中药山楂原植物的研究

山楂为传统中药,也是保健食品山楂饼等的主要原料,通过对一些省、市、县的商品药材山楂及其原植物的调查,发现中药山楂的原植物有5种1变种,他们是:山楂、山里红(变种)、野山楂、云南山楂、光萼林檎(新种)和台湾林檎,均隶属于蔷薇科。本文提供中药山楂原植物分种检索表,新分类群的描述,药材性状主要鉴别特征和资源分布等。     

黑龙江苹果亚科5属14种植物导管分子形态结构研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对黑龙江苹果亚科5属14种植物导管分子的管腔微形态结构特征进行了比较研究。结果显示:(1)该亚科植物导管分子的管腔长度、宽度及端壁斜度角有较大的差别。(2)孔纹导管在该亚科植物种中均存在,网纹导管和螺纹导管仅见于苹果属和花楸属中。(3)导管分子管壁除苹果属及山楂属中的毛山楂、辽宁山楂外均有螺纹加厚。(4)纹孔的排列方式为互列式、对列式及互列、对列同时存在。(5)在所观察的植物中花楸、山荆子、无毛山楂导管端壁具单穿孔板和梯状穿孔板,其余种的导管端壁仅具单穿孔板。(6)导管纹孔膜残留现象普遍存在。研究表明,导管分子管腔的微形态结构特征,可为该亚科植物的系统演化提供形态学依据;导管分子微形态结构特征与其所处的环境存在一定的适应性。     

山楂叶螨线粒体基因组的特征与系统发育与分析

山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher,1920)又名山楂红蜘蛛,主要危害苹果、梨、桃、山楂和李等蔷薇科果树。山楂叶螨的分类归属在叶螨属Tetranychus与双叶螨属Amphitetranychus之间存在争议。因此,获得山楂叶螨的线粒体基因组可在解决其分类问题上提供更多依据。本研究通过长PCR扩增与高通量测序结合的方法得到完整山楂叶螨基因组,其大小为13 085 bp,共注释37个基因,包括13个蛋白编码基因、2个rRNA和22个tRNA。对tRNA的二级结构进行预测后发现有大量长度收缩的tRNA无法折叠成经典三叶草结构。遗传进化分析表明山楂叶螨与叶螨属的物种进化关系较近,但是山楂叶螨与叶螨属物种的遗传距离大于叶螨属内的遗传距离,因此通过对山楂叶螨线粒体基因组的分析支持山楂叶螨独立出叶螨属并归入双叶螨属。     

炒焦对山楂中氨基酸含量的影响分析

为探索炒焦对山楂中氨基酸的影响及山楂炒焦过程中氨基酸的变化,对炒焦前后山楂中氨基酸含量的变化进行了分析.测定结果显示,炒焦前后山楂中氨基酸的种类不变,各种氨基酸含量变化不一;方差分析显示炒焦前后氨基酸的含量变化不显著,炒焦对山楂中氨基酸的影响较小.由于山楂在炒焦过程具备发生美拉德反应的物质基础和客观条件,推测山楂中的氨...     

山楂核(乙酸乙酯层)的化学成分Ⅰ

目的:对蔷薇科山楂属植物山楂(CrataeguspinnatifidaBge.)核乙酸乙酯层化学成分进行研究。方法:使用硅胶柱色谱法﹑凝胶柱色谱法﹑ODS柱色谱法、制备型HPLC等分离手段对其中的化学成分进行分离纯化,根据其理化性质和波谱数据鉴定其结构。结果:从山楂核提取物中分离得到了2个化合物,鉴定其为(+)-松脂酚((+)-pinoresinol)(1)和(+)-表松脂酚((+)-epipinoresinol)(2)。结论:化合物1和2均为首次从山楂属植物中分离得到。     

山楂核综合利用试验研究

一、前言山楂属(Crataegus L.)植物种类繁多,广泛分布于北半球诸多国家,尤以北美地区为多。我国已知有18种2变种。近年来,国内外对山楂属植物中不少种类的果实、花、叶的化学成份作了研究,主要致力于其中所含黄酮类化合物的研究,并分离鉴定了其中一些的结构     

山楂核(乙酸乙酯层)的化学成分Ⅱ

目的: 对蔷薇科山楂属植物山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.)核乙酸乙酯层化学成分进行研究。方法: 运用硅胶柱色谱﹑Sephadex LH-20柱色谱﹑ODS柱色谱、制备HPLC等分离手段进行化学成分的分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定其结构。结果: 从山楂核体积分数70%乙醇水溶液的提取物中分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为香草酸(vanillic acid)(1)、香草醛(vanillan)(2)、异香草醛(isovanillan)(3)、丁香醛(syringaldehyde)(4)。结论: 化合物1-4均为首次从山楂属植物中分离得到。     

北山楂果实中三萜酸资源的研究

山楂是具有消食化积、降血压、降血脂及抗癌等多种疗效的中药,同时又是富含营养成分的水果。山楂中的三萜酸是降压活性成分。经分离和鉴定证明英国山楂(Crataegus oxyacatha)等多种山楂中含有熊果酸、齐墩果酸和山楂酸,但从中国山楂属植物中仅分离鉴定出熊果酸。本文从开发利用北山楂果实中的三萜酸资源出发,应用TLC法     

大山楂成年树茎尖的离体培养

大山楂(Crataegus pinnati fida Bge.var.major N.E.Br)为山楂的变种,各地栽培的山楂,都以此变种为主。至今用组织培养方法培养成功的事例,国内外尚未见报道。近年来,涣光、王玉英、王际轩等,分别培养了山渣(Crataegus pinnati fida)茎尖和实生苗茎尖,並能加速繁殖,但是,用上述     

北山楂叶与云南山楂叶中总黄酮与金丝桃苷含量的比较

目的:比较北山楂叶和云南山楂叶中总黄酮和金丝桃苷的含量.方法:以芦丁为对照品,采用紫外-可见分光光度法在500nm波长处测定总黄酮的含量;以金丝桃苷为对照品,采用高效液相色谱法,用C18色谱柱,以乙腈-甲醇-四氢呋喃-0.5%冰醋酸溶液(1:1:19.4:64.2)为流动相,检测波长为363nm,测定金丝桃苷的含量.结果:北山楂叶和云南山楂叶中总黄酮及金丝桃苷的含量分别为7.70%和6.79%,0.143%和0.289%.结论:北山楂叶中总黄酮的含量高于云南山楂叶,而金丝桃苷的含量则刚好相反.     

Applied environmental stresses to enhance the levels of polyphenolics in leaves of hawthorn plants

In this investigation, two species of Crataegus (hawthorn) were chosen because their polyphenolic constituents have recently received greater attention for the treatment of patients with severe heart disease. One-year-old plants of hawthorn ( Crataegus laevigata and C. monogyna ) were subjected to water-deficit (continuous water deprivation), cold (4°C), flooding (immersion of roots of plants in water) or herbivory (leaf removal) stress treatments (each of 10 days duration) in order to assess their effects on levels of polyphenolics, namely (-)-epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, vitexin, vitexin-2'- O -rhamnoside, acetylvitexin-2'- O -rhamnoside, hyperoside, quercetin, and rutin in the leaves. The working hypothesis followed is that one or more of these stress treatment will elicit increases in the levels of these polyphenolics. Cold stress causes increases in levels of vitexin-2'- O -rhamnoside, acetylvitexin-2'- O -rhamnoside, hyperoside, and quercetin in both Crataegus species. Water-deficit stress increased the productivity of chlorogenic acid, catechin, and (-)-epicatechin in both hawthorn species. Flooding and herbivory caused no net increases, and in some cases, decreases in levels of polyphenolics. These studies indicate that either water-deficit stress or cold stress treatments, or a combination of the two, can be used to enhance the levels of desired polyphenolics in the leaves of these two hawthorn species in a photobioreactor system. These results may have significance for hawthorn in adapting to water-deficit or cold stress and are important considerations for the use of hawthorn in the treatment of heart disease in humans.     

Chemical constituents from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge

The phytochemical investigations on the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida led to the isolation of 20 compounds, including seven triterpenoids (1-7), three hydroxycinnamic acids (8-10), three lignans (11-13) and seven flavonoids (14-20). All chemical structures were established on the basis of NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR) spectroscopic data. Meanwhile, compounds 3-12 are reported for the first time from Crataegus genus. In addition, compounds 10-11 are isolated from the family Rosaceae for the first time. On the basis of chemical research, the chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated compounds has been discussed.     

Flavonoid ketohexosefuranosides from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.E.Br.

Four flavonoid ketohexosefuranosides, pinnatifinoside A, pinnatifinoside B, pinnatifinoside C, and pinnatifinoside D were isolated from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.E.Br. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, MS and 1D, 2D NMR) and chemical evidence.     

The occurrence and seasonal distribution of C50-C60-polyprenols and of C100-and similar long-chain polyprenols in leaves of plants

Large amounts of fully unsaturated, mainly-cis, higher isoprenoid alcohols consisting of 17-30 isoprene units were found in several plants of the Rosaceae family. They occur as mixtures of several prenologues with either C85 - or C100 - prenol dominating in the form of acetates. The highest level of these polyprenols (0.5-1.0% of wet weight) were found in Crataegus crus- galli , Cotonoaster lucida, Prunus serotina and Sorbus suecica (intermedia). Their content increased with increasing age of the leaves. The dynamics of this rise is different from that observed in the case of accumulation of free C50- C60 - prenols (up to 0.5% of wet weight) in leaves of various plant species.     

Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter-simple sequence repeat markers in the genus Crataegus

Hawthorn ( Crataegus spp.) has a long history as an ornamental and a source of medicine. We report the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to determine genetic relationships in the genus Crataegus . Twenty-eight accessions, including eight species ( Crataegus pinnatifida , Crataegus bretschneideri , Crataegus maximowiczii , Crataegus kansuensis , Crataegus altaica , Crataegus songarica , Crataegus dahurica and Crataegus sanguinea ) and two botanical varieties ( C. pinnatifida var. major and C. maximowiczii var. ninganensis ) were analysed. Twelve RAPD primers reproducibly and strongly amplified 128 fragments of which 116 were polymorphic; similarly, 13 ISSR primers generated 127 products of which 119 were polymorphic. Dendrograms based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average analysis were constructed from both the RAPD and the ISSR data. Similarity coefficient based on RAPD and ISSR markers ranged from 0.22 to 0.98 and 0.23 to 0.98, respectively. The range in similarity coefficient indicated that the genus has a high level of genetic diversity. The Mantel test on the similarity matrices produced by RAPD and ISSR markers gave r  = 0.86, showing high correlation between RAPD and ISSR markers in their ability to detect genetic relationships between Crataegus accessions. RAPD and ISSR appear to be reliable methods for the analysis of genetic relationships among hawthorns.     

Prevention Effect in Selenite-Induced Cataract in Vivo and Antioxidative Effects in Vitro of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Crataegus pinnatifida</Emphasis> Leaves

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease primarily associated with oxidative stress produced by free radicals. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anticataract potential of Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn tree) leaves extract in selenite-induced cataract in vivo and antioxidant effects in vitro. In vitro antioxidant assay of C. pinnatifida leaves extract on NO production inhibition, aldose reductase inhibition, and O₂^- radical scavenging activities gave the IC₅₀ of 98.3, 89.7, and 5.98 μg/mL, respectively. To characterize some major compounds in C. pinnatifida leaves extract, nine flavonoids were identified via LC–MS/MS qualitative analysis. Based on in vitro screening results, C. pinnatifida leaves extract eye drops in 0.1% hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose solution were prepared to evaluate the anticataract potential in vivo. Administration of C. pinnatifida leaves extract eye drops alternately three times a day in rat pups with selenite-induced oxidative stress significantly increased serum SOD and CAT activities, and tended to reduce MDA level compared with control group. The antioxidant enzyme SOD, CAT, and GSH activities in lens showed a significant increase. These results may be applied in the future for the prevention and treatment of cataracts.     

Taxonomic notes on European taxa of Crataegus (Rosaceae)

In connection with systematic study of European taxa of Crataegus (Rosaceae subfam. Maloideae) lectotypes are designated for Crataegus monogyna f. subdigyna and C. monogyna var. ronnigeri. C. microphylla subsp. malýana is described as a taxon new to science and a key to the recognised taxa of C. microphylla and of the closely related C. rhipidophylla is given.     

Influence of the parasite Viscum cruciatum Sieber on the chemical constituents of Crataegus monogyna Jacq

A phytochemical study of two plant species, Viscum cruciatum Sieber and Crataegus monogyna Jacq., was completed to investigate the influence of the parasite Viscum cruciatum on the host Crataegus monogyna. The study was carried out with two samples and consisted of hexane extracts of the Viscum cruciatum parasitizing on Crataegus monogyna and C monogyna. In these samples ursolic acid, beta-sitosterol and a triterpene fraction were found that contained mainly butyrospermol (3beta-lanost 8, 24-dien, 3-ol), 24-methylene-24-dihydrolanosterol (24-methylene-5alpha-lanost-8-en-3beta-ol), cycloartenol (9beta, 19-cyclo-5alpha, 9beta-lanost-24-en-3beta-ol), beta-amyrin (olean-12-en-3beta-ol) and several aliphatic alcohols identified as the C18 to C30 members of the 1-alkanol homologous series. beta-Amyrin acetate was only isolated from Viscum cruciatum and was not found in Crataegus monogyna.     

Phenotypic plasticity in leaf morphology of Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae): an experimental study with taxonomic implications

Many leaf characters are considered in the taxonomy of Crataegus in Europe, and several have been used in studies of the extent of hybridization in populations of northwest Europe. In such analyses it is assumed that the environmental component of phenotypic variation in such characters is insignificant. We tested this assumption by analysing the variation in the size and shape of leaves borne on clone cuttings of Crataegus monogyna maintained under identical conditions apart from the availability of soil nutrients. The resulting variation among leaves from this single genotype was as great as that observed previously across populations. Furthermore, although most of this variation could not be explained, a part could be attributed to differences in nutrient availability; of nine leaf characters investigated, eight showed significant variation due to this source, and in seven, the variation covaried significantly with nutrient level. The systematic implications of this are briefly explored.