具一对双随体染色体的硬粒小麦—簇毛麦双二倍体的合成,抗病性及 …

通过幼胚培养和秋水仙碱处理,人工合成了具有一对双随体染色体的硬粒小麦－簇毛麦双二倍体（ＡＡＢＢＶＶ）。根尖细胞染色体数目２ｎ＝４２;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ,２ｎ＝２１″的细胞占６９．９４％,染色体构型为１．０＇＋２０．４７″＋０．０２＇″。天然和自交结实率分别为４９．０７％和３９．２３％。籽粒蛋白质含量为２０．９８％。抗白粉、条锈、叶锈和赤霉病。     

节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体间杂种的产生及其细胞遗传学研究

通过胚培养产生了节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体间的杂种。结果表明节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交以节节麦作母本较易结实,3个组合的结实率分别为59.18%、67.72%和60.22%,胚培成苗率分别为39.13%、38.10%和50%。杂种F_1生活力旺盛,形态像父本硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体。杂种自交可孕,3个组合自交结实率平均为7.63%。杂种F_1(ABVD)的减数分裂平均构型为25.36个单价体,1.21个二价体和0.06个三价体,平均每个细胞交叉结频率为1.38,高于“中国春”单倍体的配对频率,推测V组和A、B、D组染色体间有部分同源关系。节节麦和硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交可能是产生八倍体(AABBDDVV)的又一途径。     

具一对双随体染色体的硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体的合成、抗病性及细胞遗传学研究

通过幼胚培养和秋水仙碱处理,人工合成了具有一对双随体染色体的硬粒小麦——簇毛麦双二倍体（ＡＡＢＢＶＶ）。根尖细胞染色体数目２ｎ＝４２;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ,２ｎ＝２１″的细胞占６９．９４％,染色体构型为１．０′＋２０．４７″＋０．０２。天然和自交结实率分别为４９．０７％和３９．２３％。籽粒蛋白质含量为２０．９８％。抗白粉、条锈、叶锈和赤霉病。     

簇毛麦及其与普通小麦杂种双二倍体的C一分带分析

本研究对簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa),普通小麦“农大146" (Tritieum aestivum）及其产生的双 二倍体进行了C一分带分析,结果表明：(1) 7对簇毛麦染色体均可显示清晰的带型、根据带型可以把各 簇毛麦染色体与小麦染色体相互区别开来; (2)普通小麦一簇毛麦双二倍体的染色体数变幅在”-56 之间,其中2n - 5‘的个体占,7.680%     

普通小麦与簇毛麦双二倍体的合成,育性及细胞遗传学研究

通过杂种幼胚无性系培养获得大量再生植株F_1,经秋水仙碱处理,合成了普通小麦与簇毛麦属间双二倍体(AABBDDVV)。其形态特征除株高、穗长、小穗数,籽粒大小和育性明显增加,生育期延长外,分别与各自的再生植株F_1相似。双二倍体的体细胞染色体数目变化范围为48—56。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ 2n=28Ⅱ的细胞占56.82％,每个细胞平均有27.10个二价体,1.44个单价体,0.08个三价体,0.03个四价体。经过连续两代单穗单株选择,结实率由15.91％提高到36.52％。     

节节麦-簇毛麦属间杂种的形态学和细胞遗传学研究

通过远缘杂交,结合杂种幼胚离体培养,获得了节节麦（Aegilops tauschii,2n=14,DD）和簇毛麦（Dasypyrum villosum,2n=14,VV）的属间杂种F1。对杂种F1花粉母细胞减数(PMC)分裂中期Ⅰ (MⅠ)染色体配对行为进行观察发现,“节节麦×簇毛麦”杂种F1平均每PMC有1.25个棒状二价体, 染色体的平均构型为2n=14=11.49Ⅰ+1.25Ⅱ (Xta=1.25), 大部分被观察的细胞出现1～5个二价体, 表明节节麦D染色体与簇毛麦V染色体间具有相对较高的部分同源配对, D和V染色体之间存在一定的部分同源性。F1植株高度自交不育,经染色体加倍处理后能够自交结实。Abstract: ‘Aegilops tauschii×Dasypyrum villosum’ F1 hybrids were obtained by the combination of hybridization and embryo culture in vitro. Chromosome pairing behavior in meiosis of the hybrid F1 was carried out. Results showed that in an average , 1.25 rod bivalents were observed in one PMC, meiotic configuration was 2n=14=11.49Ⅰ+1.25Ⅱ(Xta=1.25) and most of PMCs possessed 1～5(rod) bivalens, indicating that the relatively high homeology was detected between the D genome of Ae.tauschii and the V genome of D.villosum. The morphological differences between F1 hybrids and their parents were significant. F1 plants were highly self-sterile, but partially self-fertile after treated by chromosome doubling technique.     

不同小麦背景小簇麦双二倍体的品质、抗病性及分子细胞遗传学研究

对不同小麦（Triticum aestivum 2n=42 AABBDD）背景的4个小簇麦双二倍体进行了分子细胞遗传学分析。结果表明,经过自交7代选育,小簇麦双二倍体的遗传逐渐趋于稳定。其中V852cd和V853cd的遗传稳定性相对较好,RTC M,2m=56的植株分别占100％和83.33%,PMC MI,2n=28Ⅱ的频率分别为73.34%和70.72%,相对紊乱系数分别为0.021和0.022;用簇毛麦（Haynaldia villosa 2n=14 VV)DNA作探针进行原位杂交时,V851cd、V852cd和V853cd的体细胞中都有14条簇毛麦染色体,其染色体组成为2n=56=42W 14V,V854cd中有12条簇毛麦染色体,其染色体组成为2n=56=42W 12V 2T(W/V)。4个双二倍体籽粒蛋白质含量为19.28％－20.52%;V851cd,V852cd和V853cd对条锈病免疫或近免疫,高抗白娄病和叶锈病,中抗雪霉病和赤霉病。     

小麦×节节麦杂种发育的胚胎学研究

用石蜡切片法,对小麦经节节麦花粉授粉后不同时间固定的子房进行了细胞胚胎学观察。结果表明,节节麦花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的２３８个小麦子房中,１０５０％发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;４６２％发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;３７８％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为１８９０％;成胚率为１５１２％。本文还报道了小麦与节节麦远缘杂交时雌雄性核的结合及杂种胚和胚乳的发育情况,探讨了小麦与节节麦杂交结实率低在胚胎学方面的原因     

Cytological Studies on F1 Hybrids Between Hexaploid Aegilops and Triticum aestivum

Morphologcal and cytological studies of hybrids between hexaploid Aegilops crassa Boiss. (2n = 6x = 42, DDD2 D2Mcr Mcr), Ae. vavilovii (Zhuk.) Chen. (2n = 6x = 42, DDMcr McrSp Sp) and Triticum aestivum L. (2n= 6x = 42, AABBDD) were carried out. The results showed that most of the F1 hybrids morphologically resembled their Aegilops parental species. Four Fl hybrids of Ae. vavilovii × T. aestivum and one of Ae. crassa × T. aestivum produced seeds containing few endosperms. The percentage of seed obtained ranged from 0.1% to 6.5 %. These seeds were not vigorous and only a few of them germinated. A large number of univalents appeared at meiosis MI. The frequencies of bivalents were lower than those being theoriticaly estimated. These results indicated that the D genomes in Ae. Crassa and Ae. vavilovii may have been substantially modified. Trivalents were observed in all Fl hybrids. Quadrivalents and pentavalents were also observed in some PMCs during meiosis. The chiasmata frequencies in hybrids using Aegilops species as maternal parents were higher than those in their reciprocal ones. Chromosome segrigations were abnormal at A Ⅰ and A Ⅱ . Polyads and micronuclei appeared frequently at telophase tetrad stage. A plant with 21 chromosomes was obtained in Ae. vavilovii × Jimai 30, although the reason was not yet clear.     

节节麦细胞不同分裂时期和阶段的G—带核型及其变动性分析

采用改良的ASG法获得了中期和3个染色体凝缩程度不同的早中期阶段（分别称为早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）染色体的G-带,并进行了G-带核型和变动性分析。所分析的分裂时期和阶段,每条染色体的全长显示出了密切邻近的多重的带纹,带纹细窄、大小较相近,带间区小,带纹分布较密集而均匀。随着有丝分裂进程推进,染色体的带纹数目减少,早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ于中期单倍染色体组的G-带带纹总数分别减少41%、36%、28%,而染色体组的绝对长度分别缩短43%、37%、27%,带数减少幅度与染色体长度缩短的幅度几乎相等。早中期Ⅰ至早中期Ⅱ、Ⅲ和早中期Ⅱ至早中期Ⅲ的带纹减少幅度与染色体长度缩短幅度也基本一致。染色体组中各染色体之间带纹减少和染色体缩短的比例不尽相同,有一定的变幅。早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和中期染色体组中每单位绝对长度的带数（带/μm）分别为2.19、2.22、2.32和2.29,差异不大。对节节麦G-带的特性等问题进行了讨论。     

Plant Regeneration from Cell and Protoplast Cultures of Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa Hybrid

Starting materials used in these experiments were taken from Triticum aestivum-Hay-naldia villosa hybrid embryo-derived callus, which had been maintained for nearly two years. To establish suspension cultures, the callus was subcultured till its compact texture became friable, and then shaken in a liquid medium. Upon transferring the suspended cells onto a semisolid medium, high frequency of plant regeneration was achieved.     

Expression of high zinc efficiency of Aegilops tauschii and Triticum monococcum in synthetic hexaploid wheats

The effect of varied zinc (Zn) supply on shoot and root dry matter production, severity of Zn deficiency symptoms and Zn tissue concentrations was studied in two Triticum turgidum (BBAA) genotypes and three synthetic hexaploid wheat genotypes by growing plants in a Zn-deficient calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions with (+Zn=5 mg kg^-1 soil) and without (−Zn) Zn supply. Two synthetic wheats (BBAADD) were derived from two different Aegilops tauschii (DD) accessions using same Triticum turgidum (BBAA), while one synthetic wheat (BBAAAA) was derived from Triticum turgidum (BBAA) and Triticum monococcum (AA). Visible symptoms of Zn deficiency, such as occurrence of necrotic patches on leaves and reduction in shoot elongation developed more rapidly and severely in tetraploid wheats than in synthetic hexaploid wheats. Correspondingly, decreases in shoot and root dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were higher in tetraploid wheats than in synthetic hexaploid wheats. Transfer of the DD genome from Aegilops tauschii or the AA genome from Triticum monococcum to tetraploid wheat greatly improved root and particularly shoot growth under Zn-deficient, but not under Zn-sufficient conditions. Better growth and lesser Zn deficiency symptoms in synthetic hexaploid wheats than in tetraploid wheats were not accompanied by increases in Zn concentration per unit dry weight, but related more to the total amount of Zn per shoot, especially in the case of synthetic wheats derived from Aegilops tauschii. This result indicates higher Zn uptake capacity of synthetic wheats. The results demonstrated that the genes for high Zn efficiency from Aegilops tauschii (DD) and Triticum monococcum (AA) are expressed in the synthetic hexaploid wheats. These wheat relatives can be used as valuable sources of genes for improvement of Zn efficiency in wheat. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

ph1b基因对簇毛麦遗传物质导入普通小麦的影响

ph1b基因对簇毛麦遗传物质导入普通小麦的影响@陈静$中国科学院成都生物研究所!成都610041ph1b基因;;小麦;;簇毛麦     

同一小麦品种不同来源的两种原生质体与簇毛麦原生质体融合再生杂种植株

小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)济南177的两种原生质体,一种来自快速生长的悬浮细胞,它们因长期继代而丧失分化能力, 其染色体只有2n=24～28;另一种来自可以再生的愈伤组织,其原生质体不能持续分裂.它们中任一种与UV照射过的簇毛麦原生质体融合均不能再生植株.然而当它们混合在一起作为受体时,能够获得再生绿色植株.细胞核基因和胞质基因的分析证明这些绿色植株是杂种.以上事实说明这两种原生质体在融合时存在某些互补的关系,讨论了这种融合方式的可能作用及重要性.     

利用phlb突变体创造普通小麦-簇毛麦6VS端二体代换系

用中国春phlb突变体（C.Sphlbphlb)与普通小麦柎-簇毛麦6V（6A）异代换系（Sub.6V)杂交,再用phlb突变体与F