中国生物地理区划研究

首先将中版图根据综合自然（包括海拔、地形、气候、植被、水系、农业区等）因素,利用GIS技术手段,划分出124个基本单元。同时,根据一定的原则选择了171种哺乳类和509种植物物种,利用中国物种信息系统收集这些物种的分布信息,并运用GIS技术将这些信息转换为各个基本单元内这些物种存在与否的信息,再用数学量化分析方法,即Sφrensen相似性指数公式计算相关矩阵,以及Ward方法进行聚类分析,得到上述124个基本单元的哺乳类和植物分布相似性聚类图,从而最终得到一个新的定量化的、更具客观性和实用意义的中国生物地理区划系统,以及关于中国生物地理区划的许多重要结论。该区划包括4个区域（8个亚区域）、27个生物地理区和124个生物地理单元。采用从基本单元到高级区划的研究方法,在生物地理区划研究领域,这是一种方法学上的尝试,利用物种的分布相似性聚类结果来帮助确定区划界线,减少了对研究者自身所拥有的物种及生态学知识及经验的依赖,因而更具有客观性,较少掺杂研究者的主观臆断。这种方法也同样适用于其他生物门类区划的研究。     

Characterizing macroinvertebrate communities across China: Large-scale implementation of a self-organizing map

Understanding the geographical patterns and divisions of communities is a fundamental step in achieving the sustainable management of ecosystems, especially in deteriorating global and local environments. The idea of geographical division has been applied on all continents but Antarctica, but it has never been rigorously tested for stream ecosystems in China, leaving a gap in knowledge for many basic and applied research questions regarding, for example, diversity patterns, conservation issues or climate change effects. To fill this gap, we aimed to (1) evaluate the geographical divisions of the macroinvertebrate communities in Chinese streams using the self-organizing map (SOM) method and (2) to characterize the distribution patterns in relation to different environmental variables. Macroinvertebrates were collected from 57 relatively clean stream sites covering a south-north gradient along the boundary of the geographic ladder (or altitudinal divide) in China. SOM was used to analyze large-scale biogeographical divisions of the macroinvertebrate communities. The sampling sites were divided into six clusters, distinguishing the samples from northern, central, and southern China. This pattern was also reflected by biotic metrics (abundance, biomass, taxa and sum of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera richness, and diversity). The gradient of environmental variables, particularly water quality variables, was similar between the clusters, with the exceptions of two clusters from southwestern China when considering altitude and one cluster from northern China when considering conductivity and TN. The different clusters from the SOM were associated with indicator species, with clean-water adapted species dominating in southwestern China and pollution tolerant species in northern China. However, there were no significant correlations between environmental variables and biotic metrics. The overall combination of environmental variables and organism data suggests that spatial variation was the main predictor determining the composition of the macroinvertebrate communities on a large-scale, and the trained SOM appeared to be efficient at classifying streams on a broad geographic scale.     

基于GIS的陕西蝗虫地理分布及区划分析

运用GIS(地理信息系统)技术研究陕西蝗虫物种地理分布及区划。以593个(0．2°×0．2°)经纬网 格单元统计蝗虫物种数,并采用多元分析的分层聚类方法进行聚类分析。结果表明:陕南山地蝗虫物种丰富度 总体高于秦岭以北地区,陕西最北部的鄂尔多斯高原蝗虫丰富度高于陕北黄土高原。当相关性系数为0．538时, 593个蝗虫地理分布单元聚类为9个单元组,该聚类结果与陕西自然环境区划基本相似,但秦岭山地被聚为两 类,即秦岭南坡与秦岭北坡;商南丘陵从秦岭山地分出;安康地区与巴山山地聚为一类;巴山与米仓山被聚为 并列的两组。该聚类结果表明陕西蝗虫的地理分布与自然环境密切相关,其分布格局表现出明显的地带性,陕 西多样化的地貌特征和气候类型,是形成蝗虫物种多样化的主要原因。     

Fine‐scale forest variability and biodiversity in the boreal mixedwood forest

Local spatial variation in species distributions is driven by a mix of abiotic and biotic factors, and understanding such hierarchical variation is important for conservation of biodiversity across larger scales. We sought to understand how variation in species composition of understory vascular plants, spiders, and carabid beetles is associated with concomitant spatial variation in forest structure on a 1‐ha permanent plot in a never‐cut mixedwood forest in central Alberta (Canada). Using correlations among dendrograms produced by cluster analysis we associated data about mapped distribution of all living and dead stems > 1 cm diameter at breast height with distributions of the three focal taxa sampled from regular grids across the plot. Variation in each of these species assemblages were significantly associated with several forest structure variables at various spatial scales, but the scale of the associations varied among assemblages. Variation in species richness and abundance was explained mostly by changes in basal area of trees across the plot; however, other variables (e.g. snag density and tree density) were also important, depending on assemblage. We conclude that fine‐scale habitat variation is important in structuring spatial distribution of the species of the forest floor, even within a relatively homogeneous natural forest. Thus, assessments that ignore within‐stand heterogeneity and management that ignores its maintenance will have limited utility as conservation measures for these taxa, which are major elements of forest biodiversity.     

福建省两栖类物种多样性评估

地区性物种多样性评价是当前全球生物多样性研究的重要组成部分。本文采用G-F指数对福建省两栖类物种多样性进行评估,同时利用弦距离类间平均连锁的方法对福建省22个县（市）和5个两栖动物地理省进行聚类分析。结果表时：福建省各县（市）的两栖类物种多样性差异较大,其中武夷山市两栖类物种多样性的G指数,F指数和G-F指数分别为2.978,4.863和0.388。处于华中区的3个地理省（闽北、闽东和闽西地理省）首先聚类,而后与处于华南区的闽中地理省聚类,最后与闽南地理省合并。聚类结果与福建省两栖动物地理区划大体一致,但个别县（市）不太相符,作者建议将大田县划归在华中区的闽西地理省。     

基于结构的单绕蛋白聚类图构建与分析

蛋白质分子进化规律研究是分子进化研究的重点,对揭示生命起源与进化机制有重要意义。本文对已知空间结构及物种信息的单绕蛋白,利用结构比对信息,构建了不同层次单绕样本系统聚类图。分析发现:功能相似蛋白存在明显聚集现象,同一超家族样本基本聚在一个大支中,同一家族样本集中在所属超家族下的小支中,功能约束下单绕样本聚类图与物种进化图有较好对应关系。结果表明:单绕蛋白的结构演化反映了蛋白质功能的约束,特定功能单绕样本的结构差异具有种属特异性,结构演化包含了物种进化信息。     

Identifying areas of high importance for orchid conservation in east Macedonia (NE Greece)

The establishment of a network of reserves is of fundamental importance to the loss of biodiversity. Seven different area selection methods for the establishment of a reserve network were applied in the present study: (a) 5% cut-off value of the grid cells with the highest species richness or conservation value, (b) complementarity analysis using as criteria species richness or conservation value or rarest species richness, and (c) mixed complementarity analysis using as criteria species richness or conservation value. These methods were applied in the orchid taxa of east Macedonia. The conservation values of taxa were estimated on the basis of regional rarity, broad-scale rarity, and species specialization. The spatial overlap between the resulting networks and the Natura 2000 network of the study area was assessed. Furthermore, the efficiency of the latter network to protect the orchid taxa of the study area was examined. Our results suggest that: (a) a multiscale estimation of rarity is necessary for the unbiased estimation of species conservation values; (b) species specialization adds valuable ecological information to the assessment of taxa conservation values; (c) complementarity and mixed complementarity analyses on species richness or conservation value safeguard all the taxa of the region; (d) complementarity analysis on the basis of the richness of the rarest species safeguards all the rarest taxa, but not the total number of the remaining taxa; (e) the 5% cut-off value on species richness or conservation value fails to protect all the taxa of the region, including a large number of the rarest taxa; and (f) the Natura 2000 network, despite its large coverage in the study area, fails to safeguard all the taxa, including some of the rarest.     

中国哺乳动物地理分布的多元相似性聚类分析

中国的地形复杂、地貌多样,动物的地理分布亦表现出明显的区域间差异。本研究通过新近文献调研,获知中国现生哺乳动物计692种（隶于13目56科246属）;进而建立物种及其地理分布数据库。采用多元相似性聚类分析（multivariate similarity clustering analysis, MSCA）方法,探讨了中国哺乳动物的地理分布特征。结果表明：（1）中国的现生哺乳动物可划分为176个调查地理单元（investigated geographical unit, IGU）,进而归并为63个基础地理单元（basic geographical unit, BGU）;（2）当相似性系数取0.31、0.25和0.15时,上述63个BGU可分别归并为10个、7个和2个基础地理单元群;据此可对中国的哺乳动物地理分布作出2界7区10亚区的3级区划。本文建议,世界动物地理区划中古北界与东洋界在中国境内的分界线走向为：南迦巴瓦峰西部-玛卿岗日-秦岭北部-黄土高原南缘-大别山-淮河南-长江中下游一线。     

安徽省兽类物种多样性及其分布格局

搜集整理安徽省兽类物种分布数据,结合调查数据,通过生境分析,确定兽类物种分布范围。基于GIS技术,以面积约为404.685 km²的425个栅格收集安徽省兽类的二元分布数据,采用多元分析的分层聚类方法,依据地理单元中物种组成和分布型组成的相似程度进行分析,对安徽兽类物种多样性及其分布格局和相关的动物地理学问题进行了探讨。结果表明,山区兽类物种丰富度显著高于平原丘陵区,其中,皖南山区兽类物种丰富度总体高于皖西大别山区,东部的江淮丘陵区略高于皖北的淮北平原。依物种组成进行的聚类分析结果表明,当相似性系数分别为0.647、0.570、0.461和0.399时,将425个地理单元聚为9、5、3 和2 个单元组,分析结果表明兽类分布受地形因素和人为活动的影响较自然地理亚区的界限影响明显。依分布型组成进行聚类分析时,当卡方距离为1.561、1.759、2.521和3.509 时,分别聚为9、5、3 和2 组,分析结果表明分布单元以长江为界分为两组,以古北型物种为主的长江以北地区和以东洋型物种为主的长江以南地区。对9 个分布单元组中的古北型和东洋型物种优势度分析结果表明:古北界和东洋界宏观上的界线大致以长江为界,呈现广阔的过渡区。过渡区的北界沿大别山北麓,经六安、舒城、合肥、定远以至来安一线,南界西起东至县北部、经贵池、青阳、南陵、沿宣城北部至广德一线。     

Perikymata spacing and distribution on hominid anterior teeth

We documented the spacing and distribution of perikymata on the buccal enamel surface of fossil hominin anterior teeth with reference to a sample of modern human and modern great ape teeth. A sample of 27 anterior teeth attributed to Australopithecus (5 to A. afarensis, 22 to A. africanus) and of 33 attributed to Paranthropus (6 to P. boisei, and 27 to P. robustus) were replicated and sputter-coated with gold to enable reflected light microscopy of their surface topography. Anterior teeth were then divided into 10 equal divisions of buccal crown height. The total perikymata count in each division of crown height was recorded using a binocular microscope fitted with a vernier micrometer eyepiece. Then the mean number of perikymata per millimeter was calculated for each division. Similar comparative data for a modern sample of 115 unworn human anterior teeth and 30 African great ape anterior teeth were collected from ground sections. Perikymata counts in each taxon (together with either known or presumed periodicities of perikymata) were then used to estimate enamel formation times in each division of crown height, for all anterior tooth types combined. The distributions of these estimates of time taken to form each division of crown height follow the same trends as the actual perikymata counts and differ between taxa in the same basic way. The distinction between modern African great apes and fossil hominins is particularly clear. Finally, we calculated crown formation times for each anterior tooth type by summing cuspal and lateral enamel formation times. Estimates of average crown formation times in australopiths are shorter than those calculated for both modern human and African great ape anterior teeth. The data presented here provide a better basis for exploring differences in perikymata spacing and distribution among fossil hominins, and provide the first opportunity to describe four specimens attributed to Homo in this context. Preliminary data indicate that differences may exist among the species attributed to early Homo, especially between Homo ergaster and Homo rudolfensis on the one hand, and Homo habilis sensu strico on the other.     

Studies on Geographical Distribution Pattern of the Subgenus Pogonophace (Fabaceae: Astragalus) in China Using GIS Technique

The geographical distribution maps of the subgenus Pogonophace (Fabaceae: Astragalus) in China were designed and drawn using GIS cartographic technique. The species of the subgenus and county of China were treated as the basic composition units in the GIS cartographic technique. Most of the distribution maps were shown in spots. The distribution pattern of the subgenus illustrates that it is a peculiar group to adapt the cold alpine environment and distribute mainly in Hengduan Mountains and Himalayas. According to the geographical distribution maps and some statistic analyses, Hengduan Mountains region is suggested to be the distribution center, differentiation center and endemic center of the subgenus. Some vicariance traces at levels of the species or sections are very interesting among the distribution patterns of the subgenus and shown clearly in the maps.     

用GIS技术研究中国簇毛黄耆亚属（豆科：黄耆属）的地理分布式样

用ＧＩＳ技术设计和绘制了豆科黄耆属（Ａｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓ Ｌ．）簇毛黄耆亚属在中中的地理分布图。以种类和县级分面为基本构图单元。分布图形均呈斑块状。分布式样提示出亚属是一个集中分布在横断山和喜马拉雅,适应于高寒山地的特化类群。根据地理公布直观图及有关统计分析,认为横断山是这个亚属的分布中心、分化中心和特有中心。公布式样和直观图还揭示出一些种之间、组之间有趣的替代现象。     

甘肃省忍冬属植物区系地理的定理研究

根据系统分类和地理分布资料,采用模糊聚类方法,将甘肃省所产忍冬属４１个类群划分为１８个地理范畴各异的分布式样,分别归属于中国特有,东亚、中国－日本、中国－鼓马拉雅、热带亚洲,西亚喜马拉雅至东亚北部等６个分布型,其中,中国特有分布类群占７３．２％。多数分布式样体现出西南至东北部的适应性辐射方向,少数呈现山西至西北方向。将甘肃省忍冬属植物分布区划分为３个区,１１个小区,其中白龙江中上游山地,小陇山微成     

On Aggregating Species for Risk Assessment

Different combinations of species characteristics like dietary strategies and foraging tactics define unique pathways for material cycling and energy flow in ecosystems. I used multivariate cluster analysis on a species attribute matrix to identify groups of species with similar vulnerabilities of exposure to contaminants. The clusters of species may also have similar functions in ecosystems, because they use similar resources in similar ways. Cluster analyses produced hierarchical dendrograms of species relationships that were difficult to characterize with simple labels like herbivore or insectivore. Regardless of whether multivariate analyses are used for aggregating species into exposure guilds, the species attribute matrix is a concise statement of assumptions about how species function in ecosystems. By using species characteristics to aggregate and define assessments, it is hoped that assessment endpoints will be ecologically relevant.     

Chemical relationships between firs of Japan and Taiwan

Cortical essential oil from Abies sachalinensis, A. veitchii, A. mariesii, A. firma, A. homolepis, and A. Kawakamii was analyzed for its mono and sesquiterpenoid constituents. Qualitatively the essential oils were similar to those from the New World firs. Using percent composition of monoterpenoid hydrocarbons, it was possible to completely separate most of the mentioned taxa from each other. A method was developed for calculation of similarity coefficients and construction of taxonomic structure on the basis of biosynthetic relationships between individual components of cortical oleoresin. The resulting chemosystematic dendrograms reflected similarity in material flow through various biosynthetic intermediates and paralleled in many features the morphological similarity relationships between the species studied.     

Biological diversification in a complex region: a spatial analysis of faunistic diversity and biogeography of the Andes of Colombia

Aim Understanding large‐scale patterns of beta diversity and endemism is essential for ecoregional conservation planning. We present a study of spatial patterns of faunal diversification and biogeographical relationships in the Andean region of Colombia. This region has a great geomorphological complexity, as it is formed by several mountain ranges with different geologic origins. We hypothesize that this complexity results in a high turnover in species composition among subregions. Location The Andean region of Colombia, including the Santa Marta and Macarena mountain ranges. Methods The region was divided into subregions, represented by the eastern and western slopes of each of the three Andean cordilleras, the Cauca and Magdalena valley bottoms, and the peripheral mountain ranges of Perijá, Macarena and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Species lists for five animal taxa (rodents, bats, birds, frogs and butterflies) were compiled for each subregion and similarities in species composition were determined by cluster analysis. To explore biogeographical relationships, species were classified into one of four distributional categories: endemic, tropical Andean, Andean‐Central American and wide continental distribution. Results The highest species richness in the region was found in the Pacific and eastern versants of the Andes, and the lowest in the Cauca and Magdalena valley bottoms. Inter‐Andean slopes were intermediate in species richness. However, when species richness was calculated per unit area, the most diverse regions were the Santa Marta and Macarena ranges, the Cauca Valley watershed and the Pacific slope. Although each taxonomic group had a different branching pattern, dendrograms indicated five common subregional clusterings: (1) Perijá‐Sierra Nevada, (2) the Pacific slope, (3) the eastern Andean slope, (4) the Cauca and Magdalena valley bottoms, and (5) the inter‐Andean slopes. Clustering patterns of inter‐Andean slopes varied among taxa. In birds, bats and rodents, grouping was by opposite slopes of the same valley, whereas frogs were grouped by mountain ranges and butterflies by valleys and their respective slopes. Seventy‐five per cent of species in all taxa were found in less than five subregions. The fauna of the Magdalena and Cauca valley bottoms was composed mostly of lowland species with wide geographical distributions, whereas the cordilleran fauna was mostly restricted to the tropical Andes. Main conclusions The western and eastern versants of the Andes have the highest species richness, but are also the largest subregions. On a per unit area basis, the peripheral ranges (Santa Marta and Macarena) are the richest, followed by the western portion of the Andes (the Cauca Valley watershed and the Pacific versant). Clustering patterns in dendrograms suggest two major patterns of differentiation of the Andean fauna: one elevational (lowlands vs. highlands) and one horizontal (among ranges and/or slopes). Biogeographical affinities of the inter‐Andean valley bottoms are with the lowland faunas of tropical America. In contrast, Andean faunas diversified locally, resulting in the evolution of a large number of endemic species, particularly among the less vagile taxa. Three different main branches of Andean fauna can be recognized, one confined to the Pacific, another to the eastern (Amazonian‐Llanos) versant of the Andes, and the third one composed by the inter‐Andean slopes of the Cauca and Magdalena valleys. The identification of five main biogeographical units in the Andean region of Colombia has important implications for the conservation of the regional biota. Conservation initiatives that seek to preserve representative samples of the regional biodiversity should take into account the patterns of diversification described here, and the evolutionary processes that gave rise to these patterns.     

The phytogeography of Denmark revisited

Patterns of vascular plant diversity in Denmark are examined, based on the most recently published Danish Flora. The highest diversity is found on the major isles of Sjælland, Møn, Falster and Bornholm, but many rare taxa occur in Jylland. Two different cluster analyses suggest a division of Denmark into six phytogeographical regions, which only partly supports earlier, more subjective divisions of Denmark. Our results suggest that north- and northwestern Jylland and the isles of Læsø and Anholt belong to the boreo-nemoral phytogeographical region, due to their high number of northern taxa, which clearly differentiate them from the rest of Denmark, despite the lack of typical boreo-nemoral tree species, such as Pinus sylvestris.Because the tree component of vegetation often has been changed by man, the classical division of Scandinavia based on a few woody species is inappropriate. We conclude that tree-species oriented approaches are invalid for phytogeographical classifications.Classification, based on the whole flora, and if possible also involving environmental information, is likely to be more successful and should be addressed in future phytogeographical studies.     

Mitochondrial COII gene sequences provide new insights into the phylogeny of marmoset species groups (Callitrichidae,Primates)

Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene sequences (549 base pairs) were used to investigate the taxonomic relationships among 12 marmoset (Callithrix, Cebuella and Mico) taxa. A large number of substitutions were found in the third base codon positions, providing a strong phylogenetic signal in a gene coding a conserved protein. Despite the significant affinity between the 2 Amazonian genera Cebuella and Mico, found in recent molecular studies, the analysis presented here did not resolve convincingly the phylogenetic relationships between the 3 genera. Mico nevertheless formed 3 distinct clades, reflecting a basic division of species groups based on geographic distribution (east or west of the Rio Tapajós) rather than morphology (presence or absence of auricular hair). This supports the taxonomic distinction of the allopatric emiliae forms. In Callithrix, Callithrix aurita forms a distinct clade, but the remaining morphotypes form a somewhat contradictory cluster, possibly resulting from an extremely rapid radiation.     

狭义干蘑属(蘑菇目)概要及新的系统学处理

对狭义干蘑属(Xerulas.str.)的范围进行了重新界定,该属仅包括模式种干蘑(X.pudens)及其周围的几个种。属的特征是担子果金钱菌状,有假根;菌盖及菌柄表面干燥,被有黄色至褐色直立、披针形的刚毛;菌褶边缘无不育带;子实层有近梭形的小担子。这些特征可以将干蘑属的物种从干蘑属-小奥德蘑属复合群中分开。现知干蘑属包含六种,本文提供了这些种的检索表,并对各种进行了描述、图示或讨论。其中,硬毛干蘑(X.strigosa)是一新种,它与干蘑(X.pudens)和中华干蘑(X.sinopudens)相似,但与干蘑不同在于其担孢子较长,锁状联合稀少,侧生囊状体顶端壁薄;与中华干蘑的区别在于其侧生囊状体壁厚,顶端有头状至近头状膨大并覆盖有结晶,担孢子宽椭圆形至椭圆形。中华干蘑和小刺干蘑(X.setulosa)分别为我国和哥斯达黎加的新记录种。干蘑属虽然广布北半球,但未见东亚-美洲或欧亚广布的物种分布类型。     

基于遥感和GIS的巢湖流域生态功能分区研究

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