老龄阔叶红松林下层木空间分布的生境关联分析

基于老龄阔叶红松林30 hm2(500 m×600 m)固定监测样地,分析了老龄阔叶红松林下层(1 cm≤DBH≤5 cm)14个主要树种(个体数>300)的空间分布与空间距离、地形因子及郁闭度之间关联性。结果显示:(1)14个种都显示出了聚集分布,绝大多数种呈现出了在小距离级上呈显著正空间自相关大距离级上呈现显著负空间自相关的趋势。(2)6个种显示与空间距离显著相关即存在本身的聚集效应,占被检验种的42.86%;7个种显示出与环境(地形、郁闭度)有显著相关性即存在显著的生境偏好,占50%。个体数大于1000的7优势种中有5个种空间分布与生境显著相关,5个种与空间距离显著相关。(3)色木槭、千金榆显示出了对低海拔、向阳坡生境类型的偏好,簇毛槭、花楷槭、毛榛显示出对高海拔、坡度陡、向阴坡生境类型的偏好。这表明,老龄阔叶红松林下层木多数树种为聚集分布,其聚集性的空间分布受生境及自身聚集效应的重要影响。多个树种对同种生境的偏好体现了植物利用资源的相似性和生态位的重叠,对不同生境的偏好体现了物种间的排斥性,这是长期适应不同微环境,利用不同空间资源的结果,也是生态位分离的反映。     

布哈河青海湖裸鲤鱼苗鱼卵的时空分布研究

2008年7月1日到10月7日,使用水文过河缆道及圆锥网接滤过式集苗器进行采样,对青海湖布哈河鱼类早期资源的时空分布进行了研究,以期了解青海湖裸鲤的自然繁殖状况,为其资源监测及生态保护提供基础性资料。结果表明:布哈河中鱼类早期资源种类单一,主要为青海湖裸鲤,采样期间有多次苗汛,主要苗汛出现于7月份,9月上旬仅有小规模苗汛;鱼苗平均密度3.17ind.·m^-3,最高达54ind.·m^-3;晚上鱼苗密度(22:00-22:10)与下午鱼苗密度(14:00-14:10)有显著性差异(df=98,P<0.05);青海湖裸鲤的鱼卵在上层平均密度为0.075ind.·m^-3,下层平均密度0.175ind.·m^-3,两者亦存在显著性差异(df=10,P<0.05);鱼苗的漂流运动主要集中在晚上;总体上看,鱼苗主要分布在河流上层,有近岸分布的趋势,而鱼卵则主要分布在河流下层,接近河流中央位置;鱼苗断面系数为0.43,鱼卵断面系数为2.32。     

奉贤近海仔鱼的分布及其与水环境的关系

根据2006年5月和8月在奉贤附近海域(30°32.40′N-30°49.8′N;121°25.2′E-121°54′E)进行的渔业资源、生态调查资料,对该水域仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量分布的季节变化及其与水环境的关系作了分析.结果表明:鲈形目和鲱形目出现的种类最多;春季种类组成复杂,结构相对夏季要稳定,种间分布较均匀;夏季优势种较春季突出,优势度较大, 数量较多,平面分布呈现由内侧向外侧的递减趋势;长江径流与外海水在外侧水域的南汇嘴处形成咸淡水交汇水域,环境稳定性较差,加之海域处于强潮流区,水沙运移频繁,对仔鱼平面分布产生影响;此海域沿岸地处化工区,水体污染严重,仔鱼的数量和种群减少.     

The influence of scale and geography on relationships between stream community composition and landscape variables: description and prediction

SUMMARY 1. We analysed an existing database of macroinvertebrates and fish in the context of a newly established geographical information system (GIS) of physical features to determine the relationships between stream community composition and physical factors measured at three landscape scales – catchment, reach and bedform. Both an exploratory (concordance analysis) and a predictive ( ausrivas ) approach were used.
2. The environmental variables that most successfully accounted for variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages were mainly 'natural' and at the catchment-scale (relief ratio, basin diameter, etc.) but the human-induced physical setting of percentage of pasture in the riparian zone was also influential. For fish, 'natural' variables were also dominant, but these were mostly at the bedform or reach scales and land use featured strongly.
3. Geographic location accounted for some of the variation in invertebrate assemblages, partly because geography and influential conditions/resources are correlated but also because different species may have evolved in different places and have not colonised every 'ecologically appropriate' location. Geographic location was not influential in accounting for variation in assemblages of strongly flying invertebrates, supporting the hypothesis that organisms having high dispersal potential can be expected to break down geographic barriers more readily than those with poor dispersal powers. In accord with what is known about the local evolution and restricted distributions of native and exotic species, history (reflected in geography) appeared to account for some variation in fish assemblages.
4. Given their different mathematical bases, the fact that exploratory and predictive analyses yielded similar results provides added confidence to our conclusions.     

Distribution of ichthyoplankton in the eastern Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan,in June and July of 2007

Comparison of the results of ichthyoplankton surveys conducted at 97 stations in the eastern part of the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan, in June–July 2007 with the similar research data of the 1950s shows that at present, as was the case 50 years ago, flatfish eggs belonging mainly to the yellowfin sole Limanda aspera and brown sole Pleuronectes herzensteini prevail in the local ichthyoplankton (up to 86%). The highest concentrations of these species’ eggs were recorded in the Vostok Bay and Strelok Bay. The spawning activity of flatfish in 2007 is found to be lower than in the mid 1900s, but the significance of the eastern part of the Peter the Great Bay for flatfish reproduction remains large. The importance of long-term monitoring in this area, which is being subjected to steadily growing anthropogenic impacts, is also proven.     

青海省长江源区鱼类分布及多样性格局

长江源区位于青藏高原腹地, 海拔普遍在4,500‒6,000 m之间, 是全球最重要的水源涵养区之一。本研究针对青藏高原长江青海流域鱼类多样性进行了系统调查与分析, 以了解该区域的鱼类资源现状及其面临的威胁。研究覆盖了长江源干流及长江主要支流, 包括长江源的通天河、沱沱河、楚玛尔河和当曲, 以及雅砻江源和大渡河源。2021‒2022年共设置调查样点43个, 记录到鱼类26种(亚种), 隶属于2目3科12属。与历史调查相比, 发现新分布鱼类7种, 其中土著鱼类4种, 外来鱼类3种。相对重要性指数分析显示, 长江源区的优势种为软刺裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis malacanthus)和小头高原鱼(Herzensteinia microcephalus)。α多样性指数显示通天河和大渡河的物种多样性较高, 而雅砻江的物种均匀度较低。相似性系数和主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA)揭示了大渡河源与长江源、雅砻江源之间的物种组成差异明显, 反映了地理隔离对鱼类多样性的影响。环境因子同样影响鱼类物种分布, 典型相关分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)结果表明水温和海拔对鱼类分布有影响。空间自相关分析确定了鱼类分布状态为随机且轻微聚集, 分布热点分析发现通天河和大渡河支流存在鱼类分布热点。研究阐明了长江源区鱼类多样性的空间分布差异, 并提示需要根据不同流域鱼类物种分布特征进行保护。     

北京城市及近郊区环境结构对鸟类的影响

本文研究了北京市区及近郊环境结构与四季鸟类群落的关系,用相对数量路线调查法估计了鸟类的实际分布。环境结构分为面积和空间异质性两个主要因素,后者又包括自然度和环境多样性两个方面。结果表明,空间异质性对鸟类物种数及多样性有显著的影响,其中自然度的作用较环境多样性的作用更为显著。“边缘效应”是由于环境多样造成的。当空间异质性较高时,面积对鸟类物种数的影响是明显的。由于城市环境的空间异质性较低,由少数优势种决定了鸟类群落特征。为改善城市环境结构,建议增加绿化面积,丰富植被层次及物种组成,同时在北京城市环境中适当增加各种形式的水体。     

长江干流鱼类功能群空间分异

河流是一个连续而整体的系统, 大型河流中的鱼类物种组成沿河流纵向随环境梯度的分异而变化。本研究采用从长江上游金沙江起点直门达至下游入海口的168种淡水鱼类分布数据, 根据鱼类的体型、形状、食性和生活史策略划分功能群, 利用层次聚类分析和排序分析方法研究了长江干流鱼类功能群分布格局及其对不同尺度的环境因子的适应性。结果显示, 长江干流鱼类功能群的分布存在一级和二级的空间分异: 一级分异以龙开口为分界点; 而二级分异以石鼓、龙开口和白鹤滩坝下为分界点。自上游到下游, 鱼类功能群的变化规律是: 体型从小型过渡到中型和大型, 形状从仅有纺锤形和圆柱形过渡到出现侧扁形, 食性从杂食性过渡到更多样性的食性, 生活史策略从机会策略过渡到周期策略和均衡策略。鱼类功能群的分布格局是适应不同尺度环境因子空间分异的结果: 在大尺度的整条长江干流中, 与气候特征相关的海拔和气温是主导影响因素; 而随着研究的空间尺度缩小, 与地形特征相关的河段坡降的影响显现, 在中尺度的I-1段中作为主导。本研究对认识长江干流的鱼类空间分布规律以及环境适应性特征具有参考意义。     

江西九连山亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种空间分布格局

于江西九连山国家自然保护区设置4 hm2亚热带常绿阔叶林固定监测样地,用样方法对亚热带常绿阔叶林进行调查分析。应用点格局方法分析生境异质性是否影响树木分布并分析优势种红钩栲(Castanopsis lamontii)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、罗浮柿(Diospyros morrisiana)和细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana)分布格局,对比存在生境异质性和排除生境异质性两种情况下优势树种不同生长阶段(幼树、小树、成年树)的空间分布格局以及不同生长阶段之间的空间关联性,探讨生境异质性之外的其它种群分布影响因子。结果表明:1)生境异质性效应显著影响九连山树木分布,4个优势树种在大尺度上存在明显的生境偏好;2)用完全随机零模型不排除生境异质性时,4个优势种总体及其不同生长阶段在0—30 m所有尺度上主要呈现聚集分布;3)用异质性随机零模型排除生境异质性后,4个优势种及其不同生长阶段的聚集程度显著下降,只在小尺度上(0—5 m)呈现聚集分布;4)4个优势种的幼树与小树均表现显著的正相关。红钩栲的成年树与幼树及成年树与小树总体表现不相关。米槠的成年树与幼树总体以无相关为主;成年树与小树之间总体呈正相关。小乔木罗浮柿的成年树与幼树之间在小尺度上(0—5 m)表现负相关或无相关,在较大尺度范围上总体表现正相关关系;小树与成年树在研究尺度上表现出正相关。灌木细枝柃的成年树与幼树,成年树与小树及小树与幼树之间在研究尺度范围内均呈现正相关关系;5)研究发现九连山优势乔木物种通过密度制约和Janzen-Connell效应释放空间,为其他物种共存提供条件,而优势灌木物种细枝柃没有表现出这两个效应。     

Evaluating the relationship between basin‐scale fish species richness and ecologically relevant flow characteristics in rivers worldwide

1. River flow alterations due to climate change and increasing water usage affect freshwater biodiversity including fish species richness. Here, we statistically explored the relationships of fish species richness to 14 ecologically relevant flow metrics as well as basin area and latitude in 72 rivers worldwide. 2. The statistical models best supported by the data included three variables with positive coefficients (mean river discharge, basin area and the maximum proportion of no‐flooding period) and three variables with negative coefficients (latitude, coefficients of variation in the frequency of low flow and the Julian date of annual minimum flow). 3. The model outputs have provided the first empirical indication that specific low‐ and high‐flow characteristics may be important in explaining variations in basin‐scale fish species richness. Our findings can be useful in identifying high‐risk basins for conservation of fish species diversity. 4. The results not only support the adoption of mean discharge as a predictor, but also suggest the importance of basin area in predicting basin‐scale fish species richness around the world.