水稻ADP—葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶的cDNA基因克隆和结构分析

用ＰＣＲ技术从我国水稻品种“中花１０ 号”（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ ｖａｒ． ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ ｃｖ． Ｚｈｏｎｇｈｕａ １０）的未成熟种子中克隆到ＡＤＰ－葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因,进行了全序列分析,并与国外已报道的同类基因进行了核苷酸及推导氨基酸序列的同源性比较。结果表明,作者克隆的ＡＤＰ－葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因全长１４６１ ｂｐ,编码１个由４８３ 个氨基酸组成的多肽,与国外基因的核苷酸和推导氨基酸同源率分别为９９．６％ 和９９．７％ 。此外,还对该基因进行了结构及进化分析。     

LDL受体基因cDNA的RT—PCR分离,克隆及其在RFLP中的应用

利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术分离低密度脂蛋白受体基因ｃＤＮＡ,将长为２６０５ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ插入质粒ｐＪＮ６,并经全序列测定证实,该序列与已报道序列相比,存在两个变异碱基,即第７５４位Ｃ→Ｔ,和１６５４位的Ｇ→Ａ,这两个变异碱基并不改变编码的氨基酸,利用ＬＤＬ受体基因ｃＤＮＡ中的ＣｌａＩ片段的作为探针,检测到ＬＤＬ受体基因上外显子８的ＳｔｕＩ位点是个限制性片段长度多态性位点,所克隆的ｃＤＮＡ含有可译框架的全     

奶山羊β—乳球蛋白cDNA的克隆

从奶山羊乳腺中快速抽提总ＲＮＡ,根据已发表的绵羊β乳球蛋白基因的序列,设计并合成与ｏＢＬＧ基因第一个外显子和最后一个外显子的部分序列相对应并能与特定载体末端互补的一对引物,经反转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法扩增获得了特异性片段。将扩增片段民互性化质粒ｐＤＩＲＥＣＴ退火,获得重组质粒ｐＤＢＬＧ。ＰＣＲ鉴定、限制性分析和分子我均表明已克隆以奶山羊ＢＬＧ的ｃＤＮＡ。     

LDL受体基因cDNA的RT－PCR分离、克隆及其在RFLP中的应用

利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术分离低密度脂蛋白受体基因ｃＤＮＡ,将长为２６０５ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ插入质粒ｐＪＮ６,并经全序列测定证实,该序列与已报道序列相比,存在两个变异碱基,即第７５４位Ｃ→Ｔ,和１６５４位的Ｇ→Ａ,这两个变异碱基并不改变编码的氨基酸,利用ＬＤＬ受体基因ｃＤＮＡ中的ＣｌａⅠ片段作为探针,检测到ＬＤＬ受体基因上外显子８的ＳｔｕⅠ位点是个限制性片段长度多态性位点。所克隆的ｃＤＮＡ含有可译框架的全部密码,因此可作为基因表达材料。     

cDNA RDA——研究基因差异表达的新方法

ｃＤＮＡＲＤＡ——研究基因差异表达的新方法蔡在龙毛积芳胡惠民（第二军医大学生物化学教研室，上海２００４３３）关键词基因差异表达ｃＤＮＡＲＤＡ生物个体发育与基因有序的选择性表达有关。许多疾病的产生是由于基因表达不正常所致，因此，确定细胞中基因表达差异是...     

一种鉴别差异表达基因的新方法：———cDNA示差分析技术

ｃＤＮＡ示差分析技术是继ｍＲＮＡ差异显示技术之后又一种鉴别差异表达基因的方法。该技术利用双链ＤＮＡ模板在ＰＣＲ时呈指数扩增,而单链ＤＮＡ模板为线性扩增原原理,先用常见的限制性内切酶将实验组与对照组消化成平均长度为２５６ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ片段,再用ＰＣＲ技术使用组的ｃＤＮＡ片段富集,随后进行３次差减杂交去除共有基因,最后扩增实验组中的特异表达的基因。本概述了该技术的原理、基本方法及其应用前景。     

眼镜蛇毒腺cDNA文库的构建

目的　蛇毒含有多种生物活性成分, 从天然蛇毒中提取分离蛇毒有效成分受到蛇毒资源和质量的限制。为开发蛇毒有效成分的基因工程产品, 本研究构建了蛇毒腺的ｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 文库, 为进一步筛选、克隆和表达蛇毒有关基因做准备。　方法　从眼镜蛇（ Ｎａｊａ ｎａｊａ ａｔｒａ ）毒腺中提取ｍ Ｒ Ｎ Ａ,经反转录合成ｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ后, 以λｇｔ１０ 噬菌体为载体, 构建非表达的ｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 文库。　结果　蛇毒腺ｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 非表达文库库容量为２×１０６ｐｆｕ／μｇ 重组子, 经大肠杆菌 Ｃ６００ ｈｌｆ 菌株平皿测定, 重组率为 ７０％ 。　结论　经平板鉴定和 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 快速鉴定表明, 所构 ｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 文库达到建库要求, 能够用于目的基因筛选和克隆表达。     

狗肝脏苯甲二氮Zhuo结合抑制因子的cDNA克隆及序列分析

在研究狗抗吗啡活性肽ＰＰＣ过程中,发现它与牛的ＤＢＩ的氨基酸序列有很高的同源性,但尚未见到有关狗的ＤＢＩ的文献报道,为了更好的探讨ＰＰＣ和ＤＢＩ相互间的关系,对狗的ＤＢＩ的ｃＤＮＡ进行了克隆和序列分析。本研究利用大鼠ＤＢＩ的基因片段为探针,从狗肝脏ｃＤＮＡ文库中,筛选得到了一个阳性克隆,并进行了全自动和手工测序,得到了ＤＢＩ的全长基因。根据ＥＢＭＬ ｂａｎｋ序列检索,发现狗的ＤＢＩ核酸序列与牛的同     

结合SSH和cDNA芯片技术在植物研究中的应用

抑制性差减杂交(Suppression Subtractive Hybridization,SSH)技术是分离差异表达基因的一种新方法。cDNA芯片也是近年来发展起来的一种新技术,它是指将大量的特定的寡核苷酸片段或基因片段作为探针,有规律地排列固定于硅片、玻片、塑料片等固相支持物上制成的芯片。本文主要介绍抑制差减杂交和cDNA芯片技术原理及其在植物研究中的应用。     

中华绒螯蟹卵巢RACE Cdna文库的构建

应用抑制性差减杂交技术 ,已经获得了中华绒螯蟹卵巢发育过程中差异表达基因的部分cDNA序列。为了进一步获得基因的全长cDNA序列 ,运用SMART技术 ,成功构建了中华绒螯蟹卵巢 (Ⅲ期 )RACEcDNA文库。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明 ,文库所含全长cDNA的长度主要集中在 5 0 0～ 2 0 0 0bp之间 ,RACEPCR结果表明 ,所用基因特异性引物与接头引物皆能扩增出产物 ,说明所构文库的质量较好 ,适于用RACE方法从中分离中华绒螯蟹卵巢发育相关基因的全长cDNA。     

HEMETβ: improvement of hepatocyte metabolism mathematical model

This article describes hepatocyte metabolism mathematical model (HEMETβ), which is an improved version of HEMET, an effective and versatile virtual cell model based on hepatic cell metabolism. HEMET is based on a set of non-linear differential equations, implemented in Simulink?, which describes the biochemical reactions and energetic cell state, and completely mimics the principal metabolic pathways in hepatic cells. The cell energy function and modular structure are the core of this model. HEMETβ as HEMET model describes hepatic cellular metabolism in standard conditions (cell culture in a plastic multi-well placed in an incubator at 37° C with 5% of CO2) and with excess substrates concentration. The main improvements in HEMETβ are the introductions of Michaelis-Menten models for reversible reactions and enzymatic inhibition. In addition, we eliminated hard non-linearities and modelled cell proliferation and every single aminoacid degradation pathway. All these innovations, combined with a user-friendly aspect, allow researchers to create new cell types and validate new experimental protocols just varying 'peripheral' pathways or model inputs.     

Monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis of immunodeficiencies

Progress in immunophenotyping is characterized by the availability of monoclonal antibodies and an increased number of clusters of differentiation consisting of reagents with known specificity and defined reactivity patterns. Technical improvements have lead to standardization of immunofluorescence staining procedures and broad application of flow cytometry. These developments have contributed to better diagnosis of immunodeficiencies characterized by the lack of certain lymphocyte subsets or more broadly expressed, functionally important cell-surface molecules. Antibodies valuable for routine immunophenotyping of immunodeficiencies as well as examples of the different antibody groups desirable for immunofluorescence studies are presented. When used in concert with clinical and other laboratory tests, immunophenotyping provides a valuable instrument for differential diagnosis of defects in the immune system. As a consequence, detection of new defects of cell surface antigens and respective cell subpopulations is facilitated and a basis is provided for further study of the genetic and molecular regulatory aspects of immunologic disorders.     

HEMETβ: improvement of hepatocyte metabolism mathematical model

This article describes hepatocyte metabolism mathematical model (HEMETβ), which is an improved version of HEMET, an effective and versatile virtual cell model based on hepatic cell metabolism. HEMET is based on a set of non-linear differential equations, implemented in Simulink®, which describes the biochemical reactions and energetic cell state, and completely mimics the principal metabolic pathways in hepatic cells. The cell energy function and modular structure are the core of this model. HEMETβ as HEMET model describes hepatic cellular metabolism in standard conditions (cell culture in a plastic multi-well placed in an incubator at 37°C with 5% of CO₂) and with excess substrates concentration. The main improvements in HEMETβ are the introductions of Michaelis–Menten models for reversible reactions and enzymatic inhibition. In addition, we eliminated hard non-linearities and modelled cell proliferation and every single aminoacid degradation pathway. All these innovations, combined with a user-friendly aspect, allow researchers to create new cell types and validate new experimental protocols just varying ‘peripheral’ pathways or model inputs.     

Ginsenoside Rg3 stereoisomers differentially inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in diabetic atherosclerosis

Ginsenoside 20(R/S)‐Rg3, as a natural peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand, has been reported to exhibit differential biological effects. It is of great interest to understand the stereochemical selectivity of 20(R/S)‐Rg3 and explore whether differential PPARγ activation by Rg3 stereoisomers, if it exists, could lead to differential physiological outcome and therapeutic effects in diabetic atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the binding modes of 20(R/S)‐Rg3 stereoisomers in the PPARγ ligand‐binding domain (PPARγ‐LBD) using molecular modelling and their effects on smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration induced by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The results revealed that 20(S)‐Rg3 exhibited stronger antiproliferative and antimigratory effects due to stronger PPARγ activation. To validate the in vitro results, we used a mice model with diabetic atherosclerosis and obtained that 20(S)‐Rg3 markedly reduced the plaque size secondary to reducing the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, while the plaques were more stable due to improvements in other plaque compositions. The results shed light on the structural difference between Rg3 stereoisomers that can lead to significant differential physiological outcome, and the (S)‐isomer seems to be the more potent isomer to be developed as a promising drug for diabetic atherosclerosis.     

mRNA差异显示RT-PCR技术在昆虫学研究中的应用

mRNA差异显示RT- PCR是近 1 0年广泛使用的用于克隆和分析差异表达基因的有效技术。该文简要介绍了差异显示RT -PCR技术的原理、优缺点及其优化方法 ,重点综述了mRNA差异显示RT -PCR技术在昆虫学研究中的应用。     

Uncovering Therapeutic Targets FOR Glioblastoma: A Systems Biology Approach

Even though glioblastoma, WHO grade IV (GBM) is one of the most devastating adult cancers, current treatment regimens have not led to any improvements in patient life expectancy or quality of life. The constitutively active EGFRvIII receptor is one of the most commonly mutated proteins in GBM and has been linked to radiation and chemotherapeutic resistance. To define the mechanisms by which this protein alters cell physiology, we have recently performed a phosphoproteomic analysis of EGFRvIII signaling networks in GBM cells. The results of this study provided important insights into the biology of this mutated receptor, including oncogene dose effects and differential utilization of signaling pathways. Moreover, clustering of the phosphoproteomic data set revealed a previously undescribed crosstalk between EGFRvIII and the c-Met receptor. Treatment of the cells with a combination employing both EGFR and c-Met kinase inhibitors dramatically decreased cell viability in vitro. In this perspective, we highlight the use of systems biology as a tool to better understand the molecular basis of GBM tumor biology as well as to uncover non-intuitive candidates for therapeutic target validation.     

Sensitivity of tumor cells towards CIGB‐300 anticancer peptide relies on its nucleolar localization

CIGB‐300 is a novel anticancer peptide that impairs the casein kinase 2‐mediated phosphorylation by direct binding to the conserved phosphoacceptor site on their substrates. Previous findings indicated that CIGB‐300 inhibits tumor cell proliferation in vitro and induces tumor growth delay in vivo in cancer animal models. Interestingly, we had previously demonstrated that the putative oncogene B23/nucleophosmin (NPM) is the major intracellular target for CIGB‐300 in a sensitive human lung cancer cell line. However, the ability of this peptide to target B23/NPM in cancer cells with differential CIGB‐300 response phenotype remained to be determined. Interestingly, in this work, we evidenced that CIGB‐300's antiproliferative activity on tumor cells strongly correlates with its nucleolar localization, the main subcellular localization of the previously identified B23/NPM target. Likewise, using CIGB‐300 equipotent doses (concentration that inhibits 50% of proliferation), we demonstrated that this peptide interacts and inhibits B23/NPM phosphorylation in different cancer cell lines as evidenced by in vivo pull‐down and metabolic labeling experiments. Moreover, such inhibition was followed by a fast apoptosis on CIGB‐300‐treated cells and also an impairment of cell cycle progression mainly after 5 h of treatment. Altogether, our data not only validates B23/NPM as a main target for CIGB‐300 in cancer cells but also provides the first experimental clues to explain their differential antiproliferative response. Importantly, our findings suggest that further improvements to this cell penetrating peptide‐based drug should entail its more efficient intracellular delivery at such subcellular localization. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Differential display

Characterization of regulated gene expression in eukaryotic cells is essential for studying cell growth and differentiation as well as for understanding the molecular mechanisms of diseases. Differential display was developed for such comparative studies by allowing a systematic and nonbiased screening for molecular differences at the level of mRNA expression between or among different cells or tissues. The essence of the method is to amplify messenger RNA 3′ termini using a pair of anchored oligo-dT primer and a short primer with an arbitrary sequence. The amplified cDNAs labeled with radioisotope are then distributed on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel and visualized by autoradiography. Side-by-side comparison of mRNA species from two or more related samples allows identification of both up- and downregulation genes of interest. Some of the most recent improvements have been incorporated into this general protocol for differential display.     

Improved differential screening approach to analyse transcriptional variations in organized cDNA libraries

A cDNA library was generated from rat brain tissues and organized into 1536-well plates, using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS), acting as a single cell deposition system. The organized library containing 10 000 clones, with 60% full-length cDNA inserts, allowed the generation of multiple identical membrane replicas. Each replica was hybridized with a complex probe obtained from a particular brain tissue or a given cultured cell. The signal intensity for each of the clones present on the membrane, quantified with a standard image-analysis software, is proportional both to the abundance of the corresponding mRNA in the probe and to the amount of plasmid template on the membrane. The latter value was thus used to normalize the signals produced with complex probes, to optimize the comparison of mRNA expression levels for the different systems under study. The construction of high-quality cDNA libraries, the generation of identical membrane replicas and comparable probes, and the utilization of an image-analysis software package, coupled with the normalization of the spot intensity by assaying plasmid quantity, significantly improves the differential screening approach. Altogether, these technical improvements open the possibility to compare a great number of different probes and, in consequence, to accumulate biological information for each clone present in an organized cDNA library. The functional information obtained should complement data from DNA sequencing projects.