Effect of Ionizing Radiations on Rice

Rice seed and natural brown rice were irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma rays and cathode rays. Development of primary leaf and root was highly inhibited by irradiation more than 5×l0⁴ rep, whereas the growth of root was somewhat accelerated by 5×10³ rep. More than 1.6×l0⁶ rep was necessary for the complete destruction of the germination. Thiamine and riboflavin contents of rice seed irradiated with 10⁵ rep of cobalt-60 gamma rays were almost the same magnitude as the non-irradiated one, and 87 to 96% of microorganism on brown rice could be killed with 1×l0⁵ rep.     

Radical radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx - comparison of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with cobalt-60 teletherapy

(Full text is available at http://www.manu.edu.mk/prilozi). The aim of the study was to report the results of radical radiotherapy performed by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and to compare these data with those obtained with two-dimensional radiotherapy (2DRT) realized with cobalt-60 teletherapy i.e. telecobalt therapy (TCT). Eighty patients with previously untreated laryngeal cancer were irradiated with curative intent at the University of Radiotherapy and Oncology Clinic (UCRO) in Skopje between February 1999 and December 2008. Radical radiotherapy with the TCT unit was performed on 38 patients between February 1999 and May 2005. From June 2005 to December 2008, 42 patients were treated with a linear accelerator using 3DCRT. Complete response rates three months after completion of radiotherapy were 84.2% (32 of 38) and 92.6% (39 of 42) in the group irradiated with TCT unit and in the group treated with 3DCRT, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed either in locoregional control (LRC) or overall survival (OS) between the patients treated with two different radiotherapy techniques. The grade of acute reactions of the skin and the larynx differed significantly between the accomplished radiotherapy techniques (Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U Test; U = 577.0; Z = -2.129; p = 0.012, and U = 497.0; Z = -2.90; p = 0.001, respectively). There were statistically significant differences observed in the grade of late effects in the skin and in the subcutaneous tissue between the radiotherapy techniques used (Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U Test; U = 425.0; Z = -3.593; p = 0.001 and U = 637.0; Z = -1.551; p = 0.035, respectively). According to the confirmed advantage of 3DCRT in terms of reduced treatment toxicity observed in our study, we consider conformal techniques being a basis in definitive radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx until the new revolutionary techniques will be clinically available. Key words: laryngeal cancer, radical radiotherapy, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, cobalt-60 teletherapy.     

Radiosensitivity of human T-lymphocytes proliferating in long term culture

A method is described for determining the radiation sensitivity of dividing human T-lymphocytes in long-term culture. The results are fitted to a single-hit multi-target model. For cobalt-60 gamma radiation Do values of cells from five normal individuals range from 0.99 to 1.37 Gy with an overall Do of 1.09 Gy, and the extrapolation numbers range from 1.20 to 1.71 with an overall extrapolation number of 1.42.     

Influencing of ionizing radiation on herpes simplex virus and its genome

The effects of cobalt-60 gamma-rays, 10 MeV electrons and 52 MeV deutrons on the survival of plaque-forming ability has been studied in various strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV). The results show that the D0 for the loss of plaque-forming ability in different HSV strains lies in the range 1-3 kGy. Irradiation of isolated HSV-1 DNA with cobalt-60 gamma-rays resulted in damage, as indicated by electrophoresis of purified viral DNA and by restriction endonuclease analysis, at doses of 1 kGy, with complete loss of structure at doses above 4 kGy. The infectivity of the irradiated naked DNA was lost at doses above 4 kGy, but after irradiation of the intact virus some plaque-forming ability was retained after doses of 10 or even 40 kGy. Thus the organization within the viral capsid may play a protective role by modifying the severity of the radiation damage, and preserving at least some degree of infectivity.     

Determining the repair rate for radiation-induced chromatid deletions during the first 24 hours after irradiation

The number of chromatid plus isochromatid deletions present in the testes and bone marrow of the Chinese hamster was measured as a function of time following acute exposure to cobalt-60 gamma irradiation. The number of breaks remaining scorable at any time after irradiation exposure could be represented by a simple exponential equation (N = Noe-kt). The values of No and k, calculated after 100 roentgens of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation, were 1.15 breaks/cell and 0.16/hour, respectively, for the testes, and 0.53 break/cell and 0.14/hour, respectively, for the bone marrow. The average length of time that the breaks remain scorable, 1/k, was found to be 6.3 hours for the testes and 7.1 hours for the bone marrow. By suitable formulation, it was possible to predict the number of breaks present by using varied radiation exposure rates and times after exposure. This formulation could be used for both single and multiple radiation exposures.     

磁共振胰胆管成像联合增强扫描在壶腹周围病变中的价值

目的探讨磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）在壶腹周围病变中的应用价值。方法采用重T2加权MR水成像技术对63例患者行MRCP检查,图像经三维最大信号强度投影（3DMIP）后处理。结果63例患者中,3例为正常,60例发现不同程度病变,其中肿瘤患者36例（9例肝门区原发性胆管细胞癌、2例肝门转移癌、5例原发性肝癌、4例肝外胆管癌、5例壶腹癌、8例胰头癌、3例十二指肠癌）,灵敏度为93．2％;结石患者16例（6例胆总管结石、6例胆囊结石、4例肝总管结石）,灵敏度为89．5％;炎症患者8例（3例胆管炎、3例胰腺炎、2例十二指肠憩室合并感染）,灵敏度为83．2％。均与病理或临床诊断无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论MRCP可准确显示胆管梗阻部位,明确病变性质,对非梗阻性胆胰疾病,MRCP可显示病变与周围脏器的毗邻关系,但不能脱离MRI平扫和增强,是后者的一种有效补充。     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland

Squamous cell carcinoma involving the parotid gland is an aggressive and rapidly advancing lesion which if not recognized and treated early will result in a high morbidity and mortality. We reviewed 30 patients with squamous cell carcinoma involving the parotid gland. Twenty-four patients had had previous epidermoid skin lesions in an area known to drain to the parotid gland and three resulted from direct extension into the gland from an overlying skin carcinoma, whereas only three were primary lesions of the gland. Patients who presented with involvement of the gland more than 4 months after excision of the skin lesion had a poor prognosis. Patients with epidermoid skin cancer in areas with a propensity to secondarily involve the parotid gland must be closely followed after treatment of the primary skin lesion.     

Management of intracranial metastases.

Of 223 patients with intracranial metastases, 161 underwent removal of a presumed solitary lesion and 29 were treated by burr-hole biopsy. Results of radical surgery were better than those of biopsy alone in terms of survival. Quality and duration of survival were poorer in patients who had infratentorial metastases removed than in those who underwent surgery for supratentorial metastases. In this second group only patients with breast cancer benefited from surgery, though a few women with bronchial carcinoma also did well. The interval removal of a primary tumour and development of intracranial symptoms did not influence outcome. Evidence of a previous primary tumour should not lead to the assumption that intracranial symptoms are caused by a metastasis.     

Formation of amino acids by cobalt-60 irradiation of hydrogen cyanide solutions.

Aqueous solutions of hydrogen cyanide (0.004-0.1 M) were exposed to cobalt-60 gamma rays. Among the products formed on hydrolysis of the irradiated solution; glycine, alanine, valine, serine, threonine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid have been identified.     

原发性肝癌临床分期的对比探讨

原发性肝癌严重威胁着人类的健康,全球每年新增的病例数约为50万,其中54％发生在我国,且患者在3年内复发率高于60％,可见诊治形势十分严峻。肝癌的临床分期系统对于患者的预后评估以及选择何种治疗方案有着极其重要的意义。国内外虽有此类研究的相关内容,但将各种分期的评价及适用范围、发展趋势相结合进行分析的较少。本文对国际上多种常用的分期方案（TNM分期、Child-Pu曲分期、Okuda分期、CLIP评分、JIS分期、CUPI指标、CIS记分）进行探讨,论述各种方案间的差异及相互关系,并对未来可能发展方向进行展望。经本文分析多项研究发现：TNM分期更适用于外科病人,Child—Pugh对肝功能受损的患者具有较好的预后价值,而Okuda、CLIP、JIs分期适用于不适合手术治疗的进展期病人,CUPI指数则对慢性乙肝患者有疗效,CIS适用于非手术治疗的患者。随着肿瘤分子生物学技术的进步,肝癌分期有可能上升到分子病理学的水平,肝癌切除的根治程度将划分得更为细致,以反映患者肝癌切除后所处状态的多种可能性,分子指标也将更加客观、敏感,有利于患者早期的诊断与治疗。     

Apport du 68Ga-PSMA-TEP dans la prise en charge initiale par radiothérapie des cancers de la prostate

Radiotherapy is one of major modality for prostate cancer treatment. Technical improvements allow to deliver higher doses to the tumor, and improve protection of healthy tissues. Those improvements are enlarging indications and change treatment modalities for prostate cancer patients, on primary staging or at time of relapse (local or metastatic). Accounting to recent publications, 68Ga-PSMA PET should have an impact on radiotherapy treatment planning for those patients, especially in case of intermediate to high risk tumor. In case of metastatic disease, early detection of metastasis allows selection of patients with oligo-metastatic cancer for whom local treatments are in development. For localized prostate cancer, diagnosis of nodal extension permit volumes and doses modifications for radiotherapy. An accurate detection of the dominant intra-prostatic lesion gives the possibility of a focalized dose escalation to this significant cancer (“index lesions”). This new treatment strategies coming from technical progress are currently evaluated to assess their clinical benefit.     

结直肠癌COX-2表达及其与临床病理特征的相关性分析

目的:探讨结直肠癌环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)的表达及其与临床病理特征的相关性。方法:选择2017年8月～2019年6月在本院外科手术诊治的结直肠癌患者60例,取所有患者的病灶组织标本与癌旁组织标本,采用PCR与免疫组化法检测COX-2 mRNA与蛋白表达情况,分析其与患者的临床病理特征的相关性。结果:直肠癌组织COX-2 mRNA与蛋白表达阳性率分别为63.3%和55.0%,显著高于癌旁组织的20.0%和16.7%(P0.05)。随着结直肠癌的病理分期及分化程度的增加、淋巴结转移的发生,直肠癌组织的COX-2 mRNA、蛋白表达阳性率显著升高(P0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析显示直肠癌组织的COX-2 mRNA、蛋白表达阳性率与临床分期、组织学分化与淋巴结转移都存在显著相关性(P0.05)。Cox模型多因素分析显示临床分期、组织学分化与淋巴结转移都是影响COX-2蛋白表达的主要因素(P0.05)。结论:结直肠癌COX-2的mRNA与蛋白都呈现高表达,与患者的临床分期、组织学分化与淋巴结转移显著相关。     

Effect of Gamma-ray upon Food Microorganisms

The author has carried out a series of studies on the effects of various conditions on the survival of E. coli irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma-ray. This report deals with the survivals of the strain irradiated in the medium containing each of the components of various types of fish-meats and meats.     

Skeletal Metastasis of Unknown Primary Origin at the Initial Visit: A Retrospective Analysis of 286 Cases

Background

Skeletal metastasis is a common metastatic event for several carcinomas, and the treatment for skeletal metastasis of unknown primary (SMUP) are a critical issue in cancer therapy. Making a diagnosis of the primary site is the most crucial step in the treatment of SMUP; however, the procedures are sometimes difficult and time-consuming, and the primary site often remains unknown. Therefore, to establish optimal diagnostic strategies and elucidate the overall survival rates of SMUP, we conducted this retrospective study.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data for 286 SMUP cases from a total of 2,641 patients with skeletal metastases who were treated between 2002 and 2014 at our initiations.

Results

The primary sites were identified in 254/286 patients (88.8%), while 32 (11.2%) primary sites were not detected by our diagnostic strategies. Lung cancer was identified in 72 (25.2%) cases, and was the most frequently observed primary lesion. The median survival time of the SMUP patients was 20.0 months, while the median survival times of solitary bone metastasis cases and multi-bone metastasis cases were 39.0 months and 16.0 months, respectively. The median survival times of prostate cancer cases was over 120 months, that of patients with primary lung cancers was 9.0 months and the median survival time of cases who were finally diagnosed with an unknown primary was 11.0 months.

Conclusions

We believe that our study would contribute to establishing an optimal strategy for diagnosing the primary site in SMUP patients, and our data provide definite indications for the survival times for different SMUP situations.     

The Preliminary Study of 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol PET/CT in Assisting the Individualized Treatment Decisions of Breast Cancer Patients

Objective

To evaluate the clinical value of 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol (18F-FES) PET/CT in assisting the individualized treatment decisions of breast cancer patients.

Methods

Thirty-three breast cancer patients, who underwent both 18F-FES and 18F-FDG PET/CT from July 2010 to March 2013 in our center, were enrolled in this preliminary study. All the patients used 18F-FES PET/CT as a diagnostic tool with a clinical dilemma. We used the maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUVmax) to quantify ER expression and a cutoff value of 1.5 to dichotomize results into ER positive and negative lesions. All patients were clinically followed up at least 6 months.

Results

In evaluating equivocal lesions on conventional work-up group (n = 4), three lung lesions and another iliac lesion were enrolled. As for three lung lesions, 18F-FES PET/CT showed one lesion with high uptake, which suggested it was an ER positive metastasis. The other two lesions were 18F-FES negative, which meant an ER negative metastasis or secondary primary tumor. Additionally, one iliac lesion was detected by MRI. 18F-FDG uptake was high at the suspected lesion, whereas 18F-FES uptake was absent; In predicting origin of metastasis group (n = 2), two breast cancer patients had secondary primary tumors were collected. They were 18F-FES negative, which showed low possibility of metastasis from breast cancer and they were all confirmed by biopsy. In detecting ER status in metastasis group (n = 27), 18F-FES PET/CT showed increased 18F-FES uptake in all metastatic lesions in 11 patients; absent in all lesions in 13 patients; and the remaining 3 patients had both 18F-FES positive and negative lesions. Totally, on the basis of the 18F-FES PET/CT results, we found changes in the treatment plans in 16 patients (48.5%, 16/33).

Conclusions

18F-FES PET/CT could assess the entire tumor volume receptor status; therefore, it may be used to assist the individualized treatment decisions of breast cancer patients.     

Distribution and tissue retention of cesium-134 and cobalt-6o in the nile catfish clarias lazera (cuv. & val.)

The Nile catfish, Clarias lazera was found to concentrate radioactive cesium-134 and cobalt-6o from the aquatic environment. For cesium-134 the rate of uptake increased by increase of exposure time, while for cobalt-6o maximum uptake occurred after one day of exposure. The corresponding concentration factors at maximum uptake levels were 0.37 and 0.36 for cesium and cobalt respectively.The internal distribution of these radionuclides in the different tissues and organs of the fish due to uptake from the aquatic environment followed the decreasing order:For ¹³⁴Cs: muscle, bone, gills, stomach, kidneys, intestine and liver.For ⁶⁰Co: bone, muscle, gills, intestine, kidneys, stomach and liver.The internal distribution due to ingestion of these radionuclides followed nearly the same order as was found in case of uptake from the aquatic environment.     

Immunoexpression of P16INK4a, Rb and TP53 proteins in bronchiolar columnar cell dysplasia (BCCD) in lungs resected due to primary non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. High mortality comes out mainly of the fact that majority of the cases are diagnosed in advanced stadium. An expanded diagnostics of precancerous conditions would certainly contribute to lowering the mortality rate. Many of the molecular changes accompanying the multistep cancer development could be observed using the immunohistochemistry method. In this paper we describe the morphology and cell cycle proteins immunoexpression of the novel probable preinvasive lesion - bronchiolar columnar cell dysplasia (BCCD). Thirty cases of BCCD selected out of 193 patients population, treated for primary non-small cell lung cancer were investigated. Loss of P16INK4a protein was observed in 70% of all cases and was statistically significant in patients with adenocarcinoma. Two cases show abnormal cytoplasmic localization of this protein. TP53 protein accumulates in 26.7% of all BCCD. Rb protein was active in 48.3% of the BCCD cases. In two cases we observed differentiation of the cells composing BCCD into multilayer epithelium of the squamous type, which occurs with formation of desmosomes. We suppose that BCCD may be preneoplastic lesion leading to adenocarcinoma as well as to peripheral squamous cell lung cancer.     

An update on the current epidemiological status of metastatic neoplasms to the thyroid

Secondary tumours to the thyroid gland are uncommon with an overall prevalence of 5.9% in autopsy studies. In recent clinical series, secondary thyroid cancer is seen in only 1.9% of malignant thyroids. There is no gender predominance both overall (female to male 1.07:1) and when stratified by common histological subtypes (renal cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma). The median age of patients diagnosed with metastatic thyroid tumours in major studies ranges from 54 to 68 years. Metastases are more frequent in patients with pre-existing or concurrent thyroid pathology. In autopsy studies, the most common primary sites are breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma, lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma predominate in clinical series. Upper aerodigestive tract primaries often directly infiltrate the thyroid gland. The underlying frequency of a histological subtype, geographic prevalence and aggressiveness of primary cancer likely contributes to the incidence of metastasis in the thyroid gland. This is seen in case series from Asia where gastric and oesophageal primary cancers predominate. Secondary thyroid cancer can present metachronously (60%), synchronously (34%), or as the first presentation of the underlying cancer (6%). Late metastases and first clinical presentations of disease often originate from renal cell carcinomas while synchronous cases tend to originate from the lungs. Other common primary sites for first presentation of secondary thyroid cancer include the lung and oesophagus. Although rare, secondary thyroid cancer should be considered as a differential particularly in patients with previous malignancy, such as from the kidney, lung, or breast.     

Stereotactic radiotherapy for liver oligometastases

The liver is the first metastatic site in 15–25% of colorectal cancer patients and one of the first metastatic sites for lung and breast cancer patients.A computed tomography (CT ) scan with contrast medium is a standard procedure for assessing liver lesions but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characterizes small lesions better thanks to its high soft-tissue contrast. Positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET-CT ) plays a complementary role in the diagnosis of liver metastases. Triphasic (arterial, venous and time-delayed) acquisition of contrast-medium CT images is the first step in treatment planning. Since the liver exhibits a relatively wide mobility due to respiratory movements and bowel filling, appropriate techniques are needed for target identification and motion management. Contouring requires precise recognition of target lesion edges. Information from contrast MRI and/or PET-CT is crucial as they best visualize metastatic disease in the parenchyma. Even though different fractionation schedules were reported, doses and fractionation schedules for liver stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT ) have not yet been established. The best local control rates were obtained with BED₁₀ values over 100 Gy. Local control rates from most retrospective studies, which were limited by short follow-ups and included different primary tumors with intrinsic heterogeneity, ranged from 60% to 90% at 1 and 2 years. The most common SRT-related toxicities are increases in liver enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia. Overall, late toxicity is mild even in long-term follow-ups.