老年髋部骨折患者抗骨质疏松的治疗

髋部骨折往往与高发病率、死亡率以及沉重的经济负担相联系,也是再次骨折的一个主要危险因素。因此加强老年髋部骨折患者的抗骨质疏松治疗及预防再次骨折成为提高该类人群生活质量的必要和关键,其中均衡的营养、补充钙和维生素D是基础,及早进行抗骨质疏松药物治疗是关键,而消除骨质疏松的继发原因、治疗并存疾病、适当的锻炼及防止跌倒则是重要的补充。总之,加强老年骨质疏松的多学科综合管理能够获得很好的临床效果。本文就抗骨质疏松药物在老年髋部患者和那些具有跌倒高风险人群中的疗效予以综述,以期为老年骨质疏松的管理提供借鉴。     

老年Stanford A 型主动脉夹层外科治疗*

目的:总结老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层外科治疗经验,探讨手术方式的选择,以提高手术疗效。方法:2008年9月至2011年5月对31例老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层行手术治疗,根据夹层破口位置、累及范围、主动脉根部病变情况采取相应术式,W-heat手术2例,David+全弓置换+支架象鼻术3例,Bentall+全弓置换+支架象鼻术9例,改良Wheat+全弓置换+支架象鼻术1例,升主动脉+全弓置换+支架象鼻术16例。同时行冠状动脉旁路移植术4例,心包剥脱术1例。结果:全组体外循环(221±43)min,平均心肌阻断(132±41)min,深低温停循环(47±12)min。术后并发症12例(38.7%),其中2例死亡,8例治愈(66.7%),2例术后出现肾功能衰竭家属放弃治疗。全组病人出院前复查主动脉CTA,见升主动脉、弓部人工血管血流通畅,支架位置正常,无明显移位。支架远端降主动脉假腔闭合率87.1%。随访2~35个月,术后近期死亡1例(3.2%),无再次手术者。结论:对老年StanfordA型主动脉夹层这一高危人群,术中根据其病变部位施行最佳的外科手术方式,可明显降低死亡率,改善患者预后。     

噻托溴铵治疗老年稳定期COPD 临床观察

目的:探讨噻托溴铵吸入剂对老年吸烟稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的临床疗效。方法:入选稳定期COPD老年患者92例,随机分为2组各46例,观察组予噻托溴铵吸入剂18微克每日一次,对照组予缓释茶碱0.1克每12小时口服,两组均按需使用沙丁胺醇气雾剂,随访2月,比较两组治疗前后的肺功能与生活质量改善情况。结果:观察组治疗后St George评分明显下降(P<0.01),显著低于对照组(P<0.01),FEV1/FVC、FEV1/Pred、FEV1均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.01),而对照组治疗前后无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:吸入噻托溴铵能显著改善老年吸烟COPD稳定期患者的肺功能与生活质量。     

Psychiatric Problems Affecting Dental Care of the Elderly1

The author reviews the major psychiatric disorders that can affect the dental care of the aged. Depression and dementia are the most common problems in the upper age groups. Other less frequent disorders include paranoid states, anxiety states, and alcohol abuse. All of these illnesses have both symptomatic and specific treatments so that a thorough evaluation and aggressive treatment plan should be pursued when psychiatric symptoms present in any elderly patient. Their treatment can have a considerable influence on the patient's dental care. Ageism, orality, preventive dentistry, xerostomia and periodontal disease are discussed in the context of these psychiatric illnesses of the aged.     

老年蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗方法和预后分析

目的:探讨70岁以上老年蛛网膜下腔出血患者的治疗方法和预后。方法:回顾性分析我院2006-2012年收治的49例老年蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料及其预后。结果:49例患者入院时Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅰ级14例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级6例,Ⅴ级15例,其中14例采用开颅动脉瘤夹闭术,10例采用血管内介入栓塞术,25例采用内科保守治疗。治疗后6月,根据ADL量表评价预后(ADL≥60分为预后良好):内科保守治疗者仅3例预后良好,手术及栓塞术者17例预后良好。结论:对于老年蛛网膜下腔出血患者而言,影响患者预后的原因主要是出血导致的脑损伤和症状性脑血管痉挛,通过手术或栓塞术积极治疗破裂动脉瘤是预后良好的重要因素。     

De-Intensification of Diabetes Treatment in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: De-intensification of diabetes treatment is recommended in elderly patients with tight glycemic control at high risk of hypoglycemia. However, rates of de-intensification in endocrine practice are unknown. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the rate of de-intensification of antidiabetic treatment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and tight glycemic control.Methods: All patients with ≥2 clinic visits over a 1-year period at a major academic diabetes center were included. De-intensification of diabetes treatment was defined as a decrease or discontinuation of any antidiabetic drug without adding another drug, or a reduction in the total daily dose of insulin or a sulfonylurea drug with or without adding a drug without risk of hypoglycemia.Results: Out of 3,186 unique patients, 492 were ≥65 years old with T2DM and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <7.5% (<58 mmol/mol). We found 308 patients treated with a sulfonylurea drug or insulin, 102 of whom had hypoglycemia as per physician note. Among these 102 patients, 38 (37%) were advised to de-intensify therapy. In a subgroup analysis of patients ≥75 years old with HbA1c <7% (<53 mmol/mol), we found that out of 23 patients treated with a sulfonylurea drug or insulin and reporting hypoglycemia, 11 (43%) were advised de-intensification of therapy. There were no significant predictors of de-intensification of treatment.Conclusion: Our study suggests that de-intensification of antidiabetic medications is uncommon in elderly patients with T2DM. Strategies may need to be developed to prevent the potential harm of overtreatment in this population.Abbreviations: ADA = American Diabetes Association; CGM = continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; UKPDS = United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study     

老年妇科手术患者的临床特点及处理探讨

目的:分析老年妇科手术患者的临床特点并探讨相应的处理方法.方法:选择55例老年妇科手术患者(年龄＞60岁)及同期60例非老年妇科手术患者(年龄＜50岁),比较两组患者病变性质、术前情况及术后情况,根据分析结果,探讨相应的处理方法.结果:老年组患者恶性肿瘤发生率显著多于非老年组患者(P＜0.01);老年组患者术前伴有基础性病变病例显著多于非老年组患者(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);老年组患者术后出现并发症的例数显著多于非老年组患者(P＜0.05).结论:对于老年妇科手术患者术前应加强检查,完善手术方案;积极控制老年患者的基础性病变,提高对手术及麻醉的耐受能力;术后给予减少并发症的措施,加强针对性护理,可有效减少老年妇科手术患者围手术死亡率.     

电视胸腔镜术在老年小结节非小细胞肺癌患者治疗中的应用研究

目的:研究电视胸腔镜术在老年小结节非小细胞肺癌(Small nodules in non small cell lung cancer,sn NSCLC)患者治疗中的应用。方法:回顾2009年1月-2011年6月在我院接受电视胸腔镜术治疗的老年sn NSCLC88例患者的临床资料,按照手术方式将所有患者分为电视胸腔镜组与常规开胸组两个小组。电视胸腔镜组行电视胸腔镜术,常规开胸组行常规开胸术。观察两组患者手术指标、疼痛程度评分、手术前后1 d CRP、TNF-α、IL-6等炎性因子水平、术后并发症、1-3年生存率以及复发率等指标。结果:两组患者一般资料比较无统计学上的差异(P0.05)。电视胸腔镜组术中出血量、术后引流时间、下床活动时间以及疼痛程度评分及术后1 d CRP、TNF-α、IL-6等炎性因子水平及术后并发症发病率均显著低于常规开胸组(P0.05)。电视胸腔镜组术后1、2、3年生存率显著高于常规开胸组(P0.05),且术后复发率显著低于常规开胸组(P0.05)。结论:电视胸腔镜术治疗老年sn NSCLC创口小、恢复快,且有效避免过度激活炎性细胞,降低术后并发症发病率,值得应用于临床。     

不同治疗方式在老年股骨粗隆间骨折中的对照分析

目的:比较分析不同治疗方式对老年股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析152例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者的临床资料,保守治疗组24例;手术治疗组128例,其中人工股骨头置换23例、外固定架23例、髓内固定28例(包括股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail,PFN)、Gamma钉等)、动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)26例、股骨近端锁定钢板(the locking compress plate,LCP)28例。对各种治疗方式的相关指标进行比较分析。结果:手术治疗组患者卧床时间和并发症发生率均显著优于保守治疗组(t=8.045,7.583,8.673,8.023,8.672,X2=9.124,4.809,6.603,4.276,14.444,P0.05);各手术组之间比较:各组卧床时间无显著差异(F=0.241,P0.05),外固定架组和LCP组手术时间、切口长度、出血量及术后引流量均显著优于其余各组(P0.05);保守组术后Harries评分低于手术组。结论:手术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折可获得满意疗效,且并发症较少;外固定架创伤较小,LCP和人工股骨头置换术后疗效较好,其中LCP可作为优先考虑方案。