Ecology of a diplozoon parasite on the gills of the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri

In oxygen‐deficient waters, the difficulties of oxygen uptake in gill parasites and their fish hosts may influence host and parasite densities, site selection by the parasite, and effects of the parasite on host condition. This study quantified the prevalence and intensity of the gill monogenean Neodiplozoon polycotyleus in the African cyprinid fish Barbus neumayeri from an intermittent forest stream in western Uganda. Oxygen levels were low in the stream over the 12‐month study, averaging only 2.5 mg litre^?1 (monthly range = 1.2–4.3 mg litre^?1). However, parasite prevalence was high (47.2%), suggesting high tolerance to low oxygen in N. polycotyleus. The prevalence of parasites varied with host body size, with the highest frequency of occurrence in the middle size classes. Prevalence also varied over the year; seasonal peaks of rainfall coincided with a lower frequency of N. polycotyleus. The significantly nonrandom frequency distribution of parasites among hosts suggests regulation of parasite numbers. Of the hosts infected, 37.1% harboured one N. polycotyleus parasite, and 62.9% harboured two parasites. No fish were infected with more than two diplozoons. There was evidence for strong site specificity by N. polycotyleus within hosts; 77.7% of the parasites were located on the filaments of the second gill arch, which may relate to increased oxygen availability. In addition, only one of the 178 infected fish had more than one parasite on one side of the branchial basket. Although N. polycotyleus is undoubtedly parasitic, we found no evidence of a negative parasitic effect on the condition or reproductive status of B. neumayeri.     

Seasonal and daily cycles in sound production associated with spawning in the weakfish,Cynoscion regalis

Synopsis Hydrophone recordings were made to document the daily and seasonal cycles of weakfish,Cynoscion regalis (Sciaenidae), sound production in the Delaware Bay. Recordings were made at three stations perpendicular to the shore and rated qualitatively on a scale of 0–4. ‚Drumming’ (sonic muscles, males only) and ‚chattering’ (pharyngeal stridulation, both sexes) were tallied separately. Weakfish were collected from the field throughout the spring and summer to monitor the reproductive status of the population. A clear seasonal trend was noted in both drumming and chattering activities. Drumming activity rose abruptly in mid-May to maximal levels, which were maintained through late June, then dropped off in July and ceased in August. Chattering activity began abruptly in late June, then rose through July and remained high in August. Seasonal drumming activity was more intense at the inshore station. On a daily scale, drumming activity was at its lowest level during the early to mid-morning, then increased to maximal levels in the early evening and remained high until the following morning. There was no daily trend in chattering activity. Daily drumming activity was also most intense at the inshore station. Male and female reproductive readiness, determined by gonadosomatic indices, sperm motility and plasma androgen levels, peaked within the period of maximal seasonal drumming activity.     

Parasite Induced Summer Mortality in the Cockle Cerastoderma edule by the Trematode Gymnophallus choledochus

In late summer 2004, a conspicuous cockle (Cerastoderma edule) mortality event was observed on a tidal flat in the northern Wadden Sea (North Sea, Germany) with many fresh valves and still living cockles lying on the sediment surface. To investigate whether trematode parasites utilizing the cockle as first or second intermediate host were involved in this mortality, buried and surfaced cockles were sampled and analyzed, and a laboratory experiment conducted. The field survey showed no statistical difference in intensity of parasites encysted in the foot of cockles. Three species of Himasthla utilizing the cockle as second intermediate host and known to impair the cockle’s burrowing ability were found in buried cockles with 148.4±111.1 metacercariae/foot and in surfaced cockles with 164.2±84.4. There was also no difference in infection levels of parasites utilizing the cockles as second intermediate host in other cockle tissues between buried and surfaced cockles. In contrast, surfaced cockles showed a ten times higher prevalence (71.0%) than buried cockles (7.4%) of the trematode Gymnophallus choledochus – a parasite utilizing the cockle as first (and second) intermediate host – filling almost the entire body cavity and eliminating gonad structures. In an aquarium experiment of 14 days, all cockles found buried on the tidal flat survived compared to only 23.3% found on the surface. This suggests G. choledochus to be a castrating agent and a serious mortality factor in adult cockle populations.     

Host age,but not host location within a stream,is correlated with the prevalence of gut parasites in water striders

We tested for correlations between the geographic, demographic, and temporal distribution of an aquatic insect host and the prevalence of its gut parasites in southwestern Ohio. Trypanosomatids were present in Aquarius remigis collected from all 4 streams surveyed in the watershed. Prevalence declined dramatically from May to July and remained low through the fall. This pattern was consistent over all sites of our study, with no effect of stream, stream site (upstream vs. downstream), or host sex on prevalence. Stage, however, was strongly correlated with prevalence; adults were more likely to be infected than were nymphs. We argue that behavioral differences between the 2 age classes may account for the decline in prevalence; opportunities for transmission are highest in the spring, when mating activities increase adult host contact rates, and decline in the summer, when contact rates decrease.     

The consequences of flooding for the dispersal and fate of poeciliid fish in an intermittent tropical stream

Summary We studied the rainy season dispersal of the fish Poecilia gillii (Poeciliidae) from pools in a steepgradient, intermittent stream in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. The stream consisted of about 20 pools separated by dry streambed except during two floods and subsequent brief periods of flow. Individually recognizable tags permitted mark-recapture estimates of population size and information on individual movements. The first flood was very severe, with pools losing an average of 75% of their populations (range 12–99%). Most of the lost fish died by becoming trapped in desiccating pools. Males and juveniles were more likely to be lost than were females. Population loss was negatively related to pool volume and positively related to streambed slope. In addition, population loss was positively related to preflood population size when the effects of pool volume and slope were removed indicating that pools with higher densities lost more fish. Of the fish recaptured after the flood, the average proportion found in the pool in which they had been tagged varied from 16%–96%, depending on the area of the stream. Of fish that moved, 92% went downstream. The second flood was less severe though stream flow lasted as long, and there was little effect on the pool populations. Involuntary flushing during the flood and voluntary departure apparently interacted to produce the observed patterns.     

Shoaling species drive fish assemblage response to sequential large floods in a small midwestern U.S.A. stream

I assessed the short-term impact of two sequential scouring floods on the fish assemblage of a small prairie stream. I tested for changes in fish abundance, fish assemblage composition, and fish-habitat associations within individual pools and across a suite of pools following each flood. Before the second flood, 30–90% of fish were removed by seining in five of eight pools. Overall fish abundance was reduced by approximately 50% following the first flood, but effects varied widely among individual pools. Fish abundance was unaffected by the second flood, despite prior removal of a known proportion of fish, suggesting recolonization of defaunated pools during the flood. Fish assemblage similarity across the entire suite of pools was low following each flood, but varied considerably within individual pools. Defaunated pools were more similar to pre-flood assemblages than control pools, though the mechanism behind this pattern was unclear. Changes in abundance and assemblage composition were driven by interpool movement of two minnow species with the shared behavioral trait of shoaling: bigeye shiner Notropis boops and central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum. Shifts in abundance showed no upstream or downstream pattern, suggesting that flooding allowed fish to move actively among pools that are typically isolated by partial barriers (riffles). This study highlights the importance of considering species’ behavioral traits when assessing the impacts of flooding, and suggests that shoaling behavior may be useful trait for predicting fish assemblage change following flooding.     

Prevalence and intensity ofCapillaria catostomi (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in southern Lake Huron,Canada

Synopsis A total of 314 white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) taken monthly during May to December 1975 and in April and May 1976 from southern Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada, were examined forCapillaria catostomi.Prevalence determined from fresh white suckers (66%) was significantly lower than from frozen white suckers (81%). However, there was no significant difference in prevalence ofC. catostomi in samples taken at monthly intervals; in male and female white suckers; or in the age categories.Mean intensity of infection was not significantly different in fresh (9.6 [± 13.41]) or frozen (10.4 [± 13.11]) white suckers. There was no significant difference in intensities between monthly samples in male and female white suckers or in the age categories. Suckers were infected with 1–172 worms. The percentage of male, female and immature worms did not change with sex or age of host or by month. The frequency distribution showed the parasites were overdispersed.A possible life cycle forC. catostomi involving an oligochaete intermediate host is discussed and an attempt made to explain the almost constant levels of prevalence and intensity.     

Occurrence and prevalence of Philometra filiformis (Stossich, 1896) on Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea

In this paper the host‐parasite relationship between Philometra filiformis and the common pandora Pagellus erythrinus from the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea were studied. A total of 305 (257 females and 48 males) specimens of common pandora were sampled from June 2009 to April 2011 from commercial landings as well as from bottom trawl surveys. A total of 39 P. erythrinus were parasitized (mean prevalence, P = 12.80%; mean abundance, A = 0.19), with the parasite occurring throughout the study area and with wide fluctuations in prevalence values ranging from 0 to 28.60%. Prevalence increased with age of the host, with most parasites (27.78%) found in the older common pandora whereby P. filiformis parasitized only the females. A significant correlation between prevalence, abundance and maturity stages of the fish was evident, with most parasites found in mature/spawning specimens. The varying degrees of gonadic damage caused by this nematode reveal a serious threat to the reproductive success of P. erythrinus.     

Male reproductive polymorphism and form-specific habitat utilization of the damselflyMnais pruinosa (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)

Habitat utilization patterns were studied in damselfly males,Mnais pruinosa, which have two male forms with different reproductive behaviors. The ‘esakii’ (orange-winged males) were territorial around oviposition sites, while the ‘strigata’ (hyaline-winged males) were non-territorial, often sneaking into theesakii's territory or loitering on the foliage of vegetation along stream banks. The place in the stream in the study area where females frequently appeared was covered by reeds and had abundant oviposition sites. It was difficult for the territorialesakii to stay there because the crowded reeds prevented them from defending their territory and discovering the females. Furthermore, there was competition for the limited territorial space with another species,Mnais nawai. Strigata males concentrated in this place in direct proportion to the number of females. Females frequently mated withstrigata males and probably deposited eggs fertilized bystrigata sperm rather thanesakii sperm. The density ofstrigata was higher than that ofesakii in this study area. If the average reproductive success ofesakii andstrigata males is equal, this may indicate that the equilibrious point between the two male forms is biased towardstrigata.     

Subtle ‘boom and bust’ response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macquaria ambigua</Emphasis> to flooding in an Australian dryland river

The ecology of dryland rivers is driven by their highly variable hydrology, particularly flooding regimes, whereby intermittent floods typically generate ‘booms’ of primary and secondary productivity, including massive fish production. We tested these concepts in the Moonie River, Australia, using the percichthyid, Macquaria ambigua, a dryland river species known to display pronounced ‘boom and bust’ abundance patterns in response to floodplain inundation followed by extended periods of low to no channel flow. We expected that body condition (as measured by whole body lipid content) and biomass of M. ambigua would be related to prey biomass, and that these factors would all ‘spike’ following widespread flooding. Instead we found more subtle responses. There were ‘booms’ in biomass of Macrobrachium and zooplankton, two important food items, whereas M. ambigua maintained relatively low but sustained lipid and biomass levels following flooding. It appears that instead of a ‘boom’ in fish biomass, abundant invertebrate food resources and sustained lipid levels contributed to high survivorship of this species during the ‘bust’ period over cool dry months.     

Parasitism, immune response and reproductive success in the house martin Delichonurbica

Parasites often exert strong selection pressures on their hosts that have evolved anti-parasite defences to counter the negative effects of parasites. We studied the relationship between intensity of parasitism, one aspect of host immune response, and host reproductive success, using the house martin bug Oeciacushirundinis and its house martin Delichonurbica host as a model system. Experimental manipulation of parasite load of nests during laying of the first clutch altered the intensity of parasitism. Parasites reduced the reproductive success of their hosts measured in terms of body condition and survival of nestlings. Host immune response, measured as the concentration of gammaglobulins and total plasma proteins, was positively associated with parasite reproduction, estimated as the number of juvenile parasites, but was only weakly related to the intensity of adult parasites. The concentration of gammaglobulins was negatively related to nestling body mass, implying a trade-off between immune function and body condition. Parasite reproduction thus exerts a cost on hosts by increasing the immune response. Received: 25 August 1997 / Accepted: 3 November 1997     

Macroinvertebrate survival during cessation of flow and streambed drying in a lowland stream

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Variation over Time in Parasite Prevalence Among Free-ranging Chimpanzees at Gombe National Park,Tanzania

From January to September, 2005, we collected fecal samples from 60 chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania and examined them for parasites. We compared current parasite prevalence data with previous studies to obtain a pattern of parasitism over time. There were considerable similarities in the parasite species composition and prevalence, although we noted some variations. Generally, parasite prevalence decreased over time, with the present prevalence being lower than in previous surveys. We identified 8 types of parasites, all of which had previously been documented in the chimpanzees of Gombe. Three nematodes — Oesophagostomum sp., Strongyloides fulleborni, and Abbreviata caucassica— occurred at higher prevalence (41.2–45.5%) but relatively lower than previous findings of 50–91%. We also diagnosed unidentified strongyles at a moderate prevalence (33%), lower than a previous record of 41%. Probstmayria gombensis occurred at relatively low prevalence (16.4%) vs. past observations (23–59%), while the prevalence of Trichuris sp. (7.3%) was closely similar to previous records of 5–9%. We also observed unidentified ciliate at 9% within the same range as in previous studies (5–28%). The prevalence of Troglodytella abrassarti was 78%, closely similar to previous findings of 75%. There was no significant variation in parasite prevalence between chimpanzees of the Kasekela community and those of the Mitumba community, although the former tended to have higher prevalence of helminths than the latter. The causes of the similarities and variations in parasite prevalence over time are discussed. The study provides baseline data for monitoring of chimpanzee health at Gombe.     

Drought, differential mortality and the coexistence of a native and an introduced fish species in a south east Australian intermittent stream

Synopsis The longitudinal distribution ofSalmo trutta andGalaxias olidus, a small salmoniform fish, was mapped over four summers (1985–1988) in the upper reaches of the Lerderderg River, an intermittent stream in central Victoria. Over the four successive summers of the study, the distribution ofS. trutta expanded upstream. Coincident with the expansion ofS. trutta was a contraction in the distribution ofG. olidus upstream. In the summer of 1988, an extended dry spell resulted in high levels ofS. trutta mortality at the upstream limits of their distribution. This suggested that the upstream distribution ofS. trutta could ultimately be constrained by an inability to tolerate prolonged periods of low stream flow and high temperatures that tended to occur in the headwaters of the stream. A study of summer mortality was conducted over three successive summers (1989–1991) at three reaches along the river. The two downstream reaches contained onlyS. trutta, the upstream reach contained bothS. trutta andG. olidus. Salmo trutta mortality was consistently higher at the most upstream reach compared with lower reaches. High levels ofS. trutta mortality at the two downstream reaches were only observed in 1991, a particularly dry year. In contrast,G. olidus survived in scattered small pools throughout the upper reaches of the stream. The results of the study suggest a shifting pattern ofS. trutta andG. olidus distribution determined by the duration of low stream flow periods and summer high temperatures.     

Population dynamics of Gyrodactylus sp. (Monogenea) infecting the sand goby in the Oslo Fjord, Norway

Prevalence and abundance of Gyrodactylus sp. on the 1993 year-class of sand gobies Pomatoschistus minutus in the Oslo Fjord, Norway, decreased slightly during the cold months, increased as temperature increased in spring, reaching a peak in June, then decreased significantly, corresponding with a decline in the number of hosts from August. Abundance and, especially, prevalence increased again in September, and decreased in late autumn. Death of the most heavily infected hosts, and/or host resistance might be responsible for the decline in parasite numbers on post-spawners in summer. The young of the year (1994 year-class) were probably infected shortly after they commenced benthic life in July, and prevalence and abundance increased significantly throughout late summer and autumn. Parasite abundance on males was significantly higher than on females at the height of the breeding season in June, but significantly lower at the end of the breeding season in July. Two-thirds of the parasites infected the gills, oral cavity and pharynx. The proportion of parasites on the body, head and fins increased on both sexes, but significantly more so on males, during the breeding season of the host, when parasite intensity was highest. Possible routes of transmission of the parasite are discussed.     

Demographic crash associated with high parasite load in an experimental roe deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capreolus capreolus</Emphasis>) population

In March 2002, ten roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were released in a partly wooded 14.2-ha enclosure to investigate the effect of high population density on vegetation cover and demographic parameters. However, in mid 2003, five animals died after rapid emaciation. Two other deer were killed to carry out further post-mortem examination. In addition to a general loss of body mass and injuries in males caused by the healthiest of them, we found a high level of parasitism. The remaining animals received anti-parasite treatment, and four other treated roe deer were added into the enclosure. All the deer were then captured and treated against parasites twice a year, the fawns being removed when first captured. Four years after the crash, the population seemed healthy: deaths no longer occurred; mean adult body mass reached 27.6 kg in March; females produced on average 1.6 fawns per year, with a mean body mass of 13.8 kg in October and 16.7 kg in March. Furthermore, undergrowth cover changed little since March 2004. These results suggest that outbursts of parasites may cause population crashes in high-density situations before the onset of nutritive stress and may explain certain cases of ‘abnormal’ (massive) mortality recorded in roe deer.     

The influence of host fruit morphology on parasitization rates in the Caribbean fruit fly,Anastrepha suspensa

Among the host fruits of the Caribbean fruit fly there are a variety of sizes and shapes. These morphological differences may influence the vulnerability of the larvae to parasites. In the laboratory, Caribbean fruit fly larvae placed in the smaller of 2 different sizes of artificial ‘fruit’ (cloth spheres filled with a diet material) were parasitized at a higher rate by the braconid,Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) when spheres were presented separately. However, when parasites were simultaneously presented with 6 different sizes of ‘fruit’ there was no significant relationship between size and parasitization rate. This may be due to the parasites preference to search for larvae in larger ‘fruit’. In field collections of different species of host fruit, a significant inverse correlation exists between fruit radius and rate of parasitization. However, host fruit size accounts for only about 5% of the variance in yearly parasitization rates.      

Prevalence of haematozoan parasites in the White-throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus in southern Europe

Capsule White-throated Dippers from southern Europe were found to be infected by three haemosporidians.

Aims To examine the occurrence of blood parasites in dippers in the Iberian Peninsula and to investigate the relationship between prevalence levels, environmental factors and bird fitness.

Methods White-throated Dippers were trapped with mist-nets from five montane areas in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. Parasites were detected from blood samples by polymerase chain reaction screening.

Results About half (51.3%) of 152 dippers showed some kind of infection. The genus Haemoproteus was recorded in 49.3% of the birds, and the genus Leucocytozoon in 19.1%, while Plasmodium was present only in 0.7%. Among the infected birds, 34.6% carried a double infection (Haemoproteus?+?Leucocytozoon). Prevalence did not differ between gender or age-classes, but it varied between study sites, being significantly higher in mountains with higher precipitation. There was a reduction in body mass owing to double infection in yearling males only.

Conclusion This is the first work assessing parasite prevalence in dippers from southern Europe. Infection of dippers by haemosporidians is likely to be related to a study site's climatic envelope.     

Taxonomic distinctness and aquatic Coleoptera: comparing a perennial and intermittent stream with differing geomorphologies in Hidalgo, Mexico

Taxonomic distinctness combines species richness and phylogenetic diversity to detect changes in taxonomic structure. Most studies have reported on changes due to marine impacts, with little emphasis on habitat influences or freshwater systems. The composition and organizational structure of aquatic Coleoptera assemblages are susceptible to local influence, yet their colonization capacities suggest greater assemblage similarity over larger spatial scales. Surveys were conducted in two contrasting local streams (approximately 20 km apart), one intermittent with multiple stair-step cascades and intervening pools during the rainy season (and only pools during the dry season), and the other perennial with low gradient, in Hidalgo, Mexico. Published information from these initial surveys and their associated collections of adults were examined and the data converted to monthly presence/absence data for analysis using taxonomic distinctness. Despite reported physicochemical differences between the streams, only the average monthly proportion of swimmer species was significantly higher in the intermittent stream where elmids and psephenids were largely missing due to the general absence of protective substrate and the presence of pools; higher taxonomic structure was not affected. Well-developed colonization capabilities and a widely distributed species pool likely reduced detectable differences between the stream assemblages. Although the average monthly value of Sorenson’s Similarity Index for aquatic Coleoptera between both streams was low, differentiation was not achieved using taxonomic distinctness and presence/absence data.     

Individual variation in habitat use and growth of male and female brown trout

We examined variation in growth and habitat use of individually PIT‐tagged brown trout Salmo trutta in three stream enclosures, each divided into a fine substrate, deep pool habitat and a coarse substrate, shallow habitat. Habitat use and movements of individual fish were monitored continually by placing PIT detectors between habitats. All fish were measured and weighed biweekly over a three month period. There was no significant relationship between habitat use and initial body size, nor was there a consistent relationship between habitat use and densities of benthic macroinvertebrates or abundance of drifting invertebrates in the two habitats. Most habitat changes occurred at night, with activity peaks just prior to sunrise and after sunset. Trout used pools more at night than during the day. Within any given day, diurnal and nocturnal habitat use of individual fish varied little, with variation greater at night than during the day. Partial habitat segregation by sex was observed; only males used pools extensively during daytime, whereas males and females used riffles.
Growth rate was positively related to use of pools during daytime but not at night. Growth rate was also affected by enclosure, with growth rates being highest in the most downstream enclosure, which had the deepest pool (mean of 42 cm) and lowest in the most upstream enclosure, which had the shallowest pool (mean of 28 cm). A complete exchange of trout between the most upstream and downstream enclosure indicated that the enclosure effect was due to physical differences and not to individual fish differences between enclosures. The effect appears to have been caused by differences in depth as daytime use of pools was correlated with the area of the pool ≥35 cm deep, and production of trout biomass per enclosure was directly related to mean pool depth. Our results suggest that there is a relationship between habitat use and growth of individuals that is independent of body size, but that this relationship is influenced by sex of the fish and by the physical characteristics of the environment. Further, the data indicate that short‐term behavioral decisions on habitat use by brown trout have a potential effect on longer‐term individual fitness through growth rates.