Effects of growth surface on differentiation of cultures of human tracheal epithelium

Optical measurements from epithelial cells grown on clear solid surfaces (e.g., coverslips, petri dishes) are often compared with other measurements (e.g., short-circuit current; I(sc)) obtained from cells grown on opaque porous surfaces (inserts). However, the relative levels of differentiation of cells grown under the two conditions are usually unknown. To address this issue, we grew primary cultures of human tracheal epithelium on solid surfaces or on porous inserts and compared their total levels of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid, electrical properties in Ussing chambers, and ultrastructure. To measure ion transport across cells grown on solid supports, cells were grown on inserts placed on parafilm. Later, separation of insert from parafilm allowed the cells' I(sc) to be measured in Ussing chambers. Four different media were used. Cells grown in one medium showed very low levels of differentiation on all growth supports. In the other media, growth on inserts markedly enhanced differentiation as compared with solid supports. Baseline I(sc) of cells grown on either clear or opaque inserts was at least 30 times greater than that of cells grown on solid supports, though I(sc) with clear inserts averaged approximately 30% lower than that with opaque inserts. We conclude that though differentiation of cells may vary slightly depending on the insert used, cells on any type of insert are much better differentiated than cells grown on solid surfaces. Thus, it is both possible and desirable to make all functional measurements on cells grown on clear porous supports.     

8种致病真菌在5种材料上的存活时间研究

目的了解实验所用常见致病真菌能否在常用医用原材料上生存及生存时间。方法选择8种常见致病真菌,活化后将它们分别接种在5种常用的医用原材料上,接种后及以后的每24h将接种有真菌的医用材料放入巯基乙酸盐液体培养基中并观察能否生存,记录存活时间。结果红色毛癣菌和须癣毛癣菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮、玻璃表面存活25～28d,在地板胶表面存活14～15d;新生隐球菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮表面存活24～27d,在玻璃和地板胶表面存活14～18d;茄病镰刀菌在上述5种材料上存活22～27d;石膏样小孢子菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮和玻璃表面存活20～27d,在地板胶表面存活8d;申克孢子丝菌在棉布、纸板、玻璃和地板胶表面存活17～24d,在铁皮表面存活10d;白念珠菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮和地板胶表面存活15～20d,在玻璃表面存活4d;犬小孢子菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮、玻璃和地板胶上存活时间分别为10d、9d、3d、2d和1d。结论实验所用各种真菌在医用原材料上都能存活,其时间长短不仅与菌种有关,还与所存在的材料有关。真菌在吸水性强、表面粗糙的材料(棉布、纸板)上的平均存活时间长于在吸水性差、表面光滑的材料(玻璃、铁皮和地板胶)。     

福州地区粉虱种类初步调查

通过田间采集调查、室内饲养和鉴定,得出福州地区48种植物上的粉虱17种,5种为福建新记录。其中果树上的粉虱有11种,农作物上的粉虱3种,花卉上的粉虱7种,其他植物上的粉虱10种。     

Comparison of population numbers of yellow-eyed penguins,

During a comprehensive survey in 1999, 2000 and 2001, we investigated the number of breeding yellow-eyed penguin pairs on Stewart Island, where cats are present, and on adjacent cat-free islands. We found 79 pairs of yellow-eyed penguin breeding in 19 discrete locations on Stewart Island (4.2 pairs per location), and 99 pairs breeding in 10 discrete locations on all cat-free islands (9.9 pairs per location). Large-scale humaninduced habitat modifications have not occurred on Stewart Island, nor on any of its adjacent offshore islands. While the extensive coastline of Stewart Island (673 km) offers potentially large areas of breeding habitat for penguins, the highest number of breeding pairs were found on the smaller, predator-free Codfish Island (25 km coastline), where a total of 61 breeding pairs were recorded. On Stewart Island, where mustelids do not occur, only feral cats can pose a serious threat to penguin offspring. Results from this study suggest that feral cats may prey on yellow-eyed penguins on Stewart Island. Further work is necessary to investigate whether the observed low numbers of yellow-eyed penguins on Stewart Island are caused by feral cat predation. If so, it may be possible to develop appropriate measures to protect this penguin species from a population decline.     

Development of centrality indices of subcutaneous fat during growth

Changes of fat distribution were followed up in Czech and Slovak children from 1.5 to 15 years of age, using centrality indices, which relate the values of skinfolds on the trunk to the skinfolds on the extremities, head and neck. Up to 5 years of age, subcutaneous fat was deposited relatively more on the extremities, head and neck than on the trunk, which was expressed by lower values of the centrality indices. After the age of 5 years, the accumulation of subcutaneous fat was greater on the trunk, which was also expressed by higher values of the centrality indices. The comparison of the individual indices revealed in both genders a relatively higher amount of subcutaneous fat on the trunk in boys until 12 years of age. During puberty subcutaneous fat over triceps and on the forearm was reduced. In girls the deposition of the subcutaneous fat was relatively greater at different sites of the trunk than in boys, with the exception of the age of 14-15 years. The deposition of subcutaneous fat was greater on the trunk than on the head (cheek) and on the extremities in Czech compared to Slovak children, except for 12-year-old girls. During the period between the fifties and the seventies of the last century, in Czech children, especially in girls, the deposition of subcutaneous fat on the trunk was relatively smaller than on other parts of the body surface, which was expressed by the reduction of the centrality indices. Index 12 was therefore considered as the most valuable for the characterization of fat distribution on the body surface.     

红火蚁饵剂药瓶瓶盖孔洞设计与出药量的关系

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是一种对人类健康、生态环境等具有严重危害的重大入侵害虫,毒饵诱杀是防控红火蚁的重要手段.在采用人工撒施方法时,如何避免药剂浪费或不足仍需研究.本文研究了红火蚁饵剂药瓶瓶盖出药量与瓶盖上孔洞直径、孔洞数量和施药方式的关系,为红火蚁饵剂施药装置选择合适的孔洞直径、孔洞数...     

Methods of chromatography and quantitative analysis of galacto- and phospholipids of plant leaves

Data in the literature on chromatography of glycerolipids of plant leaves on columns of DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel, florisil, in a thin layer of silica gel, paper are generalized. Methods of obtaining chromatographically pure glycerolipids, their subfractionation, and the quantitative analysis of glycerolipids are described. Experimental data are presented on fractionation of lipids of potato leaves on columns of DEAE-cellulose, silica gel, on paper, and the quantitative determination of phospholipids. A method of rapid division of lipids into classes by means of their elution with silica gel KSC by different solvents is described.     

属模巨齿蛉成虫感器的超微形态

为了解属模巨齿蛉成虫多个部位感器的超微结构及其对生命活动的影响,本文对属模巨齿蛉成虫的触角、大颚、翅缘和生殖器4个部位进行了电镜扫描。研究发现,触角有7种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、腔锥感器、锥形感器、柱形感器;大颚有3种感器,分别是腔锥感器、锥形感器、刺形感器;翅缘有4种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、腔锥感器;雌性成虫生殖器有7种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、Ⅴ型、Ⅵ型、锥形感器、钟形感器。柱形感器是触角的特殊感器,钟形感器是雌性成虫生殖器的特殊感器。毛形感器是触角、翅缘和生殖器主要感器,而大颚上没有毛形感器。触角和生殖器上的感器类型最多,且分布最密集,这与触角和生殖器对成虫的交配、产卵行为具有重要作用相吻合。     

The gibbons of the Malay Peninsula and of Sumatra

Three species of gibbons living now both on the Malay Peninsula and on the island of Sumatra are compared as regards the morphology of the molar teeth. Since the continental and the island populations of these species are known to have been separated since early or middle Pleistocene times, the comparison here made provides information on the amount of morphological evolution that has occurred in the dentition of these primates since that time. It is found that, of the 3 species studied,Symphalangus syndactylus has better retained a number of conservative features on the island than on the continent;Hylobates lar, on the contrary, appears to have evolved further away from the ancestral form on the island than on the continent. These findings warn against an oversimplified view of the effects of isolation on the evolution of higher primates.     

高浓度O3对树木生理生态的影响

目前全球范围内的O3污染日趋严重,特别是随着城市化的不断发展和大气O3浓度的不断升高,O3对植物的影响已越来越引起人们的关注.O3可以通过多种方式影响森林树木.结合近年来对城市森林主要树种与气候变化关系的研究和相关文献调查,综合报道和分析了国内外高浓度O3对森林树木生理生态影响研究的最新进展,具体包括高浓度O3对树木的可见伤害、树木的生长和形态结构、光合作用、物质代谢、抗氧化系统及其与其它生态因子(如温度、干旱、CO2等)复合作用对树木生理生态的影响.提出了一些目前研究中存在的主要问题和研究展望.这些报道为进一步开展高浓度O3对树木的生理生态学研究,特别是为全球气候变化背景下城市森林的可持续经营与管理以及树种选择提供科学参考和理论依据.     

转基因植物对农业生物多样性的影响

论述了近年来转基因植物对农业生态系统生物多样性影响的研究进展．主要在遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性3个层次上予以评述．包括转基因植物对作物遗传多样性的影响;转基因植物的外源基因向杂草和近缘野生种转移;转基因抗虫植物对目标害虫的影响。抗除草剂转基因植物对作物和杂草的影响,抗病毒转基因植物对病毒的影响;转基因植物对非目标生物的影响,对土壤生态系统的影响等．     

Mechanism of secretion of the contents of the mandibular glands of Plodia interpunctella larvae

ABSTRACT. Larvae of Plodia interpunctella deposit droplets of mandibular gland secretion onto silk filaments connecting particles within the substrate they inhabit, and on to the substrate itself. Active participation of the mouthparts is necessary for both the formation and deposition of these droplets along the filaments and occurs as the silk is spun. Deposition of secretion directly on the substratum does not involve the mouthparts and appears to result from contact between the lower surface of the head and the substratum. Larvae from which the mandibular glands have been removed by excision neither produce droplets on silk nor deposit them on the substratum. Those which are incapable of spinning silk due to cauterization of the spinneret are still able to deposit secretion on the substratum, however. Deposition of secretion on silk webbing does not occur when the setae which regulate formation of droplets on filaments are removed by shaving. Droplets are not characteristic of a particular larval instar but are produced by larvae of all instars as a normal function which does not depend upon intraspecific encounters. Four other Lepidopteran pests, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia cautella, Anagasta kuehniella and Antigasta catolaunalis , were also found to produce droplets of mandibular gland secretion in a similar manner to larvae of P. interpunctella.     

草原蘑菇圈对牧草长势影响的初步分析

在白蘑,黄蘑圈上,圈内及圈外分别作测产样方,分析它们之间的差异。结果表明：白蘑,黄蘑圈均可极显著地提高群落地上生物量。其对羊草的影响较显著,圈上羊草的生物量,株高,密度及单株重均明显高于对圈内,圈外;对黄囊苔草和其它植物的影响不明显。白蘑圈对羊草的影响较黄蘑圈小。     

The impact of genetic counseling on the fertility of couples

The authors from two independent patterns, genetic counselling on the one hand, familial study on the other hand show that the procreation rate of parents with affected children with spina bifida, digestive malformations and autosomal recessive diseases depend especially on the motherhood eagerness, on the mothers' age, on the family composition and on the possibilities of prenatal diagnosis effort to severely suffered parents before.     

Regulation of acidity of arable lands contaminated by Sr-90: analysis of cost of the averted doses of irradiation of population of Belarus

Results of researches on study of efficiency of soil acidity optimization on decrease of a collective doze from 90Sr to the population of Belarus are presented. On the basis of the "cost--benefit" analysis it is shown, that the savings for averted collective doze due to optimization of soil acidity of arable lands on cereals amount to 21-170 thousand US dollars per 1 man.-Sv depending on density of 90Sr soil contamination of districts of Belarus. It is established, that high effect on averting of collective doze 90Sr at cultivation of cereals can be expected at liming of sod-podsolic loamy sand soils with contamination density of 90Sr more than 12 kBq/m2, sand soils more than 16 kBq/m2, light loam soils more than 17 kBq/m2, at present time share of these lands in Belarus is about half from the area of the arable lands contaminated with radiostrontium - 86 thousand hectares.     

Assessing Impact of Weight on Quality of Life

This paper is a preliminary report on the development of a new instrument, the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL) questionnaire, that assesses the effects of weight on various areas of life. We conducted two studies utilizing subjects in treatment for obesity at Duke University Diet and Fitness Center. The first study describes item development, assesses reliability, and compares pre- and post-treatment scores on the IWQOL. In the second study we examined the effects of body mass index (BMI), gender, and age on subjects' perceptions of impact of weight on quality of life. Results indicate adequate psychometric properties with test-retest reliabilities averaging .75 for single items, and .89 for scales. Scale internal consistency averaged .87. Post-treatment scores differed significantly from pre-treatment scores on all scales, indicating that treatment produced positive changes in impact of weight on quality of life. The results of the second study indicate that the impact of weight generally worsened as the patients' size increased. However for women there was no association between BMI and impact of weight on Self-Esteem and Sexual Life. Even at the lowest BMI tertile studied, women reported that weight had a substantial impact in these areas. There were also significant gender differences, with women showing greater impact of weight on Self-Esteem and Sexual Life compared with men. The impact of age was a bit surprising, with some areas showing positive changes and others showing no change.     

The effects of improvement of upland, marginal grasslands on the breeding success of Lapwings Vanellus vanellus and other waders

Data on the breeding success of Lapwings Vanellus vanellus on unimproved and improved grassland, with comparative data for arable land, were obtained from a study on 760 Lapwing clutches. The study was undertaken in the Eden Valley, Cumbria, and Teesdale, Co. Durham, between 1985 and 1987. First clutches were larger on unimproved grassland with a mean of 3.73 eggs compared to 3.61 eggs on improved grassland. In contrast, replacement clutches were larger on improved areas (3.90 eggs) than on unimproved (3.47 eggs). On average, 40% of eggs laid on unimproved pastures hatched compared to only 17% on improved pastures. No significant difference in hatching success was found between unimproved and improved meadows with 32% and 22% of eggs hatching, respectively. Overall, 73% of unsuccessful first clutches were replaced on unimproved pastures, whereas on meadows and improved pastures combined, only 32% were replaced. Survival of small chicks was highest on unimproved areas. Production on unimproved areas was sufficient to replace adult losses and so maintain numbers, whereas on improved land production was too low to maintain existing breeding densities. Hatching success on unimproved areas was similar for the four species of wader considered. On improved areas, Redshank hatching success was relatively high, with 54% of pairs producing chicks, compared to 35% for Lapwing and 23% for Curlew.     

The spreading of monolayers of myosin

The spreading of the muscle proteins myosin and actomyosin depends both on the salt solution in which the proteins are dissolved and on the solution on which they are spread. The spreading is more complete the lower the concentration of the salt solution in which the proteins are dissolved and the higher the salt concentration of the solutions on which the proteins are spread. This effect seems to be due partially to the difference in density allowing the spread droplets a longer life on the surface, and partially to the effect of salt on the charge of the protein. A change in the pH of the substrate has a smaller effect than a change in the salt concentration. Heavy metals like Cu⁺⁺ or Zn⁺⁺, inhibit spreading almost completely. The dependence of spreading on these salts and on time was investigated in detail.The effect of the different salts was also compared with the effect of different phosphate compounds. It was noted that the above substances, including the different salts, phosphate compounds, and heavy metals, affect the mechanism of spreading but not films already spread. The viscosity of these fibrillar proteins was compared with other proteins in the monomolecular film state and in myosin an unusually high viscosity was found.     

The influence of temperature and length of time of storage of frog mucus samples

Frozen, stored mucus has been extensively used for transport studies but there is no clear evidence of the influence that the temperature and length of time of storage may have on the results. We stored frog mucus samples at -20 and -80 degrees C and analysed them on days zero, 2, 10, 30 and 90. At each temperature, a sample was thawed, studied and refrozen on each of the study days, at the same time that one sample was thawed only on the study day. Displacement in a simulated cough machine and on the frog palate, as well as contact angle measurements, were determined for the mucus samples on each study day. Mucus cytologic analyses on each of the study days were done with special regard to neutrophil counts and cell integrity. Friedman analysis of variance did not show any difference between the different periods of storage and the two temperatures for any of the parameters studied. The medians for the relative transport velocity on the frog palate varied between 0.88 and 1.03, for the contact angle between 21 and 28 degrees, and for the displacement in the simulated cough machine between 58 and 95 mm over the 90 days of the experiment. There were no cytologic alterations compatible with cell degeneration. We conclude that the storage of frog mucus either at -20 or -80 degrees C for periods up to 90 days does not lead to any significant differences in mucus transportability.     

Displays of individually-typological features of animals and the person at a choice of strategy of goal-direction behavior

In work the hypothesis according to which different forms of goal-directed behavior develop depending on the basis of the undervaluation/supervaluation of reinforcement by brain abilities at the conditions of its achievement uncertainty. From these positions such opposite biological characteristics of the subject, as impulsiveness/self-control, care/propensity to risk on which basis there are individually typological features in behavior of the person and animals are considered. In the article, our experimental data on animals and the persons by behavioral techniques and results of last years on research of neural networks of animal cortical and subcortical brain structures depending on the strategy in choice behavior are also analyzed.