草原兔尾鼠心电图的分析

本文采用标准双极导联（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）、加压单极肢导联（ａＶＲ、ａＶＬ、ａＶＦ）和单极胸导联（Ｖａ、Ｖｂ、Ｖｃ）,对经１０％乌拉坦麻醉状态下的１１９只成体草原兔尾鼠进行心电图测定,同时对２０只昆明系小白鼠作为对照比较。结果表明,草原兔尾鼠的平均心率为５５８．５４±５４．５９次／ｍｉｎ,均为窦性心率,额面心电轴平均５９．６１±１２．６３度。ＰＤ－Ｒ、ＱＲＳ波、Ｑ－Ｔ、Ｐ波平均间期分别为３８．２９±６．４８、１２．７０±０．４６、２７．６２±７．３７、１２．３４±４．０９毫秒。Ｐ波和Ｔ波的方向与主波Ｒ波一致。在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、ⅢａＶＬ、ａＶＦ和Ｖａ导联为正,在ａＶＲ导联均为负向。无典型的Ｓ－Ｔ段,ＱＲＳ波群与Ｔ波部分重叠,Ｑ－Ｔ间期较短。     

Hematology of the Norwegian Lemming (Lemmus lemmus(L.))

Basic hematological parameters of laboratory-reared Lemmus lemmus have been investigated. The results have been summarized together with those from ten other species of microtine rodents. Climatic conditions, especially the microclimate of the subnivean air space, have been considered to offer possible explanations for the higher values in L. trimucronatus compared to L. Lemmus.     

Endocrine Correlates of Seasonal Body Mass Dynamics in the Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus)

Many winter-active temperate rodent species show seasonal, photoperiod-mediatedchanges in body mass that correlate with changes in food availability,gaining mass when food is abundant. The collared lemming (Dicrostonyxgroenlandicus), an arctic species, also undergoes a seasonaltransition in body mass, but one that is temporally out of phasewith that observed in species from lower latitudes; whereastemperate species increase in mass when exposed to relativelylong day lengths, collared lemmings do so under long but decreasingday lengths. This adaptation may be in response tothe timingof peak above-ground biomass in the arctic. Validation of thishypothesis requires a more thorough examination of both collaredlemmings and other arctic species. In the collared lemming, photoperiod-mediated changes in bodymass are correlated with changes in serum concentrations ofprolactin, thyroid hormones, corticosterone, and growth hormone,and pineal concentrations of melatonin. These observations arecompared to those obtained with temperate small mammals, andpossible cause-and-effect relationships between body mass andhormonal parameters are discussed.     

Cycles and synchrony in the Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) in Arctic North America

Lemming populations are generally characterised by their cyclic nature, yet empirical data to support this are lacking for most species, largely because of the time and expense necessary to collect long-term population data. In this study we use the relative frequency of yearly willow scarring by lemmings as an index of lemming abundance, allowing us to plot population changes over a 34-year period. Scars were collected from 18 sites in Arctic North America separated by 2-1,647 km to investigate local synchrony among separate populations. Over the period studied, populations at all 18 sites showed large fluctuations but there was no regular periodicity to the patterns of population change. Over all possible combinations of pairs of sites, only sites that were geographically connected and close (<6 km) showed significant synchrony in fluctuations. The populations studied may not even be cyclic, at least for the time period 1960 to 1994, and although fluctuating, randomisation tests could not reject the null hypothesis of random fluctuations. These data have implications for the testing of hypotheses regarding lemming cycles and highlight the need for long-term trapping data to characterise the lemming cycle.     

Molecular phylogeny of Siberian glossiphoniidae (Hirudinea)

A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on gene fragments of the first subunit of the mitochondrial cytochrome-c-oxidase (COI) from Siberian glossiphoniids and phylogenetically relative Palearctic species demonstrated that Siberian representatives do not belong to the species Glossiphonia complanata, as was believed previously, and have an autonomous taxonomic status. Furthermore, the detected genetic distances make it possible to accept the mtCOI fragment as a suitable marker for the molecular identification of the species within the Glossiphoniidae (Hirudinea).     

棕眉山岩鹨的代谢产热特征的初步研究

实验采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计和数字式温度计 ,分别测定了环境温度 (Ta)在 5～ 35℃范围内棕眉山岩鹨 (Prunellamontanella)的耗氧量和体温 (Tb) ,由此计算出代谢率 (MR)、热传导率 (C)和代谢预期比与热传导预期比 (F)等值 ,以探讨该种的代谢产热特征。结果表明 :棕眉山岩鹨在Ta 为 5～ 35℃时 ,Tb 基本维持恒定 (为 4 1 2 5± 0 12℃ ) ,MR的最低值为 4 2 7± 0 0 7mLO2 /(g·h) ;Ta 在 5～ 2 4℃时 ,MR与之负相关 :MR [mLO2 /(g·h) ]=10 39- 0 2 4Ta℃ ;Ta 在 5～ 2 6 5℃时 ,C最低且基本保持恒定 ,平均为 0 2 6±0 0 0mLO2 /(g·h·℃ ) ;Ta 在 2 4～ 30℃时 ,F值为 1 0 5 ,表明该种具有较好的体温调节能力。与热带地区鸟类比较 ,棕眉山岩鹨具较高的MR和Tb,稍高的C ,符合北方小型鸟类的代谢特点 ,能较好的适应冬寒冷、夏炎热的环境。     

Early embryo development in the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

Development of preimplantation embryos of the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) in vivo and in vitro was examined. The timing of early development in vivo was found to be slower than that reported for the golden hamster. Progression through the cleavage stages, cavitation, and hatching from the zona pellucida occurred later, with blastocyst formation beginning on the afternoon of day 4 and uterine attachment occurring early on day 5. In vitro, morulae, and early blastocysts collected on day 4 and cultured in serum-containing medium formed expanded blastocysts and some began to hatch from the zona pellucida. With extended culture, blastocysts attached and formed trophoblast outgrowths. Outgrowth was characterized by an initial migration of small cells from the blastocyst, followed by formation of a sheet of trophoblast giant cells. Differences in the morphology of outgrowth between the hamster and mouse suggest that further comparative studies with the Siberian hamster may be useful.     

Pineal-independent regulation of photo-nonresponsiveness in the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

The pineal hormone melatonin influences circadian rhythms and also mediates reproductive responses to photoperiod. The authors tested whether pinealectomy influences circadian oscillators responsible for induction of nonresponsiveness to short day lengths by preventing normal short-day patterns of circadian entrainment. Adult male Siberian hamsters were pinealectomized or sham operated, maintained in either 18 h light per day (18L) or 15L for 10 weeks, and then tested for responsiveness to 10L. Because pinealectomized hamsters do not show gonadal regression in short day lengths, responsiveness was assessed by measuring phase angle of entrainment and the length of the nightly activity period following transfer to 10L. The incidence of nonresponsiveness was significantly higher in 18L hamsters than in 15L hamsters but was unaffected by pineal status. Fully 88% of 18L hamsters failed to entrain to 10L in the normal short-day manner; the duration of nightly activity remained compressed, and the phase angle of entrainment was large and negative relative to lights off. The 15L hamsters entrained normally to 10L. Exposure to constant light after 10L treatment was equally effective in inducing arrhythmicity in pinealectomized and intact hamsters. Changes in the period of morning and evening circadian oscillators subsequent to 18L treatment did not predict circadian responsiveness to short photoperiod. Long-day induction of photo-nonresponsiveness, which prevents winter responses to short day lengths, occurs independently of pineal melatonin feedback on the circadian system.     

Revision of the Early-Middle Cambrian Lingulida (Brachiopoda) from the Siberian Platform

Based on Yu.L. Pelman’s lingulid collection and our own material, the Early-Middle Cambrian genus Eoobolus, which was widespread on the Siberian Platform, is revised. The Siberian members of this genus have previously been assigned to Lingulella. Two out of these six members are recognized as valid species: Eoobolus siniellus (Pelman) and E. variabilis (Pelman). Lingulella acuta Pelman and L. linguata Pelman are considered here to be junior synonyms of E. priscus (Poulsen, 1932). The valid species are redescribed and their stratigraphic and geographic ranges are given. A new species, E. pelmani sp. nov., is described. New data on the Eoobolus microornamentation and shell structure are provided.     

Fleas (Siphonaptera) infesting birds of West Siberian plain

The four species of fleas associated with birds in West Siberian Plain have been recorded. Ceratophyllus styx is a specific parasite of Riparia riparia. Ceratophyllus garei, C. gallinae, and C. tribulis parasitize various setting of birds.     

Lemma micromorphology and the systematics of Siberian species of Stipa (Poaceae)

We investigated the lemma micromorphology of 17, primarily Siberian, species of Stipa using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the species had variants of the micromorphology considered typical for Stipa but each had a unique combination of characteristics, enabling its identification solely on the basis of its lemma micromorphology. Phenetic analysis revealed little correlation between the observed variation and the current sectional treatment of the species. The data support exclusion of Stipa borysthenica from Stipa pennata. A key to the species is provided.     

Migrations of dragonflies (Odonata) in the south of the West Siberian plain

The paper presents a summary of mass dragonfly migrations observed previously in Russia, in particular in West Siberia. From 1969 to 2009, the authors studied the dynamics of dragonfly population, their spatial distribution and movements in the West Siberian forest-steppe. The main studies were conducted in the Lake Chany basin (the Biological Station of the Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences). The spatial redistribution of dragonflies is regarded as a balance of homing and wandering behavior. Homing results in a relative stability of local dragonfly populations and assemblages, while wandering leads to dispersal of dragonflies from their emergence sites and colonization of new habitats; the latter is especially important due to the ephemeral nature of many shallow reservoirs where the nymphs develop. The formation of more or less constant migration routes is a peculiar variant of wandering activities. A special type of dragonfly migrations is mass exodus from native habitats, triggered by excessive population growth and leading to elimination of all or most individuals. Such migrations not only optimize the size of dragonfly populations but also facilitate removal of nutrients and organic matter from eutrophic water bodies. An original generalized classification of dragonfly migrations is proposed.     

花背蟾蜍蝌蚪胃的发育形态学观察

应用大体解剖、组织切片和扫描电镜3种形态学方法对花背蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)蝌蚪在生长发育和变态过程中胃的形态结构变化进行了观察。结果显示,在蝌蚪发育24期(即G24)消化道呈简单的管状结构,胃与小肠等区分不明显,胃壁由内层矮柱状黏膜上皮细胞和其外的扁平上皮细胞层构成;直到26期胃略膨大,呈短粗管状,与小肠和食道可明显区分,胃壁内层的黏膜上皮细胞呈高柱状,上皮细胞间出现少量杯状细胞;36期的胃管明显膨大,其壁已具有胃的4层基本组织结构,杯状细胞数量增加,黏膜上皮细胞游离面有细长的微绒毛交织成网状覆盖;42期胃发育呈"C"字形,胃壁具备了消化道典型的4层结构,有胃腺芽出现,黏膜细胞的微绒毛短而直立,仅极少数细胞有长的微绒毛;蝌蚪发育到46期,肠道缩短,胃呈"J"字状,占消化道大部分,胃体中胃腺发达。在临近肝一侧,黏膜上皮细胞的微绒毛较短,胃腺少而小;而在相反一侧,微绒毛较长,胃腺多而大。基于上述结果说明,花背蟾蜍蝌蚪胃在36期已经基本完成了组织结构的分化,在变态发育期间结构和功能得到进一步完善,以适应变态后陆地生活的食性变化。     

Positional behavior of Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) in captivity

Arboreal and semi-arboreal mammals have remarkably diverse positional behavior and associated morpho-functional adaptations related to the three-dimensional nature of their arboreal habitat. In this context, we investigated the positional behavior of captive Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus), small bodied semi-arboreal sciurids, in an aviary-type wire-mesh cage containing both terrestrial and arboreal supports. We sampled four adult individuals during a five-month period using focal animal sampling every 30 s. Results showed that animals preferred 8–10 cm horizontal supports and always avoided vertical supports. Locomotion occurred on both terrestrial and 8–10 cm arboreal supports whereas postural behavior occurred primarily on 8–10 cm arboreal supports. Quadrupedal walk dominated during locomotion, and occurred primarily on terrestrial horizontal supports, as is observed for other squirrels. The predominance of quadrupedal locomotion is consistent with the postcranial morphology of chipmunks. In contrast, clawed locomotion occurred on wire mesh and on >13 cm arboreal vertical supports. Finally, pronograde and orthograde sitting, both on 8–10 cm arboreal supports and on terrestrial supports, were the predominant postures, implying general predisposition to selection of stable postures on stable supports for food item manipulation and ingestion.     

Characterization of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica)

Nine tetrarepeat microsatellite loci for Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) were characterized. By using 35 individuals of unknown relationship collected from Taiwan, we evaluated the polymorphism of these loci. The number of alleles for each locus ranged from five to 12 (mean = 8.78 alleles) and the observed heterozygosity from 0.429 to 0.962 (mean = 0.688) and all loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectation.