Africa's emerging AIDS-orphans crisis

Although AIDS has had a huge impact around the world, nowhere has its effect been greater than in Africa. In Zambia alone the disease is expected to create 500,000 orphans by the turn of the century. In this article Dr. Rachel Baggaley and Dale Needham examine the huge social problems AIDS is creating in some of the world''s poorest countries.     

Recent rhinos do not lack character(s): neither do fossil rhinos!

Concepts, methods, and interest of phylogenetic reconstruction are briefly examined. As large data sets are considered and refutable results are proposed, there is no need to use the argument of authority concerning relationships between taxons. Cladistic analysis in vertebrate palaeontology has gained considerable strength in the last decade, based on sets of hundreds of anatomical characters. One example is selected, which concerns the rhino family, i.e. rhinocerotids. Although underrepresented in recent times, these perissodactyl mammals flourished throughout the Cenozoicera (4 recent genera vs. 50 fossil genera). The main results of a recent cladistic analysis of elasmotheriine rhinocerotids, based on 282 anatomical characters, are listed. Such results concern phylogenetics (monophyly of both elasmotheriines and recent rhinos; branching of elasmotheriines among rhinocerotids) and methodology (definition of a "branching group"; location and processing of homoplasy; influence of taxonomic sampling). The implications are both biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical (evolution of the diet and spatial distribution; intercontinental dispersals; ghost lineages and heuristic use of the phylogenetic tree). Finally, forthcoming developments of the available data set for rhinocerotids are examined: controversial phylogenetic relationships among recent rhinos will be refined (thanks to close extinct taxa) and an exhaustive phylogeny of fossil and recent rhinocerotids will be reconstructed (54 genera).     

Obstetrics in elephants

Obstetrics, one of the oldest fields in veterinary medicine, is well described and practiced in domestic and exotic animals. However, when providing care during elephant birth or dystocia, veterinary intervention options differ greatly from any domestic species, and are far more limited due to the dimensions and specific anatomy of the elephant reproductive tract. In addition, aging of captive elephant populations and advanced age of primiparous females make active birth management increasingly important. Intrauterine infection, uterine inertia and urogenital tract pathologies are emerging as major causes for dystocia, often leading to foetal and dam death. This paper reviews the current knowledge on elephant birth and the factors associated with dystocia. It then summarises recommendations for birth and dystocia management. As Caesarean section, the most common ultima ratio in domestic animal obstetrics, is lethal and therefore not an option in the elephant, non-invasive medical treatment, induction of the Fergusson reflex or the conscious decision to leave a retained foetus until it is expelled voluntarily, are key elements in elephant obstetrics. Surgical strategies such as episiotomy and foetotomy are sometimes inevitable in order to try to save the life of the dam, however, these interventions result in chronic post-surgical complications or even fatal outcome. Limited reliable data on serum calcium concentrations, and pharmacokinetics and effect of exogenous oestrogen, oxytocin, and prostaglandins during birth provide the scope of future research, necessary to advance scientific knowledge on obstetrics in elephants.     

Africa's Ogun: Old World and New

Africa's Ogun: Old World and New. Second edition. Sandra T. Barnes. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. 390 pp.     

Interactions between red‐billed oxpeckers and black rhinos in captivity

The relationship between oxpeckers and African ungulates has traditionally been considered mutualistic, because the birds were thought to reduce the tick loads of their hosts. However, recent field studies have questioned the validity of this assumption. Red‐billed oxpeckers were found to have no impact on the number of ticks living on domestic cattle and they also prolonged the healing time of wounds (Weeks [1999] Anim Behav 58:1253–9; Weeks [2000] Behav Ecol 11:154–60). One of the important limitations of these studies is the fact that the two species did not coevolve, and therefore the results may not be representative of the relationships between oxpeckers and their native African ungulate hosts in general. We carried out observations between red‐billed oxpeckers and one of their natural host species, the black rhino, in captivity, to investigate their relationship. We found that the rhinos had oxpeckers present on them for almost half (approximately 45%) the time that the two species were in the same enclosure. The oxpeckers spent a large proportion (approximately 40%) of their time on the rhinos foraging, and mostly at wounds. We observed oxpeckers opening wounds on their hosts for the first time; they created four new wounds on the female rhino and nine on the male. Although the rhinos were intolerant of the presence of the oxpeckers at wounds, only approximately 43% of their attempts at removal were successful. Therefore if oxpeckers are housed with any of their native hosts in captivity, observations should be carried out to determine the activities of the oxpeckers on those hosts. Zoo Biol 23:347–354, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

中国西北新生代犀牛古生态的稳定同位素证据（英文）

根据牙齿釉质的全样和系列碳、氧同位素分析,重建了甘肃临夏盆地25~2.5Ma期间犀牛的食性和环境。其结果支持先前根据牙齿和头骨-肢骨形态做出的一些推断,并对部分属的古生态提出了新的看法。同位素结果支持如下的推断:晚渐新世的巨犀Paraceratherium生活于森林环境,而与其共生的异角犀Allacerops栖息地相对开阔,食性特化程度低;中中新世的西班牙犀Hispanotherium在开阔领地上取食草本植物,而同时代的奇角犀Alicornops在森林环境中具有更特化的食性;晚中新世的副板齿犀Parelasmotherium在开阔的稀树草原上取食草本植物。与先前认为无鼻角犀Acerorhinus和额鼻角犀Dicerorhinus生活于森林化环境的推断不同,数据指示这两种犀牛也生活于开阔的稀树草原环境。同位素结果未能得出伊朗犀Iranotherium的确切生活环境,但支持先前认为它特化为C3草本植物取食者的推断。研究结果也显示大唇犀Chilotherium在晚中新世的大多数时间内是森林生活者,但其在晚中新世末期占据了更开阔的环境。此外,分析结果与先前的推断一致,即上新世的山西犀Shansirhinus和更新世的披毛犀Coelodonta是开阔生活环境中的食草者。最后,碳同位素数据支持在此项研究中的所有犀牛都是纯C3取食者,确认C4植物不是临夏盆地25~2.5 Ma期间植被的重要成分。     

Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age

The value of age is well recognized in human societies, where older individuals often emerge as leaders in tasks requiring specialized knowledge, but what part do such individuals play in other social species? Despite growing interest in how effective leadership might be achieved in animal social systems, the specific role that older leaders may play in decision-making has rarely been experimentally investigated. Here, we use a novel playback paradigm to demonstrate that in African elephants (Loxodonta africana), age affects the ability of matriarchs to make ecologically relevant decisions in a domain critical to survival—the assessment of predatory threat. While groups consistently adjust their defensive behaviour to the greater threat of three roaring lions versus one, families with younger matriarchs typically under-react to roars from male lions despite the severe danger they represent. Sensitivity to this key threat increases with matriarch age and is greatest for the oldest matriarchs, who are likely to have accumulated the most experience. Our study provides the first empirical evidence that individuals within a social group may derive significant benefits from the influence of an older leader because of their enhanced ability to make crucial decisions about predatory threat, generating important insights into selection for longevity in cognitively advanced social mammals.