X-ray Crystal Structure of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase σ70 Holoenzyme

Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the most studied bacterial RNAP and has been used as the model RNAP for screening and evaluating potential RNAP-targeting antibiotics. However, the x-ray crystal structure of E. coli RNAP has been limited to individual domains. Here, I report the x-ray structure of the E. coli RNAP σ⁷⁰ holoenzyme, which shows σ region 1.1 (σ_1.1) and the α subunit C-terminal domain for the first time in the context of an intact RNAP. σ_1.1 is positioned at the RNAP DNA-binding channel and completely blocks DNA entry to the RNAP active site. The structure reveals that σ_1.1 contains a basic patch on its surface, which may play an important role in DNA interaction to facilitate open promoter complex formation. The α subunit C-terminal domain is positioned next to σ domain 4 with a fully stretched linker between the N- and C-terminal domains. E. coli RNAP crystals can be prepared from a convenient overexpression system, allowing further structural studies of bacterial RNAP mutants, including functionally deficient and antibiotic-resistant RNAPs.     

Sequence-Dependent Upstream DNA-RNA Polymerase Interactions in the Open Complex with λPR and λPRM Promoters and Implications for the Mechanism of Promoter Interference

Upstream interactions of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) in an open promoter complex (RPo) formed at the P_R and P_RM promoters of bacteriophage λ have been studied by atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that the previously described 30-nm DNA compaction observed upon RPo formation at P_R [Rivetti, C., Guthold, M. & Bustamante, C. (1999). Wrapping of DNA around the E. coli RNA polymerase open promoter complex. EMBO J., 18, 4464-4475.] is a consequence of the specific interaction of the RNAP with two AT-rich sequence determinants positioned from − 36 to − 59 and from − 80 to − 100. Likewise, RPos formed at P_RM showed a specific contact between RNAP and the upstream DNA sequence. We further demonstrate that this interaction, which results in DNA wrapping against the polymerase surface, is mediated by the C-terminal domains of α-subunits (carboxy-terminal domain). Substitution of these AT-rich sequences with heterologous DNA reduces DNA wrapping but has only a small effect on the activity of the P_R promoter. We find, however, that the frequency of DNA templates with both P_R and P_RM occupied by an RNAP significantly increases upon loss of DNA wrapping. These results suggest that α carboxy-terminal domain interactions with upstream DNA can also play a role in regulating the expression of closely spaced promoters. Finally, a model for a possible mechanism of promoter interference between P_R and P_RM is proposed.