土壤动物多样性的地理分布及其生态功能研究进展

土壤动物多样性地理分布及其生态功能研究已成为地学和生态学等领域共同关注的科学前沿。本文在介绍相关研究最新进展的基础上, 讨论已有研究的局限性或不确定性, 展望未来研究的重点方向。近10年来, 代表性土壤动物类群的全球分布研究取得突破性进展; 国内土壤动物研究的尺度和采样区域也有明显拓展, 尤其在蚯蚓和线虫相关研究上取得了系列成果。结果表明, 土壤动物多样性随纬度的变化模式主要有两种, 即在低纬度的热带最高或在中纬度的温带最高; 而土壤动物多度与多样性可能同步变化、无明显关系、截然不同甚至相反; 降水、植物生产力和土壤有机质是土壤动物分布格局的关键驱动力, 但它们的影响力因土壤动物类群不同而异。土壤动物具有改善土壤物理结构、促进养分循环和有机碳稳定、提高作物健康水平等多重功能; 土壤动物的多功能性评估方兴未艾, 但仍面临诸多挑战。简单分析土壤动物随经纬度等的变化规律存在较大局限性, 考虑在基于地质-生态历史及“经纬度-海拔-离海岸距离”等构建的多维时空框架内, 探究土壤动物分布特征及其驱动力。土壤动物分布格局对其潜在的生态功能有关键影响, 但是目前对土壤动物分布格局的预测和模拟仍主要依靠经验模型; 代谢生态学等理论在土壤动物群落研究中的应用值得关注。探究分类多样性的冗余机制, 突出功能多样性, 可以将生物多样性与生态功能更好地联系起来; 同时, 需要在特定条件和时空下, 从整个土壤食物网及其与植物的联系中理解土壤动物多样性与多功能性的联系。建议未来关注两个研究方向: (1)量化人类活动和气候变化给土壤动物多样性和生态功能带来的巨大不确定性; (2)完善土壤动物群落特征预测的理论框架和开展土壤动物群落的精准调控, 综合评价其多功能性, 进而将土壤动物与人类福祉更紧密地联系起来。     

关于广西崇左地区早更新世的三次生物事件

在广西崇左地区已发现4个早更新世的哺乳动物群,从老到新分别是:鲤鱼山百孔洞动物群(距今约200万年);泊岳山的巨猿洞动物群(距今约180万年);三合大洞动物群(距今约120万年);以及缺缺洞动物群(早于距今100万年)。事件6距今约260万年,应出现在百孔洞动物群之前,为步氏巨猿的最低层位事件(The Gigantopithecus blacki LSD)。事件7距今约190万年,应当出现在泊岳山的巨猿洞动物群和百孔洞动物群之间,为武陵山大熊猫的最低层位事件(The Ailuropoda wulingshanensis LSD)。事件8距今约100万年,应出现在缺缺洞动物群的末尾,为中华乳齿象的最高层位事件(The Sinomastodon HSD)。生物事件有规律地出现在寒冷期的末尾,或温暖期的开始。     

土壤动物与N素循环及对N沉降的响应

以主要的生态过程之一——N循环为对象,论述了土壤动物不仅对凋落物的分解有重要影响,而且在N素矿化和植物对N的吸收过程中也起着重要作用。同时,日益严重的全球变化问题之一——N沉降对土壤动物的多样性及其在生态系统中的功能构成了极大的威胁。另还对土壤动物与N循环研究的方法、土壤动物在N循环过程中的作用机制、热带地区的需求及N沉降下土壤动物的响应作了探讨,并提出,开展大尺度的专类研究及长期定位研究成为下一步研究的需要。     

辽东山区次生林生态系统大、中型土壤动物组成与季节动态

土壤动物是次生林生态系统的重要组成成分.为探讨次生林生态系统不同林型对大、中型土壤动物群落结构特征的影响,于2007年对东部山区次生林生态系统中5个主要林型的土壤动物群落进行了观测和分析.共获取土壤动物36210只,分别隶属于2门8纲32目.优势类群为真螨目(Acariformes)和弹尾目(Collembola).分析结果表明:(1)人工林大、中型土壤动物类群数和个体数波动大于次生林;(2)除落叶松人工林外,其他林型大、中型土壤动物生物量在7月份达到最大值;(3)除胡桃楸林外,其他林型大、中型土壤动物多样性在9月份达到最大值.结果表明,次生林较人工林土壤动物群落在生长季中波动范围小、多样性高.     

内蒙古赤峰初头朗早更新世哺乳动物群的新材料及二元相似性分析

出土于内蒙古赤峰初头朗小南山地点的哺乳动物化石新材料有直隶犬(Canis chihliensis),泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodonta nihowanensis),中国长鼻三趾马(Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) sinense),三门马(Equus sanmeniensis),李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri),湖麂相似种(Muntiacus cf.M.lacustris),山西轴鹿(Axis shansius),布氏真枝角鹿(Eucladoceros boulei),翁氏转角羚羊(Spirocerus cf.S.wongi)及古中华野牛(Bison palaeosinensis).加上此前在初头朗东梁、东村北沟和东村南沟3个地点出土的标本,初头朗一带出土的哺乳动物化石种类增加到30个.初头朗4个地点的哺乳动物化石产自同一层位,属于同一个动物群.根据动物群的二元相似性系数,初头朗动物群在组成上最接近狭义泥河湾动物群.综合Brainerd-Robinson排序结果、动物群古老系数和动物群中绝灭种类的百分比,初头朗动物群的时代介于狭义泥河湾动物群和柳城巨猿洞动物群之间;而根据与相关动物群年龄值的对比,初头朗动物群的年龄值约在1.4-1.6 Ma之间.初头朗动物群中的食肉目种类有1 1个,但大多为小型种类.奇蹄目和偶蹄目种类的总和占动物群总数的一半,大多为体型较大的种类.该动物群中的嫩食者和林柄者指示当时存在一定范围的森林和林地;而动物群中的粗食者及开阔地栖息者指示当时存在面积较大的草原和草甸.初头朗动物群的大部分种类是喜温动物,喜冷种类只有鼠兔和披毛犀,因此当时的气候与现今大致相同.在地理位置上初头朗动物群是我国最靠北和最靠东的早更新世动物群,因此可以推荐为东北地区的早更新世哺乳动物群典型地点.     

呼伦贝尔草地风蚀沙化土壤动物对环境退化的响应

为揭示草地沙化过程中土壤动物与土壤环境要素的相互关系,采用野外调查和实验室检测相结合的方法,对呼伦贝尔沙化草地不同沙化阶段土壤有机质、水解氮、速效磷、土壤水分含量、pH值,以及土壤动物群落结构、种群密度、多样性等进行了比较研究.共获得土壤动物4门6纲12目,优势类群中小型土壤动物仅线虫目1类,占总捕获量的94.3%;大型土壤动物为鞘翅目和半翅目2类,占总捕获量的79.7%.随草地沙化程度的不断加剧,土壤动物类群数量、种群密度、多样性和均匀性均呈明显递减趋势,严重沙化草地土壤中的土壤动物完全消失.回归分析表明,呼伦贝尔不同沙化阶段草地0～20cm土层土壤动物密度与土壤养分含量、土壤含水量、pH值及地表枯落物量呈显著线性相关,说明土壤动物群落对沙化草地土壤环境的改变较敏感.     

不同郁闭度控制下马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林土壤动物群落特征

采用郁闭度控制方法,形成马尾松人工林郁闭度梯度(0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9)试验样地,研究不同郁闭度下土壤动物群落特征。运用手捡法、Tullgren法和Baermann法进行土壤动物群落调查。结果显示,1)共捕获土壤动物8 860只,隶属于4门11纲25目111科,其中大型土壤动物589只,以蜚蠊、疣和康叭为优势类群;中小型土壤动物8271只,以等节和丽甲螨为优势类群。2)大型土壤动物以杂食性为主,杂食性在0.9郁闭度显著增加,捕食性显著减少;中小型土壤动物以菌食和腐食性为主,腐食性土壤动物随郁闭度增大逐渐增加,菌食性逐渐减少。中小型捕食性土壤动物在郁闭度0.5—0.7显著增加,0.7—0.9无显著变化。3)大型土壤动物仅5—10 cm土层类群数在0.9郁闭度显著增加;中小型土壤动物总个体数及枯落物层个体数、5—10 cm土层类群数显著增加(0.5—0.7)后减少(0.7—0.9);中小型土壤动物总类群数在郁闭度0.5—0.6显著增加,枯落层类群数在郁闭度0.5—0.8显著增加,0.8—0.9显著减少。4)大型、中小型土壤动物多样性在土层中差异显著。中小型土壤动物Simpson优势度指数随郁闭度增大而减小,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数则显著增大,Margalef丰富度指数先显著增高(0.5—0.6)后趋于平稳(0.6—0.9);大型土壤动物Jaccard相似性指数低于中小型。5)CCA分析表明,不同类群土壤动物对环境因子响应不同,郁闭度、含水量、有机质及全P对土壤动物类群影响显著。研究表明,0.7郁闭度马尾松人工林下土壤动物优势度、丰富度适中,林下植被恢复情况较好,该郁闭度可能更有利于土壤动物多样性和群落稳定性。     

全球变化对土壤动物多样性的影

陆地生态系统由地上和地下两部分组成,二者相互作用共同影响生态系统过程和功能.土壤动物在生物地球化学循环方面起着重要作用.随着人们对土壤动物在生态系统过程中重要性的认识,越来越多的研究表明全球变化对土壤动物多样性产生深刻影响.土地利用方式的改变、温度增加和降雨格局的改变能直接影响土壤动物多样性.CO₂浓度和氮沉降的增加主要通过影响植物群落结构、组成和化学成分对土壤动物多样性产生间接影响.不同环境因子之间又能相互作用共同影响土壤动物多样性.了解全球变化背景下不同驱动因子及其交互作用对土壤动物多样性的影响,有助于更好地预测未来土壤动物多样性及相关生态学过程的变化.     

Faunal relationships and zoogeographical affinities of mammals in north-west Africa

The nonmarine mammal fauna of the Maghreb region of north‐west Africa is related to that from three potential source areas: the northern Palaearctic (Europe and south‐west Asia; here referred to as the European fauna), subsaharan Africa (the African fauna) and the arid Palaearctic (Sahara Desert: the desert fauna). On the basis of geographical distribution patterns, this fauna divisible into two groups: the bats, whose affinities are most closely related to southern Europe and south‐west Asia, and nonflying species, most closely related to subsaharan Africa but with an appreciable northern Palaearctic element. These affinities are even more pronounced if desert fauna are removed from the analysis. The nonflying European fauna probably colonized via south‐west Asia and north Africa, rather than direct from western Europe. The results demonstrate that terrestrial habitat barriers are less of an impediment to dispersal, for all mammals except bats, than even narrow stretches of water. The fauna of the Maghreb may be undergoing faunal relaxation, following immigration from tropical Africa and south‐west Asia during mesic phases in the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene.     

Ecological and biogeographical characteristics of butterflies (Lepidoptera,Rhopalocera) of Vietnam

The lowland butterfly fauna in Vietnam is more diversified whereas the mountain fauna is more specific and contains more endemic taxa. The lowland areas have significantly higher levels of species richness (51–86%) as compared to the mountainous areas (25–66%). The aspect of the fauna shows a well-developed seasonality, with higher species diversity during the dry period and in the transitional period between the dry and rainy seasons. The butterfly fauna of Vietnam should be regarded not as a transitional one between the faunas of the Holarctic and Indo-Malayan Regions, but as one of the principal faunas of the Indo-Malayan Region, constituting the core of the Indo-Burmese fauna and including representatives of the neighboring faunistic centers.     

红松阔叶混交林凋落叶、土壤动物、土壤的微量元素含量

对小兴安岭凉水国家自然保护区红松阔叶混交林的凋落叶、土壤动物、土壤中微量元素含量进行了分析.结果表明, 3种微量元素在凋落叶、土壤动物和土壤中含量排序均为Mn＞Zn＞Cu.不同环境组分中的微量元素含量不同.其中,Mn的含量为土壤＞凋落叶＞土壤动物;Zn的含量为土壤动物＞凋落叶、土壤;Cu的含量为土壤动物＞土壤＞凋落叶.阔叶凋落叶中微量元素变化幅度大于针叶凋落叶.不同土壤动物对不同元素的富集能力不同,蚯蚓体内Mn含量最高,蜈蚣体内Zn含量最高,而马陆体内Cu含量最高.土壤动物体内微量元素的含量均与环境本底值、凋落物分解速度、土壤动物食性以及对微量元素的选择性吸收和富集作用等有关.3种微量元素在土壤中的含量均是土壤层(5～20 cm)大于腐殖质层(0～5 cm),不同土层中微量元素的动态变化不同.     

Faunal associations of the Rhopalocera of japan

The associations of the butterfly fauna of the Japanese islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Ryukyu Rett are analysed with respect to one another and to the fauna of the far-east U.S.S.R. A faunal discontinuity exists between the fauna of Ryukyu Rett and all other areas. The fauna of Ryukyu Rett can be considered as being of the Oriental region, the faunas of the other Japanese islands as being of the Palaearctic region. This view was reinforced with conclusions drawn from MacArthus&Wilson's theory of island biogeography (1963, 1967). The divergence of die faunas of the Japanese islands is dependent on their isolation - the further the distance between islands, the greater the isolation and the greater the faunal divergence. Thus the fauna of all silands of Japan, except of the Ryukyu Rett, have a close association with the far-east Russian fauna. There is a greater similarity between these faunas than between the fauna of the islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku with respect to that of Ryukyu Rett.     

珠江口及邻近海域大型底栖动物多样性随盐度、水深的变化趋势

利用2006年7-8月(夏季)、2007年4-5月(春季)和2007年10-12月(秋季)珠江丰水期、平水期和枯水期3个航次在南中国海北部珠江口附近海域4条由河口、近岸到深水区调查断面的数据, 研究大型底栖动物多样性由河口-近岸-深水的变化趋势及与环境因子的关系。春季、夏季和秋季分别获得大型底栖动物273、256和148种, 各季节均以环节动物种类最多, 节肢动物次之。大型底栖动物种类数、丰度、生物量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均由河口向近岸海域升高, 再由近岸向外海深水区降低。Pielou均匀度深水区最高, 其次为近岸。河口和深水区大型底栖动物k-优势度曲线位于近岸浅水域曲线之上, 表明生物多样性由河口向近岸升高, 而由近岸向深水则降低。大型底栖动物与环境因子Pearson相关性分析表明, 春、秋季大型底栖动物种类数、丰度和生物量与水深呈显著的负相关, 秋季种类多样性指数和均匀度也与水深呈显著的负相关性, 而夏季仅生物量与水深呈显著的负相关; 春、秋季大型底栖动物种类数、生物量、丰度、多样性指数和种类均匀度与盐度的相关性不显著, 但是夏季大型底栖动物种类数、丰度、多样性指数和种类均匀度与盐度呈显著正相关。单位面积(0.2 m²)内, 珠江口及邻近海域大型底栖动物在近岸浅水区较深水区和河口生物多样性高, 且生物量丰富。     

吉林青山头遗址哺乳动物群及其地质时代

近年来在吉林省前郭县青山头第四纪地层中陆续发现了旧石器时代晚期的人类化石、新时器时代早期的人类遗骸和大量文化遗物及共生的动物群。本文着重讨论该遗址的两个不同哺乳动物群的性质及时代,这将对确定该区更新世与全新世地层界线、探索猛犸象-披毛犀动物群后期的演化提供了新的资料。     

Analysis of insect distribution in the Northern Hemisphere by the example of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera,Arctiidae). 2. Species level

An attempt is made to apply cluster analysis to comparison of local faunas in the Northern Hemisphere at the species level by the example of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). A total of 200 North African, Eurasian (New Guinea inclusive), and North American (north of the United Mexican States) local faunas have been considered. It is found that the circumarctic fauna is clearly separated from the Palearctic and Nearctic ones, being closer to the former only at the level of genera. Therefore, it is not reasonable to recognize the united European-Canadian subprovince of the boreal belt according to the tiger moth faunas. The Palearctic tiger moth fauna is characterized by relatively smooth variations within the boreal, subboreal, and western subtropical belts. The fauna gradually changes from the Amur catchment area to South China, Himalayas, and India so that all fauna types of these regions are closely related to one another and, to a lesser extent, to equatorial fauna types of Southeast Asia islands. The boundary between the Palearctic and Oriental (Indo-Malayan) provinces should be drawn north of the Yangtze catchment area. The most dramatic fauna change at the species level takes place between North China and the Yangtze catchment, and at the genus level, between Northern and Northeastern China. It is reasonable to establish a broad transition area between the two zoogeographic provinces in Eastern Asia. On the grounds of the nonuniform tiger moth fauna, the South Chinese-East Himalayan subprovince should be assigned to the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) province rather than the Palearctic one, as was repeatedly proposed. The Southwest-Asian fauna (Arabian Peninsula and southern Iran) is transitional between the Palearctic, African, and Oriental ones. Many African taxa penetrate to the west and south of the Arabian Peninsula, whereas Oriental and Paleotropical species penetrate to southern Iran. It is reasonable to elevate considerably the rank of the Quinghai-Tibet highland fauna by distinguishing its habitat as a separate zoogeographic subprovince, because the similarity between this fauna type and any other Palearctic fauna at the species level is much less than between temperate faunas of the Palearctic and Nearctic. The assignment of this fauna to the Palearctic is confirmed only at the genus level.     

Fauna of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus Latreille) in the mainland part of Arkhangelsk Region,NW Russia

The focus of this study is to present bumblebee fauna of Arkhangelsk Region (north-western Russia). This research is based on the museum collections and materials collected by the authors. Collecting localities and data of faunistic records are given in the species list. We include 34 species in the fauna of bumblebees of Arkhangelsk Region. The regional fauna is dominated by Transpalaearctic species. Bumblebee fauna in the study region has low specificity. The recent distribution of bumblebee species in the study region is a result of post-glacial immigration.     

轮伐期前后不同密度巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)人工林土壤动物群落结构特征

在前期巨桉(E.grandis)人工林土壤生物多样性在轮伐期前(4年左右)降低,此后随林龄显著升高的研究基础上,在四川省丹棱县选择轮伐期前即4年和轮伐期后即8年的不同密度(D1:2000, D2:1600, D3:1200株/hm~2)巨桉人工林,研究了其土壤动物群落结构特征。结果显示:1)共捕获土壤动物2904只,隶属于4门8纲22目70科,其中大型土壤动物541只,以蚁科和康叭科为优势类群;中小型土壤动物2363只,以大翼甲螨科、等节虫兆科和线虫为优势类群。2)土壤动物类群数、个体数和密度随林分密度和林龄具有显著差异,4年生林地大型土壤动物个体数随密度降低显著增加,8年生巨桉人工林中小型土壤动物个体数及类群数随密度降低均显著增加;土壤动物个体数及类群数除D1密度时4年高于8年,其余密度均表现为8年高于4年。3)林分密度对土壤动物多样性指数有显著影响,4年生林地大型土壤动物Margalef丰富度指数随密度降低显著增加,8年巨桉人工林中小型土壤动物Shannon-wiener指数及Margalef丰富度指数随密度降低显著升高。4)巨桉人工林大型土壤动物以杂食性为主,枯食性次之,中小型土壤动物以腐食性为主,杂食性次之。5)RDA分析显示,林分密度、土壤含水量和土壤pH为对土壤动物的主要作用环境因子,4年时对奥甲螨科、长角长虫兆科、寄螨科、隐翅甲科、丽甲螨科等类群影响较大;8年时对线虫、蜚蠊科、康叭科、厉螨科、棘虫兆科等类群影响较大。为此,延长轮伐期、降低林分密度可改善巨桉人工林土壤动物生境、增加土壤动物多样性、促进土壤动物群落结构稳定性。     

铜尾矿复垦地土壤动物群落的恢复

土壤动物在退化生态系统的恢复与重建中发挥着重要作用.为了解铜尾矿复垦地区土壤动物群落特征的变化规律,采用样带法和陷阱法对安徽铜陵市林冲铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林灌地土壤动物群落进行调查.样带法共获得土壤动物3 154只,隶属5门10纲,共计27个类群,优势类群为线虫纲、弹尾目和蜱螨目,常见类群为猛水蚤目和鞘翅目幼虫;陷阱法共获得土壤动物2 160只,主要有弹尾目、膜翅目、双尾目、蜘蛛目、倍足纲和寡毛纲等12类群.自铜尾矿复垦地中心到外围林灌地,土壤动物密度和丰度呈递增趋势;与外围林灌地相比,铜尾矿复垦地土壤动物群落多样性DG指数较低而Shannon-Wiener指数较高;与外围林灌地距离越大,与外围林灌地群落相似性系数越小;表聚性越明显.地表土壤动物从外围林灌地迁入铜尾矿复垦地的多度和丰富度随间隔距离的增加而不断减少,随调查时间的延长而增加,随外围林灌类型的变化而变化.上述结果表明,铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林灌地土壤动物群落之间具有明显的时空差异性和渐变性,这为外围林灌地土壤动物迁入铜尾矿复垦地定居提供了证据.     

陕西蓝田地区第四纪哺乳动物群的划分

<正> 陕西蓝田地区的新生代地层保存得非常完好,各个时代的地层,几乎都有其代表,并发现了丰富的哺乳动物化石。在第四纪地层中,特别具有意义的是公王岭及陈家窝分别发现了蓝田人头盖骨及下颌骨,一些地区还发现了旧石器,更进一步证实这一地区在第四     

Adequacy of terrestrial fauna surveys for the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments in the mining industry of Western Australia

Summary   The Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority has indicated that terrestrial fauna surveys undertaken for the purpose of preparing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are providing inadequate information for decision-makers to assess development impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems. This study examined the current standard of terrestrial vertebrate fauna surveys undertaken as the basis for preparing an EIA. In the absence of a protocol to assess current standards of terrestrial fauna surveys, 'best practice' was defined and quantified through consultation with an 'expert panel'. Data from fauna surveys contained in 15 recent EIA reports from the Goldfields region of Western Australia were critically examined to determine the extent of compliance with 'best practice'. The majority of surveys performed poorly against the established criteria. A few reports addressed many of the issues comprehensively, however, at least 50% failed to mention or adequately address a high proportion of criteria considered essential, including searches of government databases, detection of rare/endangered fauna and multiseasonal sampling. All reports failed to employ sufficient trapping effort at both the biotope and landscape scales to adequately assess terrestrial vertebrate fauna biodiversity. These results indicate the need to redress minimum standards for terrestrial fauna surveys in order to meet the expectations of the EIA process.