50%以上用于光化学猝灭; 在PFD较高的环境条件下, P64的E.P值比例大于Jia, 两者全天的E.P值没有太大的差异, P64的E.D值显著大于Jia的E.D值(p>0.01), 而P64的E.D值占全天转化能量的比例小于Jia。P64和Jia的E.P达到最大的估算值时, 其E.D也达到了最大。分析结果表明: 两种杂交杨对高光能形成不同的适应机制, P64利用更多的太阳能进行光化学猝灭反应, 而Jia利用更多的太阳能进行非光化学猝灭反应, 减缓强太阳辐射伤害; 两种杂交杨用于光化学能量分配的比例P64大于Jia, 而P_n值在强辐射阶段和全天平均值、累积值均出现Jia>P64。结果证明, 仅通过杂交杨本身叶绿体对光的荧光特性反应计算接收到的光能中有多少能量被利用与实际植物光合速率的转化的干物质存在一定的差异, 两种杂交杨光化学实际固定碳和转化光能的多少的内在关系需进一步的研究。