沙田柚树体营养特性研究

研究梅州沙田柚(CitrusgrandisOsbeckcv.Shatianyou)结果树叶片营养特点、树体中营养元素的季节性变化及叶片营养元素含量与果实品质的相关性.结果表明,营养叶中的各元素在不同的生育时期含量均有不同,树体内各营养元素间的关系存在着相互促进和相互抑制的复杂作用;叶片和果实中各元素含量的年周期变化规律不同,说明沙田柚在不同的生育时期对各元素的需求量及它们之间的需求比例有不同要求;结果还表明,沙田柚的树体养分含量在7-9月份对柚果品质影响最大,与果实全糖相关性最显著的是大量元素Ca和P,其次是微量元素B、Cu、Mo、Zn等.     

不同时期深施重肥对沙田柚生长结果的影响

比较了夏季深施重肥与冬季深施重肥对沙田柚春梢、根系生长及产量、果实品质、叶片与土壤营养含量的影响。结果表明,夏季深施重肥可在一定程度上提高沙田柚叶片钙、铁、硼、全氮、全磷、全钾、0~40cm土壤速效磷与有机质含量,以及20~40cm土壤的全氮、速效钾和pH值,为根系的生长创造良好的土壤环境条件,进而提高叶片三要素的含量,显著促进新根和春梢的生长;夏季深施重肥的单株产量、单果重量与果实品质与冬季深施重肥间无显著差异。     

山茶属五种植物叶片解剖特征及与光合生理相关性研究

利用扫描电子显微镜观察山茶属（ＣａｍｅｌｌｉａＬｉｎｎ．）五种植物叶片解剖特征,并与光合生理相关性进行分析。实验选择的五种植物均为Ｃ３植物,其中小黄花茶（ＣａｍｅｌｌｉａｌｕｔｅｏｆｌｏｒａＹ．Ｋ．Ｌｉ）和四球茶（Ｃ．ｔａｃｈａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＦ．Ｃ．Ｚｈａｎｇ）为阴性植物．叶绿素含量较高;咸宁短柱茶（Ｃ．ｓａｌｕｅｎｅｎｓｉｓＳｔａｐｆ．ｅｘＢｅａｎ．）为偏阴性植物,叶绿素含量较低;美丽红山茶（Ｃ．ｄｅｌｉｃａｔａＹ．Ｋ．Ｌｉ）和狭叶瘤果茶（Ｃ．ｎｅｒｉｉｆｏｌｉａＣｈａｎｇ）则属于半阴性植物。它们的光合生理指标值差异取决于叶片解剖特征的差异;与光补偿点,光饱和点,净光合速率（Ｐｎ）,光呼吸速率（Ｐｒ）,暗呼吸速率（Ｄｒ）相关性最密切的解剖指标是栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织中的细胞层数、栅栏细胞内的叶绿体数,栅栏组织厚与叶厚的比值、与栅栏细胞粗度的比值、与海绵组织厚度的比值．叶片上表皮厚、上表皮角质层厚及下表皮气孔密度亦与上述光合生理指标呈弱正相关,叶片大小、气孔器大小及气孔口长则与上述光合生理指标呈弱负相关;下表皮厚、海绵组织厚度及栅栏细胞内叶绿体大小与各项光合生理指标几乎无关。该五种植物的叶片解剖和光合生理特     

酶解压片分离沙田柚胚襄与胚胎发育研究

用２．５％纤维素酶与２．５％果胶酶混合液在３０℃下对已固定的沙田柚（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｇｒａｎｄｉｓｖａｒ．ｓｈａｔｉｎｙｕＨｏｒｔ．）胚乳酶解６—１０小时,分离了开花前、授粉至受精间隔期、合子休眠期、胚和胚乳发育各期的胶囊．用Ｏｌｙｍｐａｓ相差显微装置进行观察与摄影,在胚囊中显示了沙田柚胚胎发育各主要阶段的结构特征。分析了酶解压片技术在柑桔属植物胚胎发育研究的前景     

江苏东山山地枇杷果实品质与果园土壤、叶片和果实矿质元素的关系

以江苏省苏州吴中区山地种植的24个枇杷果园的‘白玉’枇杷为研究对象,采用典型相关分析法研究土壤、叶片和果实矿质元素间及其与果实品质指标的相关性,应用多元线性回归分析法筛选影响枇杷果实品质的土壤、叶片和果实的主要矿质元素和影响叶片矿质元素的主要土壤矿质养分因子,为改善枇杷果实品质的果园营养管理技术提供理论参考依据。结果表明:(1)枇杷果实品质指标在不同果园间存在较大差异。(2)枇杷果实品质主要受其叶片和果实矿质元素含量影响,其中:枇杷单果质量与叶片中N含量呈显著正相关,与果实中N含量呈显著负相关;可溶性固形物含量与叶片中N和Mg元素含量呈极显著正相关,与果实中P、Mn元素含量呈极显著正相关,与果实中Ca、Mg元素含量呈极显著负相关;可滴定酸含量与叶片中N和Zn元素含量呈显著负相关,与果实中N、Mn元素含量呈显著负相关,与果实中Ca元素含量呈显著正相关。(3)果实品质指标与土壤矿质养分含量的相关性较弱,土壤矿质养分主要通过影响叶片矿质元素含量,进而间接影响果实品质,其中土壤中P、K、Ca、Mn、Cu元素对叶片中矿质元素含量影响较大。研究认为,提高土壤中P、K、Zn含量并减少土壤Ca含量是东山山地枇杷果园土壤管理的关键技术途径;提高叶片中N含量以及果实中N、P、Mn含量和减少果实中Ca、Mg含量是改善东山山地枇杷果实品质的关键措施。     

小麦品质性状的免疫化学测定及不同近缘种属贮藏蛋白的免疫同源性

利用普通小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）高分子量谷蛋白亚基（ＨＭＷＧＳ）多克隆抗体和单克隆抗体,对小麦品质性状及不同麦类作物近缘种属的籽粒贮藏蛋白进行了免疫化学测定,以建立小麦品种性状的快速测定方法并研究不同麦类作物胚乳贮藏蛋白的免疫同源性。结果表明：抗原抗体反应与品质性状的相关性因抗体种类及品质性状的不同而不同,多抗略优于单抗,不同单、多抗间相差较大;籽粒蛋白质含量及干、湿面筋含量与吸附值相关程度较高,与沉淀值则中等,而面包性状相关性较差。多克隆抗体吸附值与籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面包体积及面包比容的最大相关系数分别为０．７６２０、０．８９４２、０．８８７３、０．６１０３、０．４５９８和０．４７４４,单克隆抗体吸附值与其最大相关系数分别为０．７８３７、０．７７４５、０．７８２２、０．６８４１、０．６８７３和０．５９８２。小麦近缘种属籽粒贮藏蛋白与普通小麦１Ｄｙ１０亚基具有一定程度的免疫同源性,其中以黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅＬ．）、斯卑尔脱（Ｔ．ｓｐｅｌｔａＬ．）、节节麦（ＡｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｓｑｕａｒｒｏｓａＬ．）及圆锥小麦（Ｔ．ｔｕｒｇｉｄｕｍＬ．）与其同源程度较高。     

4种蔷薇属植物叶片黄酮含量的季节性变化

采用ＨＰＬＣ法对刺梨（Ｒｏｓａ ｒｏｘｂｕｒｇｈｉｉ Ｔｒａｔｔ．）等４种蔷薇属植物在不同生长季节叶片的总黄酮甙含量和甙元配比进行了分析测定。结果表明,不同采摘期的华西蔷薇（Ｒ．ｍｏｙｅｓｉｉ Ｈｅｍｓｌ．ｅｔ Ｗｉｌｓ．）绣球蔷薇（Ｒ．ｇｉｏｍｅｒａｔａ Ｒｅｈｄ．ｅ Ｗｉｌｓ．）和峨嵋蔷薇（Ｒ．ｏｍｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｒｏｌｆｅ）的叶片总黄酮甙含量有较大的差异,一般在展叶期黄酮含量较低,随后叶片黄     

梅州沙田柚结果树中矿质元素的季节性变化

研究了梅州沙田柚 (Citrusgrandisvar shatinyuHout )叶片、果实在各时期的矿质元素含量变化。结果表明 ,沙田柚在年周期中 ,树体的营养元素含量随着物候期表现出明显的季节性变化 ,说明沙田柚的栽培必须按各物候期、迎合沙田柚对营养要求 ,适时地、适量地供给各种养料 ;根据成熟果实中N、P的吸收量可推算出其全年所需的施氮、磷施肥量。     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗光合作用的影响

２．５×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ茉莉酸甲酯处理水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）幼苗叶片,可明显地降低Ｃｈｌａ、Ｃｈｌｂ的含量及叶片的光合速率,抑制ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ的活性,抑制幼苗叶片中ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ大亚基的合成,降低小亚基的含量。对幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量、叶片的光合速率及ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ的活性没有影响。     

柑桔抗寒性与其膜脂脂肪酸组分的关系研究

作者采用气相色谱法对5年生宜昌橙、本地早、国庆一号、锦橙、沙田柚枳砧嫁接树,在抗寒锻炼过程中叶片的膜脂脂肪酸含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明:在日均温为24℃左右时,柑桔叶片开始积累不饱和脂肪酸,冬季叶片不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,比夏季要高60%以上,春季解除抗寒锻炼时,叶片膜不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,饱和脂肪酸含量上升。膜不饱和脂肪酸的积累与气温呈负相关关系。冬季叶片、茎韧皮部和叶绿体等组织器官的膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度、亚麻酸与亚油酸的比值,以及种子中亚油酸与棕榈酸含量之比,均与柑桔品种的抗寒性成正相关。     

5种叶面肥对草莓光合特性及品质的影响

为探讨不同叶面肥对大棚草莓光合特性、果实品质及产量的影响,并筛选出适宜的叶面肥,以甘肃省兰州市西固区牟家台草莓温室大棚内栽植的草莓品种‘蒙特瑞’为试材,在施肥充足的情况下,在4个生育期追肥喷施经典750倍液（T1）、花仆1500倍液（T2)、润亮750倍液(T3)、艾德拉果500倍液（T4）及磷酸二氢钾1500倍液（T5）5种叶面肥,清水作为对照（CK）,测定了处理植株光合参数、果实品质、生物量及产量等指标。结果表明：（1）喷施不同叶面肥处理后草莓植株生物量、叶绿素含量显著增加,叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著上升,喷施叶面肥后的草莓植株胞间二氧化碳浓度均高于CK;（2）对果实品质而言,T2和T3处理能够显著改善草莓果形指数,T1和T5可以显著增大果实体积和重量。其中,T1的平均单果重较CK增加了5.89 g,T5的果实横径和纵径分别较CK增加了1.22 cm和1.15 cm。（3）实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量和还原糖含量有很明显的提高,并以T1施用效果最佳,较CK分别增加了3.3%、17.25 mg/g、2.71%。处理T1和T3可溶性蛋白含量分别较CK提高了0.097 mg/g和0.070 mg/g;（4）喷施叶面肥能够显著提高草莓单位面积产量,且以处理T1处理产量最高,较CK增长了13.65%。可见,施用适宜的叶面肥均能有效改善草莓营养生长状况,提升草莓果实品质,显著提高产量,并以经典750倍液叶面肥施用综合效果最佳。     

Impact of potassium nutrition on postharvest fruit quality: Melon (Cucumis melo L) case study

Among the many plant mineral nutrients, potassium (K) stands out as a cation having the strongest influence on quality attributes that determine fruit marketability, consumer preference, and the concentration of critically important human-health associated phytonutrients. However, many plant, soil, and environmental factors often limit adequate uptake of K from the soil in sufficient amounts to satisfy fruit K requirements during development to optimize the aforementioned quality attributes. The objectives of this review are 1) to summarize published study abstracts on the effects of soil and/or foliar K fertilization as well as diverse K forms, on fruit phytonutrient concentrations; and 2) to illustrate the important role of K forms on fruit quality with a case study of Cucumis melo L (muskmelon) fruit produced with optimal soil applied K . The muskmelon studies will compare commercial sources (forms) of K applied to examine seasonal effects (spring vs. autumn) and the number of foliar K applications during fruit development on fruit marketability (maturity, yield, firmness, soluble solids, sugars, relative sweetness), consumer preference attributes (sugar content, sweetness, texture), and phytochemical concentrations (K, ascorbic acid, and β-carotene concentrations). Numerous studies have consistently demonstrated that specific K fertilizer forms, in combination with specific application regimes, can improve fruit quality attributes. Potassium fertilizer forms in order of effectiveness (Glycine (Gly)-complexed K?=?K₂SO₄?≥?KCl?>?no K?>?KNO₃) when applied wet (foliar or hydroponic) vs. dry (soil) were generally superior in improving fruit marketability attributes, along with many human-health nutrients. The muskmelon case study demonstrated that two K forms: Gly-complexed K and K₂SO₄, combined with a silicone-based surfactant, applied weekly, as a foliar spray, during fruit development, from both autumn and spring-grown plants, had the greatest impact on improving fruit marketability attributes (maturity, yield, firmness, and sugars), as well as fruit quality attributes (human-health bioactive compounds K, ascorbic acid, and β-carotene). Among several foliar applied K salts studied under field conditions so far, salts with relatively low salt indices appeared to have the greatest impacts on fruit quality when applied during the mid- to late-season fruit development periods.     

塔里木沙拐枣果实性状的种内变异研究

以塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.)果实形态特征为研究对象,应用方差分析法,对同一居群单株内与单株间果实形态性状变异情况及果实性状间的相关性进行了分析研究。结果显示,果实形状、果实长度、果实宽度、刺毛长度、两肋间距、两刺间距、瘦果形状、瘦果长度、瘦果宽度等9个果实性状指标在单株内与单株间都有变异,但单株间果实变异比单株内果实变异大,而每果肋数与每条肋刺行数2个指标不论单株内还是单株间都保持稳定,说明每果肋数与每条肋刺行数2个指标是沙拐枣属植物分类的重要特征指标;代表果实和瘦果大小指标的相关关系都达到极显著,说明果实和瘦果的生长发育都保持一定的一致性,大的果实一般瘦果也大。     

Influence of plant growth regulators on flowering,fruiting, seed oil content,and oil quality of Jatropha curcas

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects that plant growth regulators (PGRs) have on seed production of Jatropha curcas when they are used for chemical pruning. In the subsequent year, following a single foliar application of PGRs, flowering, fruit set, fruit characteristics, seed total oil content and oil free fatty acid (FFA) content were evaluated. The number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per bunch, fruit- and seed characteristics and seed oil content were significantly affected by the different treatments. However, there were no variations in the degree of fruit set or oil FFA content. A single foliar application of N⁶-benzyladenine produced more flowers per plant, more fruits per bunch, heavier and bigger fruits and seeds with more oil compared to manual pruning. Treatment with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid yielded more flowers per plant and heavier fruits with a higher oil content than the control and manually pruned plants. Treatment with 2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-2-keto-l-gulonic acid yielded similar results. More fruits per bunch and more seeds per fruit were also produced. Maleic hydrazide treatment yielded more flowers per plant, heavier and bigger fruits with more, heavier, oil rich seeds compared to the control and manual pruning. This study indicates that foliar application of PGRs as chemical pruners in J. curcas may have a sequential effect in boosting seed production, seed oil content and improves fruit quality.     

Enhancement of Growth and Fruit Maturity in 2-year-old Grapevines cv. Delaware by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid

The influence of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on the growth, photosynthesis, and fruit quality of gibberellin-induced seedless 2-year-old “Delaware“ grapevine was examined. The result of soil treatment (0.1–10 mg l⁻¹) and foliar spray treatment (30–300 mg l⁻¹) with ALA after flowering was significant growth improvement, up to 55% in the lateral shoot, and up to 38% in leaf area. Optimal doses were 1 mg l⁻¹ soil treatment and 100 mg l⁻¹ foliar treatment. The photosynthetic rate of plants treated with ALA increased by a significant 9.2%–22.5%. Relative to the control, based on measurements of the 5th leaf of each shoot in the ripening period, the optimum concentrations for growth and photosynthesis enhancement in grapevines were 100 mg l⁻¹ (foliar treatment) and 1 mg l⁻¹ (soil treatment). Total plant weight at harvest increased a significant 13% at the optimal treatment doses. In terms of fruit quality, the cluster fresh weight increased a significant 44.9%–53% and fruit colour showed a tendency to become darker in all plants treated with ALA. The °Brix value in the plant treated with 100 mg l⁻¹ ALA was a significant 2.7% higher than that of the control. We consider that leaf area and photosynthetic rates during cultivation are important for the acquisition of photoassimilates and that these are likely to be causally associated with improvement of total dry weight and advance of fruit quality. In addition, a possibility of advancing the harvest time of grapes by ALA treatment was shown.     

Effect of seaweed concentrate on the establishment and yield of greenhouse tomato plants

Seaweed concentrate prepared fromEcklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss, when applied as a soil drench, significantly improved the growth of tomato seedlings. Application as a foliar spray had no effect on young plants. In a second experiment SWC-treated plants exhibited early fruit ripening and a total fruit fresh weight increase of 17%. The number of harvested fruit were improved by about 10%. In this instance foliar applied SWC was more beneficial than SWC applied to the soil. The significance of these findings is discussed.author for correspondence     

Impact of plant growth regulators spray on fruit quantity and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars grown under plastic tunnels

The study aims to investigate the effect of foliar spray with three plant growth regulators (PGRs) p-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) at 20 and 40 ppm; Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 20 and 30 ppm, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 10 and 20 ppm on the response of fruit set, yield, and fruit quality of some hot pepper cultivars (Chillina, Parbirian, Shampion, and Hyffa) grown in sandy soil under plastic tunnels as compared to the control. Spraying Chillina cultivar GA3 at 30 ppm significantly increased the number of fruits/ plant and fruit set (%), yield/plant, and total yield/fad. In addition, the contents of TSS and Vit C, furthermore, maximum capsaicin content were observed in chili fruits in both seasons. However, the interaction between Chillina cultivar and spraying with GA3 at 20 ppm ranked second in yield and quality. The interaction between Parbirian cultivars and spraying with GA3 at 20 or 30 ppm increased the number of flowers/plants in both seasons. On the other hand, the interaction between Shampion cultivar and spraying with tap water (control) gave the lowest values of the number of flowers/ plants, the number of fruits/ plant and fruit set (%), yield, and its components, and fruit quality in both seasons.     

Impact of plant growth regulators spray on fruit quantity and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars grown under plastic tunnels

The study aims to investigate the effect of foliar spray with three plant growth regulators (PGRs) p-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) at 20 and 40 ppm; Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 20 and 30 ppm, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 10 and 20 ppm on the response of fruit set, yield, and fruit quality of some hot pepper cultivars (Chillina, Parbirian, Shampion, and Hyffa) grown in sandy soil under plastic tunnels as compared to the control. Spraying Chillina cultivar GA3 at 30 ppm significantly increased the number of fruits/ plant and fruit set (%), yield/plant, and total yield/fad. In addition, the contents of TSS and Vit C, furthermore, maximum capsaicin content were observed in chili fruits in both seasons. However, the interaction between Chillina cultivar and spraying with GA3 at 20 ppm ranked second in yield and quality. The interaction between Parbirian cultivars and spraying with GA3 at 20 or 30 ppm increased the number of flowers/plants in both seasons. On the other hand, the interaction between Shampion cultivar and spraying with tap water (control) gave the lowest values of the number of flowers/ plants, the number of fruits/ plant and fruit set (%), yield, and its components, and fruit quality in both seasons.