虾夷扇贝的多态性微卫星座位

虾夷扇贝(Patinopectenyessoensis),为冷水性贝类,是世界最重要的养殖经济贝类之一。原产于俄罗斯千岛群岛的南部水域,日本北海道及本洲北部。中国80年代初从日本引种,并开始养殖,目前已经在黄海北部形成规模化和产业化养殖,其中以大连长海养殖规模最大,近10年来创造出了数十亿     

SSR不对称PCR法分析虾夷扇贝遗传多样性

采用微卫星引物的不对称扩增法(即不对称PCR-SSR方法),得到了较为准确的微卫星,运用8对微卫星标记对取自日本青森县的自然群体(QSX)、俄罗斯海参崴自然生群体(HSW)和大连旅顺口的自然群体(LSK)及大连的广鹿岛(GLD)、獐子岛(ZZD)、小长山(XCS)和凌水桥(LSQ)养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析.平均观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.51563～0.64583和0.67575～0.74535,其中QSX群体的平均杂合度最高,HSW群体的最低,各群体间的差异不显著,说明中国的扇贝的群体遗传多样性仍然处于一个很高的水平,种质资源较丰富.并对常规PCR和不对称PCR方法扩增微卫星的优缺点进行了探讨.     

虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）5个群体的遗传多样性

虾夷扇贝为20世纪80年代初从日本引入我国并逐渐开展养殖的双壳贝类,目前已在我国北方地区大面积养殖。实验采用微卫星分子遗传标记技术对大连獐子岛底播增殖放流群体（CC）、黄海北部海区采集的野生群体（HQ）、日本青森养殖群体（JX）、俄罗斯远东日本海沿岸养殖群体（RX）及大连大长山岛养殖上壳白化群体（ZB）等5个虾夷扇贝群体的遗传多样性进行研究。其中HQ群体为本课题组2005年在黄海北部采集的野生群体,本研究筛选出一个该群体的特异性遗传标记。用8个微卫星位点进行扩增,共获得45个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数处于3—9之间,大小为100—340bp,平均有效等位基因数为3．1535,基因型数为3—21个,PIC（PolymorphismInformationContent）值处于0．0322-0．5944之间。5个群体的平均观测杂合度分别为0．3292、0．3048、0．3167、0．2708、0．3042,平均期望杂合度分别为0．4595、0．4002、0．3838、0．3620、0．3885,群体间的多态性差异不显著。根据群体间遗传相似性系数、遗传距离及UPGMA聚类分析发现,CC和HQ群体亲缘关系最近,JX和RX群体的亲缘关系较近,ZB群体与JX和RX群体的亲缘关系较近。通过Hardy—Weinberg平衡及F-检验发现,5个群体都不同程度的偏离平衡,表明各群体基因频率和基因型频率的稳定性较低,且5个群体均处于不同程度的杂合子缺失状态,群体间的遗传分化程度较高,但遗传变异主要来自群体内的个体间。     

虾夷扇贝遗传连锁图谱的初步构建

用AFLP标记首次构建了虾夷扇贝遗传连锁图谱。用56对引物组合对父母本和52个F^₁代个体进行遗传连锁分析, 共得到1 855个标记, 其中多态位点为598(32.2%)个, 而354个符合孟德尔1: 1分离比。用这些标记和23个偏分离标记(0.01相似文献   

基于AFLP技术对中国虾夷扇贝群体种质资源的研究

利用AFLP技术对国内较具代表性的5个群体与日本群体虾夷扇贝相比照进行遗传多样性的分析.采用6对引物组合对6个群体178个个体进行扩增,共得到308个位点,6个群体的多态位点比例为62.66% ～69.81%,其中日本群体最高,小长山群体最低,且呈显著性差异;香农氏指数为0.337 ～0.374,其中日本群体最高,小长山群体最低.凌水桥群体与旅顺群体间遗传相似性最高(0.9810),小长山群体与凌水桥群体间遗传相似性最低(0.9641);相对的遗传距离的计算结果与遗传相似性结果一致.数据分析表明养殖方式对虾夷扇贝遗传多样性影响不大.本试验结果为我国虾夷扇贝种质遗传多样性维持、保护和可持续利用提供参考.     

微卫星标记在不同壳色虾夷扇贝家系亲权鉴定的适用性

实验选取8 个多态性微卫星位点, 用于虾夷扇贝4 个不同壳色全同胞和半同胞家系160 个子代的亲权鉴定。在亲本未知和一亲本已知的情况下, 8 个微卫星位点累积排除概率分别为0.823 和0.961。鉴于亲权分析时子代的亲本在已知和未知情况下位点的累积排除概率不同, 实验采用了两种方法用于家系的亲权鉴定。方法1: 当子代的父母本情况未知时, 根据子代基因型数据, 通过CERVUS 2.0 软件计算子代所对应的候选亲本的LOD 值, 直接将候选亲本中具有最大的两个LOD 值的亲本确定为子代的父母本; 方法2: 在子代的亲本未知情况下, 视具有最大LOD 值的候选亲本为子代的第一候选亲本, 然后将该亲本视为已知, 通过CERVUS 2.0 软件重新计算每个侯选亲本的LOD 值, 再从中选择具有最大LOD 值的候选亲本作为该子代的第二候选亲本。结果表明, 采用方法2 得到的家系亲权鉴定成功率达到95%以上, 确定了微卫星标记在虾夷扇贝家系鉴定中的可行性。所检测的微卫星位点在子代中出现无效等位基因现象, 而无效等位基因存在会引起子代与亲本的错配。实验在家系鉴定时采用了无效等位基因存在(情况1)和缺失(情况2)两种子代基因型文件进行分析, 不同情况下同一方法家系鉴定成功率相差无几。这表明了基于多个微卫星位点计算候选亲本LOD 值大小寻找子代真实父母本可以降低由无效等位基因引起的错配的几率。研究表明了微卫星标记适合于不同壳色虾夷扇贝家系亲权鉴定工作。       

不同苗种来源的中国虾夷扇贝群体的遗传多样性分析

虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)于1982年从日本引入中国并展开规模化养殖.由于引入的亲贝数目有限,使虾夷扇贝在人工育苗养殖过程中群体遗传多样性水平下降.本研究使用7对微卫星引物对日本原种贝(♀、♂)自交后的子代群体(RZ)、国内种贝(♀、♂)自交后的子代群体(DZ)、日本原种贝(♂)与国内种贝(♀)的杂交群体(ZJ)和国内自然海区(中国旅顺月亮湾)天然繁殖群体(HC)4个不同的虾夷扇贝群体的遗传多样性进行了研究.实验结果表明,4个群体的平均有效等位基因数为3.2～3.8,平均期望杂合度为0.6718～0.7017,日本野生群体做为种贝繁殖的苗种(KZ)与中国养殖群体相比,遗传多样性水平较高,除了DZ群体外其他群体的遗传多样性并无显著的变化.     

虾夷扇贝精子的超微结构

用扫描和透射电镜研究了虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)精子的超微结构.虾夷扇贝精子为典型的原生型,全长50μm左右,头部长约3 μm.精子主要由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成.头部顶体突出,呈倒"V"形;顶体下方为精核,电子密度较高且占头部大部分,具有核前窝(anterior nuclear fossa)、核后窝(posterior nuclear fossa)和植入窝(implantation fossa);4～5个近圆形的线粒体围绕着中心粒复合体形成精子的中段.尾部细长,尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的"9 2"结构.     

五个罗氏沼虾群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用16对微卫星标记对来自泰国(CP)、缅甸(MN)、孟加拉(BD)和中国(MP和DP)的共5个罗氏沼虾群体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。结果显示, 16个微卫星位点均具有较高的多态性,平均等位基因数(Na)、期望杂合度(He)、Shannon信息指数(I)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为17.563、0.8316、2.1662和0.7328。5个群体的期望杂合度(He)介于0.7025—0.8594,多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.6538—0.8048,表明所有群体均具有高度遗传多样性,遗传多样性水平CP>MP>BD>MN>DP。遗传分化指数(Fst)值介于0.03430—0.17333,表明所有群体间均有不同程度的遗传分化。16个微卫星位点的Fst值均大于0.05,均值为0.0977,与群体间有遗传分化相符。AMOVA分析显示群体间变异占总变异的6.22%,群体内个体间的变异占总变异的40.72%,个体内部的遗传变异占总变异的53.07%。基于Nei氏遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示, MN群体首先与MP群体聚为一类,再与DP群体聚为一类,之后再与B...     

镜鲤繁殖群体的遗传结构及微卫星标记与经济性状的相关性分析

选用35个多态性微卫星分子标记对天津换新良种场镜鲤一个繁殖群体的有效等位基因数(Ae)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC) 等进行了检测, 以卡方检验估计群体Hardy-Weinberg平衡。结果表明：在35个基因座共检测到118个等位基因, 平均等位基因数为3.37个, 每个座位检测到的等位基因数2~7个不等, 平均有效等位基因数为2.16, 观测杂合度平均值0.431, 无偏期望杂合度的平均值为0.4736, 平均多态信息含量0.42, 说明这个群体属于中度多态, 遗传多样性水平不高。卡方检验的P值显示多于半数的位点都发生了偏离。并将35个基因座的不同基因型与个体的体重、体长值进行了连锁分析, 得到了4个与体重、体长连锁的基因型, 并将所得结果与鲤鱼体长性状QTL定位结果进行对比, 其中HLJ319标记与QTL定位结果基本一致。分析了几个严重偏离平衡的基因型, 并讨论出现这种现象的可能原因。     

Development of Microsatellite Markers for Japanese Scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) and Their Application to a Population Genetic Study

Abstract The Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) is one of the main fishery products in Japan, but with the expansion of culture operations of the Japanese scallop, various problems have been encountered including high mortality, poor growth, poor seed production, and so on. Moreover, there is concern that many years of cultivation may have affected the genetic structure of the scallop population. To approach these problems and concerns, we developed microsatellite markers as a molecular tool for population genetic studies. By using 4 microsatellite markers as well as a mitochondrial marker, we investigated the genetic structure of samples from the islands of Hokkaido (14 populations) and Honshu (Tohoku, 3 populations) in Japan, and south Primorye (4 populations) in Russia. All the populations sampled had high genetic diversity (average expected heterozygosity, 0.7011 to 0.7622; haplotype diversity, 0.6090 to 0.8848), and almost all showed a tendency of homozygote excess, which was significant in 2 populations. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance tests based on the microsatellite and mitochondrial markers indicated that the 3 geographic regions were genetically divergent from one another, with little evidence of divergence within regions. Homogeneity in allele frequency distributions between natural and cultured scallops and allele frequency stability over a period of 2 decades indicated that the culturing operations have probably not had a substantial effect on the genetic structure of the populations.     

用SSR研究栲树群体遗传结构

利用微卫星（SSR）分子标记对福建省内4个栲树（Castanopsis fargesii Franch.）群体遗传结构进行了研究。SSR标记揭示了栲树群体丰富的遗传变异：平均等位基因数A＝9.0,平均有效等位基因数Ne=4.8,平均期望杂合度He=0.65,而群 具有较低的Fst值（Fst=0.031）。SSR每个位点的等位基因频率分布在栲树群体间都存在显或极显差异,表明根据SSR等位基因频率分布亦能了解各体的分化。SSR标记使栲树群体中一些稀有等位基因得以表现,54个SSR等位基因中有15个等位基因仅出现在1个或2个群体中,且频率较低,在遗传多样性保护中更应注重保护这些稀有的等位变异。     

Study on Population Genetic Structure in Castanopsis fargesii with Microsatellite Markers

Genetic structure of four populations in Castanopsis fargesii Franch. in Fujian Province was studied with microsatellite (SSR) markers. A high level of genetic variation was detected in the populations of C. fargesii by using SSR with A=9.0, Ne=4.8, He=0.65 and the population differentiation coefficient ( Fst ) was only 0.031. The distributions of alleles of all loci were significantly different among the populations of C. fargesii , and the population differentiation could be found according to the distributions of SSR alleles. Some rare alleles in the populations of C. fargesii were revealed by SSR: Fifteen of 54 alleles appeared in one or two populations with lower frequencies; conservation of these rare alleles is of great importance.     

Molecular Characterization of a Mitochondrial DNA Segment from the Japanese Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis): Demonstration of a Region Showing Sequence Polymorphism in the Population

A 1.3-kb mitochondrial DNA segment from the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis was cloned and sequenced. This segment contained the transfer RNA^Met gene and partial sequences of 2 ribosomal RNA genes, together with 2 separate noncoding regions (designated NcR1 and NcR2). The NcR regions derived from 78 individuals cultured in Lake Saroma or Matsu Bay, were sequenced, and we found 15 loci with sequence alterations including 13 substitutions, 1 deletion, and 1 insertion (1 locus in NcR1, 14 loci in NcR2), and 17 haplotypes. Of the 17 haplotypes, 10 were found in the Saroma population only, 3 in the Mutsu population only, and 4 in both populations. The gene diversity and nucleotide diversity values were, respectively, 0.87 and 0.0069 for the Saroma population, 0.63 and 0.0040 for the Mutsu population, and 0.83 and 0.0203 overall. Thus the NcR segment was considered to have sufficient sequence variation for population genetic studies. The 16 variants of the NcR2 sequence were separated successfully by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, confirming the sequence variation in NcR2. Received October 3, 2001; accepted February 19, 2001.     

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Chinese Indigenous Poplar (Populus simonii) Populations Using Microsatellite Markers

Populus simonii Carr. is an important ecological and commercial breeding species in northern China; however, human interference during the last few centuries has led to the reduction and fragmentation of natural populations. To evaluate genetic diversity and differentiation within and among existing populations, we used 20 microsatellite markers to examine the genetic variation and structure of 16 natural populations. Our results indicated that the level of genetic diversity differed among populations, with average number of alleles per locus (AR) and expected heterozygosity (H _e) ranging from 3.7 to 6.11 and 0.589 to 0.731, respectively. A marginal population from Qilian in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau showed the highest values (AR?=?6.11, H _e?=?0.731), and the Zhangjiakou and Yishui populations showed the lowest values (AR?=?4.08, H _e?=?0.589 and AR?=?3.7, H _e?=?0.604). The inbreeding coefficient (F _IS) values for all populations were positive, which indicated an excess of homozygotes. The microsatellites allowed the identification of a significant subpopulation structure (K?=?3), consistent with an isolation by distance model for P. simonii populations. Additionally, molecular variance analysis revealed that 14.2 % of the variation resided among populations, and 85.8 % could be attributed to variation within populations. These data provide valuable information for natural resource conservation and for optimization of breeding programs in the immediate future.     

First Records on Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Algerian Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Using Microsatellite Markers

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) is one of the wide cultivated plants with a narrow genetic base, hence the interest in prospecting, rescuing, and characterizing germplasm of this species is continuously carried out. In this work, eleven microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 68 Algerian peanut accessions originated from four geographic regions in the north and south of Algeria. A total of 83 alleles were amplified with a mean number of 7.545 alleles per locus and polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.625 to 0.874. The observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.31 to 1.00 and from 0.61 to 0.84 with a mean of 0.704 and 0.732, respectively. Genetic structure analysis showed a strong population at K?=?2, separating accessions according to their subspecies affiliation (hypogeae ssp. and fastigiata ssp.). It was also able to quantify the genetic correlations between genotypes using principal component analysis (PCA) and the method of groups of unweighted pairings with arithmetic means (UPGMA). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed high genetic variation within individuals (90.7%) and low genetic differentiation between subspecies (10.3%) and among populations (8.9%) from different geographical origin. Genetic diversity analysis in this study provides useful information for the exploration and utilization of these peanut cultivars.