线叶龙胆的胚胎学研究

首次报道了龙胆属华丽组的胚胎发育过程,其代表种线叶龙胆花药四室;药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层两型起源,细胞具双核和多核,绒毡层细胞１￣３次分裂形成“横格”和“类胎座”,原位退化,属非典型的腺质型;中层细胞两层;药室内壁纤维状加厚。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列主要为四面体形;成熟花粉为３－细胞型。子房为２心皮,１室,超侧膜胎座。胚珠１０￣１５列,腹维管束彼此靠近,并在中下部融合。薄珠心,     

黑边假龙胆的胚胎学研究

系统报道黑边假龙胆（Ｇｅｎｔｉａｎｅｌｌａａｚｕｒｅａ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｈｏｌｕｂ）的胚胎发育过程,用以讨论假龙胆属长期存在争议的分类和系统发育问题,黑边假龙胆花药４室;药壁发育属双子叶型,绒毡层单型起源,细胞单核,属腺质绒毡层,花药壁表皮层宿存,药室内壁减缩。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列为四面体型,成熟花粉３－细胞型。子房为２心皮,１室,减缩的侧膜胎座,胚珠４列,薄珠心,单珠被,横生胚     

喉毛花的胚胎学研究

本文首次系统地记载了喉毛花属的胚胎发育过程,并以此为依据讨论了该属的分类等级和系统位置。喉毛花花药四室;药壁发育属双子叶型;绒毡层单型起源,细胞具单核,属腺质绒毡层;一层中层细胞;花药壁表皮层宿存,纤维状加厚和膨大;药室内壁减缩。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列为四面体型;成熟花粉为3-细胞型。子房为2心皮、l室,典型的侧膜胎座,胚珠8列,胚珠胎座靠近两心皮腹缝线。薄珠心,单珠被,倒生胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子呈直列式排列,其中合点端的大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。极核在受精前融合为次生核。反足细胞宿存、分裂为8～12个,每个细胞均多核和异常膨大,反足细胞形成的吸器明显。异花传粉,珠孔受精。花粉管通过破坏一助细胞进入胚囊。受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子体融合类型。胚乳发育为核型,每核含2～3核仁。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆I变型,成熟种子胚只发育至球形胚阶段。反足细胞在合子分裂之后才开始退化,在胚的发育过程中反足细胞在胚乳层之外形成一层染色深、类似“外胚乳”的结构。比较喉毛花、龙胆属、假龙胆属以及肋柱花属的胚胎学特征表明喉毛花与假龙胆属的亲缘关系最近,在分类等级上作为一个独立的属较为合适,在系统位置上它比假龙胆属更为原始。     

芒苞草形态学和胚胎学研究：Ⅱ.花药和胚珠发育的研究

芒苞草成熟胚珠为倒生型,薄珠心,双珠被。胎座为侧膜胎座向中轴胎座的过渡类型。胚囊发育为单孢蓼型。 成熟胚囊由印器,具二极核的中央细胞及三个反足细胞组成。助细胞呈倒梨形,极性不明显,珠孔端壁有角状的丝状器。中央细胞的二极核在受精前融合为次生核。 花药具二个小孢子囊,花药壁层为单子叶型,具分泌型绒毡层,小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为连续型,四分体是左右对称式排列,成熟花粉粒为二细胞的。 在花药与胚珠发育过程中,多糖物质的消长是有规律的变化。     

嵩草属植物的胚胎学

对嵩草属（ Ｋｏｂｒｅｓｉａ） 植物进行了初步的胚胎学研究。该属植物具假四合花粉（ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｄ） ; 药室内壁在二核花粉时期开始螺旋状加厚, 花药表皮在花粉成熟时形成乳突; 成熟花粉具三细胞。胚珠为倒生型, 具厚珠心和双层珠被, 珠孔由内珠被构成, 珠柄的近基部向珠孔增生形成珠孔塞。胚囊的发育为蓼型, 四分体线形排列, 合点端大孢子发育成八核胚囊。受精后, 胚乳核先于受精卵进行分裂, 胚乳的发育为核型。胚的发育为柳叶菜型灯芯草变型。通过比较, 嵩草属植物大小孢子的发育、胚珠的结构、胚囊的发育、胚乳的发育和胚的发育与莎草科中其它类群一致。所以, 根据胚胎学资料, 嵩草属及其近缘属应保留在莎草科中,不该另立为嵩草科。     

高山植物条纹狭蕊龙胆的分子亲缘地理学研究

草本植物由于较短的生活周期以及对环境变化的敏感性,可能会更好地揭示第四纪冰期以来植物居群变化的历史过程.分子亲缘地理学研究是揭示动植物居群历史的有力工具,但到目前为止对青藏高原草本植物的分子亲缘地理学研究几乎是空白.因此,本文选择在青藏高原及邻近地区生长的一年生高山草本植物条纹狭蕊龙胆为研究对象,进行了13个居群155个个体的叶绿体基因组(cpDNA)非编码片段trnH(GuG)-psbA基因间区序列变异检测,共发现7种单倍型,其中单倍型H印A是分布最广的,而单倍型Hap E、Hap F和Hap G是拥有的居群所特有的.青藏高原东北部、东部及邻近地区的每个居群拥有的单倍型非常单一,而高原东南部横断山区的单倍型分布很集中,遗传多样性也相对较高.分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果表明整个分布区条纹狭蕊龙胆的遗传变异主要存在于居群间(73.05%),且居群问的遗传分化很高(GsT=0.805,FsT=0.731,NsT=0.859),有着显著的亲缘地理学结构(NsT>Gsr,P<0.05)和较低的居群间的平均基因流(Nm=0.184).结合巢式支系法分析(NCA),根据本文的研究结果推测青藏高原东南部横断山区是该植物第四纪冰期时可能的避难所,而且在间冰期或冰期后.伴随着异域片段化和过去片段化从避难所发生范围扩张而形成当前单倍型及居群的分布格局.     

从胚胎学特征探讨四合木的系统位置

本文从胚胎学特征探讨了四合木的系统位置。胚胎学研究表明,四合木与蒺藜利具较近亲缘关系,但又有明显区别。表现为。四合木花药壁发育为基本型,绒毡层细胞多数具单核,心皮合生但深裂至近基部,胚株直生,具较长珠柄,无承珠盘,无珠被绒毡层,只具一列线形大孢子四分体,成熟胚囊为四细胞(四核),珠被在胚胎发育过程逐渐退化,因此,成熟种子中只具外珠被内层残迹;胚乳大部分细胞解体,而外缘胚乳细胞特化,在成熟种子中代替种皮起保护功能。因此,四合木是否应从蒺藜科分出而另列一种,值得进一步研究。     

峨眉双蝴蝶的胚胎学研究

首次报道了峨眉双蝴蝶Ｔｒｉｐｔｅｒｏｓｐｅｒｍｕｍ ｃｏｒｄａｔｕｍ（Ｍａｒｑ．）Ｈ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ的胚胎学特征,研究结果用以讨论双蝴蝶属的系统演化关系。主要研究结果如下：花药四室;药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层属单型起源,细胞具单核,属腺质型绒毡层,药隔处的绒毡层细胞形成类胎座,其余部位的绒毡层细胞仍为一层细胞;在花药成熟时,花药的药室内壁纤维状如厚且柱状伸长,表皮细胞减缩退化,纤维状加厚不明显。成熟花     

西南獐牙菜的胚胎学及其系统学意义

报道了西南獐牙菜的大、小孢子发生及雌,雄配子体发育过程,并以此讨论了獐牙菜属宽丝组和多枝组的分类等级和系统演化关系,西南獐牙菜花药四室;药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层二型起源,腺质型;中层细胞2层;药室内壁纤维状加厚,药壁表皮宿存,小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型;小孢子四分体的排列为四面体形,成熟花粉为3-细胞型,孔子房为3心皮,1室,胚珠12列,故为超侧膜胎座,薄珠心,单珠被,倒弯生胚珠,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成4个大孢子呈直线形排列,合点端的大孢子具功能,胚囊发育为蓼型,两极核在受精前融合为次生核,3个反足细胞次生增殖为5-8个,宿存,比较宽丝组和多枝组的胚胎党性一状表明宽丝组从多枝组中分出是合理的,在系统位置上宽丝组较多枝组进化。     

A New Secoiridoidal Glucosides from Gentiana rigescens (Gentianaceae)

A new acylated secoiridoidal glucoside, named gentiorigenoside A (1 ), was isolated from the root of Gentiana rigescens (Gentianaceae) , together with eight known compounds, gentiopicroside ( 2) , 6′- O-β- D-glucopyranosyl gentiopicroside (3) , loganic acid (4 ) , 6′- O-β- D-glucopyranosyl loganic acid ( 5), sweroside ( 6 ), 2′-( o, m-dihydoxybenzyl) -sweroside (7), swertiamarin (8) and secologanoside (9) . heir structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. Iridoidal glucosides 3, 5 and 9 were isolated for the first time from the title plant.     

坚龙胆中的一个新裂环烯醚萜甙

从坚龙胆（Gentiana rigescens）的根中分离得到1个新的裂环烯醚萜甙,命名为坚龙胆甙A（1）,以及8个已知化合物：龙胆苦甙（2）,6＇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-龙胆苦甙（3）,马钱子酸（4）,6＇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基．马钱子酸（5）,獐牙菜甙（6）,2＇-（邻,间-二羟基苯甲酰基）．獐牙菜甙（7）,獐牙菜苦甙（8）,四乙酰开联番木鳖甙（9）。它们的化学结构通过现代波谱解析得以鉴定。化合物3,5和9为首次从坚龙胆中分离得到。     

四数獐牙菜的胚胎学及其系统学意义

四数獐牙菜花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层腺质型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型, 四分体的排列方式为四面体形;成熟花粉为3-细胞。子房2心皮,2心皮连接处强烈内凸,4列胚珠。薄 珠心,单珠被,直生胚珠。胚囊发育为蓼型。胚乳发育为核型。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆I变型。反足细胞 在胚囊成熟时期宿存。果实成熟时,种子只发育至球型胚阶段。承珠盘存在。与已研究的獐牙菜种类 的胚胎特征相比较,该种存在三个显著的特点：直生胚珠,心皮连接处强烈内凸,承珠盘存在。这三个特 征目前仅在龙胆族中的花锚属中发现。经过性状分析,它们均是演征,此三个共有演征表明四数獐牙菜 与花锚属是一单系群,它们的亲缘关系最近。这与Yun &; Kupfer(1995)的分子证据部分吻合,因为分 子系统树上的花锚单系支包括花锚、四数獐牙菜和北美的密花属(广义獐牙菜属中的密花组),而后者的 胚胎学特征未有任何报道。胚胎学研究暗示四数獐牙菜的分类学等级有待重新评价,广义的獐牙菜属 有可能不是一单系发生群。     

Embryology of Swertia tetraptera Maxim. (Gentianaceae) and its systematic implication

The embryology of Swertia tetraptera is reported for the first time. The anther is tetrasporangiate and its wall, of which the development conforms to the dicotyledonous type, is composed of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum at the mature stage. The tapetum has dual origin and is similar to the glandular type. Cytokinesis is of the simultaneous type and microspore tetrads are mostly tetrahedral. Pollen grains are mostly 3-celled when shed. The ovary is bicarpellate and unilocular with four series of ovules. The fused margins of two carpels intensively protrude into the locule. The ovule is unitegmic, tenuinucellate and orthotropous. The development of embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. The development of endosperm conforms to the nuclear type and the embryogeny corresponds with the Physalis I variation of Solanad type. Three antipodal cells persist at the mature embryo sac. The embryo is at the globular stage when seeds are released from the capsule. Compared with the other studied species in Swertia, S. tetraptera shows differences from them in three distinctive embryological traits: enlargement and protrusion of the fused margins of two carpels into the ovary locule; orthotropous ovules and a developed hypostase. These three characters were previously only found in the genus Halenia of the tribe Gentianinae in the Gentianaceae,and thus suggest that S. tetraptera should be related to Halenia. The results partly correspond with the molecular evidence (Yuan & Kupfer, 1995). The monophyletic Halenia clade in Yuan & Kupfer's molecular cladogram includes Halenia, S. tetraptera and Frasera (section Frasera in Swertia s. l.); nevertheless, up to now, no embryological study on Frasera has been reported. The embryological results imply that the taxonomic status of S. tetraptera needs to be revaluated and the genus Swertia s. l. may not be a mono-phyletic group. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. 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麻花艽和管花秦艽( 龙胆科) 之间自然杂交类型的分子验证

野外考察发现麻花艽( Gentiana straminea Maxim. ) 和管花秦艽( G. siphonantha Maxim . ex Kusn. ) 同域分布时存在大量形态位于二者之间的个体。经形态变异研究后发现它们可能是这两个物种之间的杂交后代。对两个亲本种以及假设杂交群体共55 个个体的核糖体ITS 序列和叶绿体trnS-G 序列的分析结果表明:中间形态个体是麻花艽和管花秦艽的自然杂交后代。此外分析了两个亲本种以及杂交群内个体间trnS-G和ITS 序列的变异状况以及分子标记结果与形态鉴定不一致的可能原因; 指出可能是杂交诱导的叶绿体基因组重组以及早期物种分化中的谱系筛选不彻底等原因造成了亲本种群体内序列变异的多样化。