免疫胶体金技术的应用及展望

免疫胶体金技术是继三大标记技术(荧光素、放射性同位素和酶)后发展起来的固相标记免疫测定技术。免疫胶体金标记技术是以胶体金作为示踪标志物,应用于抗原抗体反应的一种新型免疫标记技术。近年来,该技术在医学、动植物检疫、食品安全监督等各领域得到了日益广泛的应用。从胶体金技术的基本原理、制备方法、标记技术、应用现状及其优点等方面作一简要综述,并对该技术的发展前景作了展望。     

胶体金标记技术及应用

胶体金是继三大标记技术后对免疫标记技术的又一大贡献,近10年来在药物检测、生物医学等领域发展迅速。主要介绍了近年来胶体金标记技术在免疫光镜、免疫电镜及免疫层析分析上的研究进展。     

不同显色方法在显示脑动脉壁神经纤维中的应用

显示组织中抗原可以用免疫标记技术进行检测,常用的免疫标记物有：荧光素、酶和放射性核素等。其中直接用荧光标记抗体,在荧光显微镜下观察结果;用酶标记抗体加显色底物显色,在光学显微镜下可进行观察;应用放射性核素标记抗体具有灵敏度高的优点。通过这些方法可达到对组织或细胞内多种物质成分进行定性、定位和定量分析,     

胶体金免疫层析技术在兽医学中的应用

胶体金免疫层析技术是一种固相免疫标记技术,具有操作简单、反应灵敏迅速、判定结果直观、无需特殊设备和专业人员等优点。胶体金检测技术一直以来在人类医疗领域中应用较为广泛,近年来该项技术也逐渐应用到兽医临床检测等方面中。目前在兽医领域内,该项技术已经在细菌性疾病、病毒性疾病及寄生虫性疾病等多方面都有应用。本综述对胶体金免疫层析技术进行简述,并对该项技术在兽医领域中的应用加以总结和展望,以期能为今后胶体金的相关研究提供参考。     

胶体金标记抗体技术

胶体金标记抗体技术是近十多年来免疫组织(或细胞)化学迅速发展起来的一项免疫标记技术。在国外许多研究领域中已经得到发展,并逐渐受到国内同行的重视。本文介绍了胶体金标记抗体技术的原理、方法及其发展概况。     

化学发光和发光标记技术

化学发光免疫分析是继放射免疫分析和酶联免疫分析后建立起来的一种高灵敏、高特异性的免疫分析技术。化学发光标记是化学发光免疫分析的关键技术,不仅在小分子、大分子物质的标记分析中用于标记物的制备,而且在基因探针标记、肿瘤标记和诊断以及导向药物研究中广为采用。本简要介绍了化学发光和发光标记技术。     

植物病害免疫学诊断技术

植物病害免疫学诊断技术将以抗原和抗体的特异性反应为基础的传统免疫学继承并发展,应用于植物病害的诊断上.最近10几年,植物病害免疫学诊断技术已广泛应用到病原真菌的检测中.免疫学诊断方法分为非标记免疫分析方法和标记免疫分析方法两大类.着重介绍了应用于植物病害免疫学诊断技术中的酶联免疫吸附测定、免疫胶体金快速诊断技术.     

时间分辨荧光免疫分析技术研究现状及进展

时间分辨荧光免疫分析是一种新型的超微量的免疫标记分析方法,集酶标记免疫分析和放射免疫分析等优点于一身,且无放射性污染等.本文主要介绍了时间分辨荧光免疫分析的原理、优点,螯合剂的种类,以及各种分析技术及其应用现状和进展.     

以膜为固相载体的免疫胶体金快速试验

免疫胶体金标记技术是现在免疫标记技术的一个重要范畴,20世纪80年代末期,人们把胶体金免疫技术与固相膜结合发展了胶体金免疫快速试验,由于其简便、快速、结果直观从而得到了广泛的发展和应用,且其商业前景广阔,目前人们对其需求越来越多。本文对其基本原理及其中应注意的问题做了一些介绍,并对其应用领域及发展方向进行了探讨。     

胶体金免疫层析试纸条技术在病毒检测领域的应用研究现状北大核心CSCD

胶体金免疫层析试纸条技术是一种快速、灵敏和精准的固相标记检测技术,胶体金免疫层析试纸条具有价格低廉、操作简便、检测快捷和特异性强的优点,具有在短时间内灵敏、准确地定性检测出相关病毒的潜在能力,有效解决传统检测方法在医学、兽医、动植物病毒检测和农药残留检测等领域存在检测时间长、设备不便和专业性强的弊端。目前在检测领域,该技术在检测细菌性疾病、病毒性疾病和预防传染性疾病大面积扩散等方面都有应用,因此,该技术在检验方面具有巨大的发展空间。文中主要对胶体金免疫层析技术进行综述,并对该技术在生物病毒检测方面进行总结和展望。     

Sensitive detection of cardiac biomarker using ZnS nanoparticles as novel signal transducers

C-reactive protein (CRP), a 115 kDa pentameric protein, is one of the important cardiac biomarkers that are indicative of coronary heart events. Sensitive detection of CRP in human serum is critical for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. This work presents a sensitive sandwich immunoassay for the detection of CRP in human serum using zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles as novel fluorescence signal transducers. In this assay, monoclonal anti-CRP antibodies are used to capture CRP in human serum, and then the captured CRPs are incubated with biotinylated monoclonal anti-CRP and Neutravidin coated ZnS nanoparticle to form sandwich immunocomplexes. Quantification of CRP occurs when zinc ions released from ZnS nanoparticle labels are mixed with zinc-ion sensitive fluorescence indicator Fluozin-3 for fluorescence generation. The developed assay presents a detection limit around 10 pM and a detection range with more than two orders of magnitude.     

Development of a nanoparticle-based surface-modified fluorescence assay for the detection of prion proteins

A nanoparticle-based immunoassay for the detection of recombinant bovine prion protein (PrP) was developed as a step in the development of screening tools for the prevention of the spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The assay is based on the competitive binding between PrP and a peptide-fluorophore to a nanoparticle-labeled antibody which is specific for a conserved prion sequence. The fluorophore, when bound to the antibody, is subject to surfaced-modified fluorescence, enabling detection of changes in the concentration of bound fluorophore in the presence of prion protein. Important factors considered during the development of the assay were ease of use, robustness, and detection level. The effects of pH and nanoparticle conjugation chemistry on surface-modified fluorescence observed in the assay were explored. Effects of concentrations of antibody and fluorophore on reproducibility and detection limits were examined. At present, the detection limits of the system are approximately equal to the antibody-peptide fluorophore equilibrium dissociation constant, which is near one nanomolar concentration. Improved assay performance could be obtained by optimization of the nanoparticle surface resonance effects. The simplicity of the assay and ease of use may make the type of assay described in this report attractive for screening purposes in the food industry.     

A label-free nanoparticle aggregation assay for protein complex/aggregate detection and study

The detection, analysis, and understanding of protein complexes/aggregates and their formation process are extremely important for biomolecular research, diagnosis, and biopharmaceutical development. Unfortunately, techniques that can be used conveniently for protein complex/aggregate detection and analysis are very limited. Using gold nanoparticle immunoprobes coupled with dynamic light scattering (DLS), we developed a label-free nanoparticle aggregation immunoassay (NanoDLSay) for protein aggregate detection and study. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a protein target used routinely in Western blot as a loading control, is demonstrated here as an example. Through this study, we discovered that GAPDH has a strong tendency to form large aggregates in certain buffer solutions at a concentration range of 10-25 μg/ml. The strong light scattering property of gold nanoparticles immunoprobes greatly enhanced the sensitivity of the dynamic light scattering for protein complex/aggregate detection. In contrast to fluorescence techniques for protein complex and aggregation study, the protein targets do not need to be labeled with fluorescent probe molecules in NanoDLSay. NanoDLSay is a very convenient and sensitive tool for protein complex/aggregate detection and study.     

Electrical immunosensor based on a submicron-gap interdigitated electrode and gold enhancement

We demonstrated that the detection of human interleukin 5 (IL5) with a higher sensitivity than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was possible using mass-producible submicron-gap interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) combined with signal amplification by a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and gold enhancement. IDEs, facing comb-shape electrodes, can act as simple and miniaturized devices for immunoassay. An IDE with a gap size of 400nm was fabricated by a stepper photolithography process and was applied for the immunoassay of human IL5. A biotinylated anti-human IL5 was immobilized on the streptavidin-modified IDE, and biotin-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and BSA were added sequentially to reduce non-specific binding between the streptavidin-immobilized IDE surface and other proteins. The immunoassay procedure included three main steps: the reaction of human IL5 to form antigen-antibody complexes, the binding of AuNP conjugation with an antibody against human IL5 for the sandwich immunoassay, and gold enhancement for electrical signal amplification. The measurement of electrical current at each step showed that the gold enhancement step was very critical in detection of the concentration of human IL5. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that close to 1μm particles were formed from 10nm AuNP by the gold enhancement reaction using gold ions and hydroxylamine. Under optimized conditions, human IL5 could be analyzed at 1pgmL(-1) with a wide dynamic range (from 10(-3) to 100ngmL(-1) concentrations).     

A real-time PCR-based method for determining the surface coverage of thiol-capped oligonucleotides bound onto gold nanoparticles

Here we report a real-time PCR-based method for determining the surface coverage of dithiol-capped oligonucleotides bound onto gold nanoparticles alone and in tandem with antibody. The detection of gold nanoparticle-bound DNA is accomplished by targeting the oligonucleotide with primer and probe binding sites, amplification of the oligonucleotide by PCR, and real-time measurement of the fluorescence emitted during the reaction. This method offers a wide dynamic range and is not dependant on the dissociation of the oligonucleotide strands from the gold nanoparticle surface; the fluorophore is not highly quenched by the gold nanoparticles in solution during fluorescence measurements. We show that this method and a fluorescence-based method give equivalent results for determining the surface coverage of oligonucleotides bound onto 13 or 30 nm gold nanoparticles alone and in tandem with antibody. Quantifying the surface coverage of immobilized oligonucleotides on metallic nanoparticle surfaces is important for optimizing the sensitivity of gold nanoparticle-based detection methods and for better understanding the interactions between thiol-functionalized oligonucleotides and gold nanoparticles.     

Gold Nanoparticle Based FRET for DNA Detection

The nanoscience revolution that sprouted throughout the 1990s is having great impact in current and future DNA detection technology around the world. In this review, we report our recent progress on gold nanoparticle based fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay to monitor DNA hybridization as well as the cleavage of DNA by nucleases. We tried to discuss a reasonable account of the science and the important fundamental work carried out in this area. We also report the development of a compact, highly specific, inexpensive and user-friendly optical fiber laser-induced fluorescence sensor based on fluorescence quenching by nanoparticles to detect single-strand DNA hybridization at femtomolar level.     

Enzyme inhibitor screening using a homogeneous proximity-based immunoassay for estradiol

The authors have previously reported a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence proximity immunoassay for estradiol. The assay was based on luminescence resonance energy transfer between a long lifetime fluorescent europium(III) chelate-dyed nanoparticle donor and a short lifetime, near-infrared fluorescent acceptor. The energy transfer prolonged the lifetime of the sensitized acceptor emission, and the fluorescence of the acceptor was measured using a time-resolved detection. The developed immunoassay was employed to screen inhibitors for enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. The enzyme overexpressed in MCF-7 cells catalyzed a reversible conversion of estroneto17beta-estradiol. The inhibition efficiency of the tested molecule was obtained by comparing the final concentration of converted estradiol after 60 min of conversion reaction in a sample and in a conversion control not containing an inhibitor. The Zbeta factor calculated using the E2 concentrations of the homogeneous assay was 0.64, demonstrating a relatively good performance of the assay. The results from the homogeneous assay were comparable with the results obtained using radioactively labeled estrone as a substrate and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of estrone and converted estradiol after the enzyme reaction. Thus, this homogeneous assay can simplify the primary screening of potential new drug molecules by replacing a tedious radiometric HPLC method.     

Gold nanoparticle-based detection of genomic DNA targets on microarrays using a novel optical detection system

The development of a nanoparticle-based detection methodology for sensitive and specific DNA-based diagnostic applications is described. The technology utilizes gold nanoparticles derivatized with thiol modified oligonucleotides that are designed to bind complementary DNA targets. A glass surface with arrays of immobilized oligonucleotide capture sequences is used to capture DNA targets, which are then detected via hybridization to the gold nanoparticle probes. Amplification with silver allows for detection and quantitation by measuring evanescent wave induced light scatter with low-cost optical detection systems. Compared to Cy3-based fluorescence, silver amplified gold nanoparticle probes provide for a approximately 1000-fold increase in sensitivity. Furthermore, direct detection of non-amplified genomic DNA from infectious agents is afforded through increased specificity and even identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in human genomic DNA appears feasible.     

A protein assay based on colloidal gold conjugates with trypsin

The standard sol particle immunoassay (SPIA) is based on a biospecific aggregation of gold nanoparticle conjugates, followed by conventional spectrophotometry. Here we propose a novel SPIA format that uses microtitration immunological plates and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. The novel and standard assays are exemplified by determination of immunoglobulin G by using 15-nm colloidal gold-protein A conjugates. We also describe a novel sol particle-trypsin assay using conjugates of gold nanoparticles with trypsin. The method is based on measuring spectral extinction changes caused by the addition of protein to a conjugate solution. The changes in the extinction spectra are presumed to be related to aggregation of gold nanoparticles caused by polyvalent binding of protein molecules to the trypsin molecules of the conjugates.     

Highly sensitive electrochemical detection of immunospecies based on combination of Fc label and PPD film/gold nanoparticle amplification

A highly sensitive electrochemical immunoassay strategy based on the combination of ferrocene (Fc) label and poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PPD) film/gold nanoparticle (GNP) amplification for the detection of immunospecies is proposed using human IgG as the model analyte. A gold electrode is firstly modified with an electropolymerized film of poly(o-phenylenediamine), which provides a stable matrix with abundant amino-groups for the fabrication of sensing interface. Using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker, cystamine is coupled onto the modified electrode. Subsequently, gold nanoparticle monolayer is assembled onto the resulting surface. Making use of the unique properties of gold nanoparticles, antibodies can be self-assembled onto the surface-confined gold nanoparticles via amine-Au affinity with a high loading amount and reserve high immunological activity. After the introduction of model analyte, the ferrocene (Fc)-labeled antibody is immobilized on the sensing interface by antibody-antigen specific reaction, resulting in a redox current signal. The peak current is proportional to the amount of the analyte. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the proposed sensing strategy provides a wide linear dynamic range from 25 to 1000pg/mL with a low detection limit of 10pg/mL. In addition, good reproducibility, high selectivity and stability are achieved. In particular, the extremely high stability of both poly(o-phenylenediamine) and gold nanoparticle monolayer allows the designed biosensing interface to withstand harsh regeneration treatment, making it reusable.