大气有机氮沉降研究进展

大气氮素沉降是全球氮素生物地球化学循环的一个重要部分,包括干?湿沉降两种,以无机态和有机态形式发生沉降。长期以来由于受研究方法的限制,国际上对大气氮素沉降的研究多集中在无机态氮的沉降上,忽视了对有机态氮形式发生的沉降,因而造成了人们对大气氮素沉降总量的低估。在全面总结国内外文献的基础上,综述了大气有机态氮沉降的研究进展,具体包括大气有机氮的来源、种类?雨水有机氮的测定方法?有机氮沉降对大气氮沉降总量(氮沉降总量=无机氮沉降 有机氮沉降)的贡献,以及有机氮沉降可能的生态效应等。最后,指出了今后我国大气有机氮沉降研究需要加强的主要方面。     

西藏林芝大气有机氮沉降

2005～2007年,利用雨量器在西藏林芝地区定点采集雨样,研究了该地区降雨中有机氮浓度、沉降量的月、季动态变化.结果表明:西藏林芝地区雨水有机氮月均浓度和沉降量分别为0.21 mg/L和0.50 kg/hm2.不同月份比较,监测期内,2006年7、8月份有机氮浓度平均为1.26 mg/L,明显高于其它年份同时期水平.2007年各月有机氮浓度在0.15～0.53 mg/L之间,变化幅度较小.不同季节内,有机氮浓度差异不大,春\,夏季较高,浓度变化受降雨量影响较小.有机氮湿沉降量与降雨量呈线性正相关,3a的相关系数分别为0.46(p=0.019)、0.69(p=0.001)、0.77(p=0.001).各月沉降量差异较大,2006年6、7两个月有机氮输入量明显偏高,月均达到1.32 kg/hm2,2007年有机氮沉降主要集中在6、7、9月份3个月.四季有机氮沉降量与降雨量呈线性正相关,相关系数0.99(p=0.01).四季中,夏季沉降量最高,为0.93 kg/hm2,占全年的46%.在整个监测期内,有机氮占雨水总氮的比例平均为62%,是大气氮沉降的重要组分.     

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus net mineralization in organic horizons of temperate forests: stoichiometry and relations to organic matter quality

The rates of mineralization processes influence C sequestration and soil fertility, but despite their importance for ecosystem functioning, C, N and P net mineralization rates are seldom investigated together. Hence, we studied the relationships between net mineralization rates and organic matter stoichiometry in an 8-week incubation experiment with Oi, Oe and Oa horizon material of six beech, one spruce and one pine site. We determined C, N and P net mineralization rates, organic C quality and C:N:P stoichiometry. Net N mineralization only occurred below molar organic matter C:N ratios of 40 (Oi) or 28 (Oa) and N:P ratios of 42 (Oi) or 60 (Oa), and increased with decreasing C:N and N:P ratios. Net P mineralization only occurred below C:P ratios of 1400 (Oi) and N:P ratios of 40 (Oi), and increased with decreasing C:P and N:P ratios. Net N and P mineralization were strongly positively correlated with each other (r = 0.64, p < 0.001), whereas correlations of both net N and net P mineralization with C mineralization were weak. The average C:N:P stoichiometry of net mineralization was 620:4:1 (beech, Oi), 15,350:5:1 (coniferous, Oi), 1520:8:1 (Oe) and 2160:36:1 (Oa). On average, ratios of C:N net mineralization were higher, and ratios of N:P net mineralization lower than organic matter C:N and N:P ratios. This difference contributed to the decrease of C:N ratios and increase of N:P ratios from the Oi to the Oa horizons. In conclusion, the study shows that C, N and P net mineralization rates were closely correlated with the organic matter stoichiometry and that these correlations were modified by the degree of decomposition of the organic matter.     

Total inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen by wet deposition into Lake Taihu, China

Lake Taihu suffers from eutrophication caused by riverine nutrient inputs and air deposition. To characterize wet deposition of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) to the lake, precipitation collection and measurements of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) and other components at five cities around Lake Taihu were made from July 2002 to June 2003. TP and TN concentrations and deposition rates exhibited strong spatial variation in the whole catchment. An inverse correlation between station-averaged TP and TN concentrations and precipitation amount was found. Maximal TP concentration in rainfall was found in Suzhou, and maximal TN in Wuxi. However, highest wet deposition rates of TP and TN were found in Suzhou, which suggests that atmospheric nutrients are mostly from the east and northwest area of Lake Taihu. Mean TP and TN deposition rates were 0.03 and 2.0 t km⁻² year⁻¹ respectively in Lake Taihu, which are greater than reported values in other areas by comparision. Total N and P contributed to the lake by wet deposition were 75 and 4720 t per year, respectively, which represent about 7.3% and 16.5% of total annual N and P inputs via inflow rivers. Wet deposition, especially N, could have significant effects on eutrophication in the lake, which shows that air deposition should be taken into account while reducing the external nutrients in the lake.     

黄土区降水降尘输入农田土壤中的氮素评估

随着人类活动引起大气活性氮的急剧增加,大气氮沉降亦明显增加,由此引发的各生态系统的响应也逐渐表现出来.研究黄土区氮沉降,对农业生态系统的氮素循环与平衡提供一定的数据支持,同时为农民科学合理施肥提供依据,为研究氮沉降的环境生态效应和生物有效性提供科学支撑.用APS-2A型降水降尘自动采样器对陕西杨凌和洛川地区2006～2007年的降水降尘输入氮总量、月动态变化及各形态N的贡献率进行了监测与分析.结果显示杨凌点2006年总降雨量为507.8 mm,总N沉降通量为20.6 kg/(hm2·a),其中N湿沉降通量为19.1 kg/(hm2·a),占93%;降尘输入的N通量为1.5 kg/(hm2·a),占7%.总N沉降通量中NO-3-N为7.3 kg/(hm2·a),占36%.洛川点2006年6月～2007年5月总降雨量为579.5 mm,总N沉降通量为12.7 kg/(hm2·a),其中N湿沉降通量为11.4 kg/(hm2·a),占90%;降尘输入N的通量为1.2 kg/(hm2·a),占10% .总N沉降通量中NO-3-N为8.7kg/(hm2·a),占69%.两个点N沉降通量和氮素形态的差异在很大程度上反映了活性N主要来自人为活动,即农业生产排放的活性N.     

Hierarchical responses of plant stoichiometry to nitrogen deposition and mowing in a temperate steppe

Background and aims

Stoichiometric relations drive powerful constraints on many ecosystem processes. However, our understanding of the hierarchical responses of plant C:N:P stoichiometry at different levels of biological organization to global change factors remains limited.

Methods

we examined the plant C:N:P stoichiometric responses to N deposition and mowing (hay making) at both species- and community-level by carrying out a 4-year field experiment in the temperate steppe of northern China.

Results

Our results showed that N addition and mowing resulted in higher plant N concentrations, lower C:N, and higher N:P at both species- and community-level. Mowing had a limited negative influence on the effects of N addition. We observed divergent responses of both plant P concentrations and C:P to N addition at species-level and community-level: N addition led to higher plant P and lower C:P at species-level, but this effect was not observed at the community-level.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that stoichiometric responses at community-level to N addition and mowing diverge from more traditionally examined species-specific responses. Our results suggest that the hierarchical responses of plant stoichiometry to anthropogenic disturbance deserves more attention when we model the interactions of terrestrial ecosystem C, N, and P cycling under scenarios of increasing N availability concomitantly occurring with active land management.     

丹江口水库淅川库区大气氮湿沉降特征

大气氮沉降是除河流输入外水库水体重要的外源氮输入途径。以丹江口水库淅川库区为研究区,于2018年11月至2019年10月在库区周边设置了6个采样点,采集并分析了库区大气氮湿沉降样品,探讨氮湿沉降的时空分布特征以及对水库水体外源氮输入的贡献。研究结果表明,研究区大气氮湿沉降量为24.21 kg hm^-2 a^-1,其中氨氮占比（47.45％）为最大,有机氮占比（36.34％）次之,硝氮占比（16.21％）最小。硝氮湿沉降量在空间上表现出显著差异性。氨氮、有机氮湿沉降量的季节差异显著,氨氮是以夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低,而有机氮是以秋季最高,夏季次之,冬季最低。氨氮、硝氮、有机氮湿沉降量之间存在显著相关性,氨氮、有机氮湿沉降量与降水量之间存在显著相关性。总氮、氨氮湿沉降量分别为1321.98 t/a和627.34 t/a,分别占河流总氮、氨氮入库量的10.82％、34.85％。研究结果可为探索有针对性的库区水体氮污染控制途径提供重要理论基础。     

Nitrogen dynamics and phytoplankton community structure: the role of organic nutrients

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is recognised as an important N source for phytoplankton. However, its relative importance for phytoplankton nutrition and community composition has not been studied comprehensively. This study, conducted in a typical Scottish fjord, representative of near-pristine coastal environments, evaluates the utilisation of DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) by different microbial size fractions and the relationship of phytoplankton community composition with DON and other parameters. The study demonstrated that DON was important in supporting phytoplankton throughout the yearly production cycle. The higher-than-expected urea uptake rates and large fraction of the spring bloom production supported by DON suggested that organic N not only contributes to regenerated production and to the nutrition of the small phytoplankton fraction, but can also contribute substantially to new production of the larger phytoplankton in coastal waters. Multivariate statistical techniques revealed two phytoplankton assemblages with peaks in abundance at different times of the year: a spring group dominated by Skeletonema spp., Thalassiosira spp., and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. group delicatissima; and a summer/autumn group dominated by Chaetoceros spp., Scrippsiella spp., and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. group seriata. The multivariate pattern in community composition and abundance of these taxa was significantly correlated with the multivariate pattern of DON, urea, dissolved free amino acids, DIN, temperature, salinity, and daylength, with daylength and urea being particularly important, suggesting both physical and chemical controls on community composition.     

Stable soil nitrogen accumulation and flexible organic matter stoichiometry during primary floodplain succession

Large increases in nitrogen (N) inputs to terrestrial ecosystems typically have small effects on immediate N outputs because most N is sequestered in soil organic matter. We hypothesized that soil organic N storage and the asynchrony between N inputs and outputs result from rapid accumulation of N in stable soil organic pools. We used a successional sequence on floodplains of the Tanana River near Fairbanks, Alaska to assess rates of stable N accumulation in soils ranging from 1 to 500+ years old. One-year laboratory incubations with repeated leaching separated total soil N into labile (defined as inorganic N leached) and stable (defined as total minus labile N) pools. Stable N pools increased faster (2 g N m^–2 yr^–1) than labile N (0.4 g N m^–2 yr^–1) pools during the first 50 years of primary succession; labile N then plateaued while stable and total N continued to increase. Soil C pools showed similar trends, and stable N was correlated with stable C (r² = 0.95). From 84 to 95 % of soil N was stable during our incubations. Over successional time, the labile N pool declined as a proportion of total N, but remained large on an aerial basis (up to 38 g N m^–2). The stoichiometry of stable soil N changed over successional time; C:N ratios increased from 10 to 22 over 275 years (r² = 0.69). A laboratory ¹⁵N addition experiment showed that soils had the capacity to retain much more N than accumulated naturally during succession. Our results suggest that most soil N is retained in a stable organic pool that can accumulate rapidly but is not readily accessible to microbial mineralization. Because stable soil organic matter and total ecosystem organic matter have flexible stoichiometry, net ecosystem production may be a poor predictor of N retention on annual time scales.     

茯苓碳氮磷化学计量学特征

为探明茯苓的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征,采集了云南省11个州、市42个居群的茯苓样本,分析了其菌核与表皮中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的化学计量特征.结果 表明:茯苓菌核中C、N、P的含量分别为40.24％-43.58％、0.176％-0.532％和0.020％-0.077％;C∶N、C∶P和N∶P的范围分别为93....     

上海地区大气氮湿沉降及其对湿地水环境的影响

根据1998～2003年上海地区雨水中NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N浓度,采用单因子评估模式评价了降雨对湿地水环境的影响,并结合降雨量数据,研究了大气湿沉降氮通量.结果表明,上海地区雨水中氮浓度较高,6年雨水平均硝态氮浓度为259 mg·L^-1,铵态氮浓度为2.16 mg·L^-1,总无机氮（TIN）浓度474 mg·L^-1,远大于水体富营养水中氮浓度阀值（0.2 mg·L^-1）,依据降水中的氮浓度,降水已达到地表水V类、劣V类水平.6年湿沉降氮通量平均值为58.1 kg·hm^-2·yr^-1,其中NO₃^--N占54%.大气氮沉降对湿地水体富营养化影响值得关注.     

重庆典型地区大气湿沉降氮的时空变化

验连续3a采集雨样研究了重庆市郊区和林区大气湿沉降氮的时空变化.结果表明,重庆市近郊区、远郊区和林区3个采样点雨水总氮浓度范围为(3.94±0.50)～(4.56±1.01)mg L-1,平均(4.27±0.73)mg L-1.NH+4-N、NO-3-N和DON占TN百分比例分别为44.9%、27.4%和27.5%.降雨中NH+4-N对氮沉降量的贡献率最大.在时间尺度上,不同季节降雨中氮浓度呈现明显的季节性差异,以冬季最高,依次是夏季、春季和秋季.在空间分布上,近郊区、远郊区和林区的TN平均浓度分别为4.56 mg L-1、4.32 mg L-1和3.94 mg L-1,从近郊区到林区有逐渐降低的趋势.降雨中的NH+4-N、NO-3-N、DON和TN浓度与降雨量无显著相关性.但是,降雨量与氮沉降量呈显著正相关.大气氮湿沉降时空差异与降雨量和氮排放直接相关.重庆市随降雨到达地面的氮沉降量较高,远远超过了水体负荷的临界值,可能对三峡库区的水资源产生不利影响.     

峨眉冷杉幼苗叶片功能特征及其N、P化学计量比对模拟大气氮沉降的响应

通过人工施氮模拟大气氮沉降,研究了施氮对峨眉冷杉(Abies fabiri)幼苗叶片功能特征、氮和磷含量及其化学计量比的影响,以及幼苗对氮素的积累效应。结果表明:经过2个生长季节的施氮处理(2009年和2010年,N2)幼苗的总生物量、叶干重、叶重比、叶片氮和磷含量及其N:P分别高于对照处理11.29%、46.70%、41.40%、37.30%、22.33%和6.43%,而比叶面积则降低了6.61%,其中叶干重、叶重比和叶片氮含量与对照处理差异显著(P<0.05),N:P差异极显著(P<0.01),并且叶干重与叶片氮含量具有较强的线性相关;与经1个生长季节施氮处理(2009年,N1)的幼苗总生物量、叶干重、叶重比、比叶面积、叶片氮和磷含量及其N:P的比较分析表明,除叶重比和比叶面积外,其他指标N2均高于N1;人工施氮显著促进了幼苗叶片的生长,提高了叶片氮、磷含量及其N:P,但也反映幼苗生长仍受氮素限制,同时,峨眉冷杉幼苗具有氮素积累效应。     

马衔山不同海拔土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征

研究半干旱地区土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征,了解其空间变化规律,有助于揭示半干旱地区C、N、P循环对全球气候变化的响应。本研究以半干旱区的马衔山为对象,选择5个海拔的7个样地,采集0～15、15～30 cm层的土壤,测定其有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、pH、含水率等理化性质,分析其SOC、TN、TP化学计量与土壤理化因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1) 0～15 cm土壤SOC、TN、TP含量高于15～30 cm土壤。表层土壤SOC、TN含量随海拔升高呈增加趋势,TP含量随海拔升高变化较小。(2) C∶N随海拔增加呈先增加后降低趋势,C∶P、N∶P随海拔升高均呈增加趋势。(3)在0～15 cm土壤中,pH与SOC、TN含量及C∶P呈显著负相关,在15～30 cm土层中,pH与SOC、TN、TP含量及化学计量特征关系不显著;土壤含水率与0～15、15～30 cm层土壤中SOC、TN含量均呈极显著正相关。本研究显示,在半干旱区的马衔山地区,土壤含水率随海拔增加而增加,而SOC、TN含量及C∶P、N∶P也呈增加趋势,土壤养分含量及化学计量均受土壤含水率影响。     

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

TIP1 is a gene defined by an X-ray induced allele tip1–2 and a previously described EMS-induced allele tip1−1 . TIP1 is involved in plant cell growth. tip1–2 plants display growth defects throughout the plant and exhibit defects in both root-hair and pollen-tube growth. tip1–2 plants are partly male sterile resulting from a combination of pollen germination and pollen-tube defects; their root-hairs are short, exhibit a tendency to branch and 2–4 hairs can initiate from each hair cell. They are also slightly dwarf in stature as a result of a general decrease in cell growth indicating that TIP1 activity is required for general cell growth. We propose a role for TIP in both the initiation and maintenance of growth in tip-growing cells. In addition TIP1 activity is required for normal cell expansion (non-tip cell growth) indicating that TIP1 is not exclusively involved in tip-growth.     

Nitrogen outputs from fecal and urine deposition of small mammals: implications for nitrogen cycling

The contribution of small mammals to nitrogen cycling could have repercussions for the producer community in the maintaining or perhaps magnifying of nitrogen availability. Our objective was to model nitrogen outputs (deposition of feces and urine) of small mammals in an old-field ecosystem and estimate the amount of fecal and urinary nitrogen deposited annually. To address this objective, we used models from laboratory studies and combined these with data from field studies to estimate dietary nitrogen and monthly and annual nitrogen outputs from fecal and urine deposition of five rodent species. The models accounted for monthly fluctuations in density and biomass of small-mammal populations. We estimated that the minimal amount of nitrogen deposited by rodents was 1.0 (0.9–1.1) and 2.7 (2.6–2.9) kg Nha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from feces and urine, respectively, for a total contribution of 3.7 (3.5–4.0) kg Nha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) accounted for >75% of the total nitrogen output by small mammals. Our estimates of annual fecal and urinary nitrogen deposited by rodents were comparable to nitrogen deposits by larger herbivores and other nitrogen fluxes in grassland ecosystems and should be considered when assessing the potential effects of herbivory on terrestrial nitrogen cycles.     

稻田氮肥的氨挥发损失与稻季大气氮的湿沉降

通过田间小区与大田试验,对稻季期间氮肥的氨挥发损失和大气氮湿沉降状况进行了收集和监测。结果表明,每次施肥后的1～3日内氨挥发损失达到最大值,氨挥发损失受当地气候条件(如光照、温度、湿度、风速、降雨量)、施肥时期以及田面水的NH4^+-N浓度等因素的影响,大气氮湿沉降与施肥量和降雨量有关,稻季内由湿沉降带入土壤或地表水中的氮为7．51kg·hm^-2。其中,NH4^+-N的比例为39．8％～73.2％,平均为55．5％;稻季中总氨挥发量与湿沉降的NH4^+-N平均浓度和总沉降量的相关系数分别达到0．988和0．996,呈显著相关性。