Changing Abundance of Hexagenia Mayfly Nymphs in Western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes: Impediments to Assessment of Lake Recovery?

After an absence of 40 years, mayfly nymphs of the genus Hexagenia were found in sediments of western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes in 1993 and, by 1997, were abundant enough to meet a mayfly‐density management goal (ca. 350 nymphs m^—2) based on pollution‐abatement programs. We sampled nymphs in western Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair, located upstream of western Lake Erie, to determine the importance of seasonal abundance and life‐history characteristics of nymphs (e.g., emergence and recruitment) on density estimates relative to the mayfly‐density management goal. Two types of density patterns were observed: (1) densities were relatively high in spring and gradually decreased through late summer (observed in Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair in 1997 and Lake St. Clair in 1999) and (2) densities were relatively high in spring, gradually decreased to mid summer, abruptly decreased in mid summer, and then increased between summer and late fall (Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair in 1998 and Lake Erie in 1999). Length‐frequency distributions of nymphs and observations of adults indicate that the primary cause for the two density patterns was attributed to failed (first pattern) and successful (second pattern) reproduction and emergence of nymphs into adults in mid summer. Gradual declines in densities were attributed to mortality of nymphs. Our results indicate that caution should be used when evaluating progress of pollution‐abatement programs based on mayfly densities because recruitment success is variable both between and within years. Additionally, the interpretation of progress toward management goals, relative to the restoration of Hexagenia populations in the Great Lakes and possibly other water bodies throughout the world, is influenced by the number of years in which consequtive collections are made.     

Monthly variability of hydroacoustic fish stock estimates in a deep lake and its correlation to gillnet catches

Monthly (April to November) hydroacoustic surveys and parallel gillnet catches were used to determine vendace Coregonus albula abundance, biomass and population dynamics in a deep oligotrophic lake. By hydroacoustic surveys, recruitment of 0+ year vendace could clearly be detected. In contrast, gillnet catches resulted in low numbers of 0+ year fish, and similarly under-represented proportions of the oldest vendace. Consequently, the correlation between hydroacoustics and gillnets with respect to fish numbers and geometric mean fish total length was high only for the age groups 1 + to 4+ years. Annual variability in hydroacoustic estimates offish abundance and biomass was high (CV=26–29%) which reflects the seasonal population dynamics of vendace.     

Acrosome staining and motility characteristics of sterlet spermatozoa after cryopreservation with use of methanol and DMSO

In this study we describe acrosome staining and motility characteristics of fresh and cryopreserved sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.) spermatozoa using soybean trypsin inhibitor-Alexa conjugate fluorescent staining and computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA), respectively. Methanol or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were used as cryoprotectants. After cryopreservation a decline in sperm motility characteristics occurred, but no differential effect between cryoprotectant was observed. Cryopreservation caused a significant increase in the percentage of spermatozoa with acrosome stained by SBTI-Alexa for samples cryopreserved using DMSO compared to methanol. These data suggest that the low usefulness of DMSO for cryopreservation of sturgeon spermatozoa is related to its harmful specific effect towards the acrosome, probably by causing its precocious triggering, much before any egg contact.     

利用超声波技术鉴定幼龄鲟鱼的性别

2006年2月至2008年3月,利用超声波鉴定技术对20 553尾2龄或3龄鲟鱼的性别及成熟度进行了检测,同时对检测并确定性别的鲟鱼随机取样解剖,验证超声波检测结果的准确率,同时追踪检测西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)的性腺发育过程,获得不同发育时期性腺的超声波图像.超声波性别鉴定技术的准确率与养殖鲟鱼的种类、性腺发育阶段密切相关,本研究结果显示,2龄或3龄西伯利亚鲟的检测准确率为92.0%～100%,2龄俄罗斯鲟(A.gueldenstaedtii)准确率为83.0%,3龄史氏鲟(A.schrenckii)准确率为58.0%;同时,根据超声波图像可较好地了解性腺成熟度,本次检测发现养殖的2龄或3龄西伯利亚鲟性腺发育一般处于Ⅱ～Ⅲ期.超声波鉴定是一项能有效鉴定鲟鱼性别的技术,值得推广.     

Age/size effects on juvenile green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, oxygen consumption, growth, and osmoregulation in saline environments

The green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, is an anadromous species that migrates from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW) relatively early in its life history, although the ages and sizes of juveniles at SW entry are not known. Developmental constraints of osmoregulatory organs may either prohibit (i.e., due to salinity tolerance limits) or minimize (i.e., due to substantial osmoregulatory or ionoregulatory energetic costs) SW entry in small fish. Interestingly, larger green sturgeon are often encountered in brackish water (BW) estuaries, perhaps due to an energetic advantage in occupying these near-isosmotic environments. To test hypotheses concerning fish-size effects on the energetic costs of occupying habitats of different salinities, we measured oxygen consumption rates in green sturgeon representing three age groups (100, 170, and 533 days post hatch; dph), which were acclimated for 5 weeks to one of three salinities (FW, <3‰; BW, 10‰; or SW, 33‰). Also, after 7 weeks, final wet masses were compared and blood and muscle tissue samples were taken to assess osmoregulatory abilities. There were no differences in body-mass-adjusted oxygen consumption rates between any salinities or ages, indicating that the energetic costs were not prohibitively high to occupy any of these salinities. The only mortalities occurred in the 100 dph SW group, where 23% of the fish died, from apparent starvation. Final wet masses were comparable between FW and BW for each age group and with the 533 dph SW group, but were lower in SW groups at 100 and 170 dph. Similarly, osmoregulatory abilities, in terms of plasma osmolality, Na⁺, K⁺, lactate, and protein concentrations, and muscle water content, were comparable in FW and BW groups at all ages, and with the SW group at 533 dph. These results indicated an age/body size effect in hyperosmotic adaptability, and that juvenile green sturgeon may be found in FW or BW at any age, but only have the ability to enter SW by 1.5 years (75 cm, 1.5 kg) of age.     

施氏鲟的核型及DNA含量研究

采用体内注射小牛血清、肾组织细胞短期培养、常见空气干燥法制备了施氏鲟(Acipenser schrencki Brandt)的染色体,并进行了核型分析。施氏鲟二倍体的染色体为238±8条,其核型为78m+12sm+28st,t+120±mc,NF :328±。以外周血红细胞为样本,鸡的红细胞为对照,用美国产的FACStar Plus流式细胞仪测定了施氏鲟二倍体细胞核的DNA含量, 其DNA含量为鸡的5.06倍,绝对含量为11.73±0.68pg/N。Abstract:Metaphase chromosome specimens of Amur Sturgeon,injected with fetalcalf serum,were prepared from short-term culture of kidney cells with air-drying technique.Its diploid chromosome number is 2n=238±8.Karyotype consists of 78m+12sm+28st,t+120±mc,NF:328±.Diploid nucleus DNA content was measured from the peripheral erythrocytes,using flow cytometer(FACStar Pus,made in USA)and erythrocytes of chick(Gallus sp)as internal standard.DNA content of the fish is 11.73±0.68pg/N and the ratio to that of chickens is 5.06.     

鲟鱼心外膜脓肿的病理学初步研究

作为新的养殖对象,我国各地先后开展了中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis Gray)、施氏鲟(A.schrenckii Brandt),以及引进的俄罗斯鲟(A.gueldenstaedti Brandt)、杂交鲟等鲟鱼人工养殖,由于养殖刚刚起步且养殖集约化程度较高等诸多因素,出现了多种新的非寄生性疾病,并造成大量死亡,经济损失极其严重,成为当前鲟鱼试养阶段的制约因素。1999年北京市一家鲟鱼养殖试验场鲟鱼患病,经检验和诊断,确诊为“鲟鱼心外膜脓肿”.本文报道了该病的病理解剖和组织病理学研究结果,为疾病的临床检验与诊断及有效控制提供科学依据。     

The ultrastructure and vascular supply of the different fibre types in the axial muscle of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus,Pallas

Summary The ultrastructure and vascular supply of the different fibre types in the lateral muscles of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus were studied by light- and electron microscopy and morphometry. Three fibre types form separate layers without intermingling. The red fibres are superficial, the white fibres deep and the intermediate fibres between them. From morphometric analyses, the mitochondrial volume fraction in red fibres is 30%, in intermediate fibres 3.7% and in white fibres 0.7%. Z lines are most fuzzy in the red fibres. Triads of the sarcotubular system are always situated at the level of the Z discs. In red fibres the three elements are arranged in a series along the myofibrils, whereas in white fibres they are arranged transversely and in the intermediate fibres they are aligned obliquely. The number of capillaries surrounding each fibre is 2.3, 0.9 and 0.2 for the red, intermediate and white fibres, respectively. In red fibres 16% of the surface is directly covered by capillaries. The corresponding percentages for intermediate and white fibres are 5 and 1, respectively. Per unit volume of the fibre, the directly vascularised fibre surface in red fibres is about ten times larger than that of white fibres.The degree of vascularisation of the fibre types is directly related to the volume fraction of mitochondria, and thus to their aerobic capacities.     

野生中华鲟水族馆驯养观察

2005年4月3日~7月31日期间以捕捞于长江宜昌江段的野生中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)为研究材料,对其在水族馆中的驯养方法进行了研究。结果表明,野生中华鲟摄食的饲料品种由1种逐渐增加至6种,日摄食量由120 g逐渐增加至2 000 g并逐渐趋于稳定,说明水族馆驯养池的环境适合野生中华鲟的生存。     

Characterization of vitellogenin from white sturgeon,Acipenser transmontanus

Sturgeon are an ancient family (Acipenseridae) of fishes that lie close to the divergence of fish that eventually evolved into terrestrial animals and those that evolved into modern teleost species. Therefore, white sturgeon vitellogenin sequences fill a gap in the current understanding of the functional domains of this protein family. Vitellogenin cDNA was sequenced and used to investigate gene expression in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Estrogen-induced vitellogenin mRNA was detected in the livers of both males and females and was also detected in undifferentiated gonads of estrogen-treated fish. Low levels of vitellogenin mRNA were also detected in the testis of both control and estrogen-treated males. The cDNA encoded a 186-kDa protein that was missing only six to seven of the amino-terminal amino acids. Comparisons to silver lamprey, Xenopus, and chicken vitellogenin sequences indicate that the overall structure of the yolk protein domains were highly conserved. There was considerable homology in three regions of the lipovitellin I domain. These conserved sequences are likely to be involved in vitellogenin receptor binding. The phosvitin domain of white sturgeon vitellogenin contained fewer and shorter serine repeats as predicted from yolk protein phosphate content of fish compared to Xenopus and chicken. However, the vitellogenin of white sturgeon had a lower serine content as compared with silver lamprey, indicating that an increased serine content is not strictly a function of evolutionary age.Correspondence to: C. A. Bidwell     

西伯利亚幼鲟对偶极子电场的避让行为研究

研究利用人工偶极子电场来模拟生物电场刺激, 对西伯利亚幼鲟的电感受能力进行了行为探究。结果显示西伯利亚幼鲟对本实验中的偶极子电场产生躲避行为, 其平均感受阈值在2月龄为(457.532.5) V/cm,3月龄为(29.52.5) V/cm, 7月龄为(101.0) V/cm。这表明西伯利亚鲟鱼的电感受敏感性随个体的发育而增强, 而这可能与电感受器官数量的增加有关(2月龄为2234470, 7月龄为5273523)。     

Ultrastructure of the heart of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus (Chondrostei)

Summary The ultrastructure of atrial and ventricular myocardial cells from Acipenser stellatus is described. The cells of the atrium are more loosely connected than those of the ventricle. Cell contact is by simple intercalated discs and by desmosomes. The cells are flattened, with peripheral myofibrils and a central region of mitochondria and the nucleus. The sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of subsarcolemmal tubules, that frequently extend towards the central mitochondria. Dyads are small and positioned at any sarcomeric level. No T-tubules are present. Specific granules are restricted to the atrial cell, and are sometimes present within the SR tubules.     

达氟沙星在史氏鲟体内药物代谢动力学比较研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定以10mg/kg体重剂量静脉注射和口服给药后史氏鲟血浆中达氟沙星的浓度。该法采用C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水相(15∶85),荧光激发波长和发射波长分别为280nm和450nm,样品用甲醇沉淀蛋白,离心取上清液进样。达氟沙星在0.005-1.0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,本方法的最低检测限为0.005μg/mL。健康鱼单剂量静注达氟沙星(10mg/kg),其药时数据符合无吸收的三室开放模型,方程为C=5.830-5.582t+4.162-1.157t+0.852-0.029t,主要动力学参数如下:t1/2α0.552h;t1/2β22.186h;AUC34.226mg/(L.h);V 10.922L/kg;Vb10.144L/kg;ke 10.317h.Ah感染组的V1减小至0.290L/kg,静注感染组鱼体内达氟沙星的消除没有显著的改变。健康口服组数据结果符合一级吸收二室开放模型,血药浓度和时间方程为C=1.278e-0.073t+0.177e-0.089t-1.455e-0.329t。药动学常数分别为:t1/2ka9.491h,t1/2β78.267h,Tmax6.284h,Cmax0.791mg/mL;α0.073h。但Ah感染改变达氟沙星口服给药后在史氏鲟体内的吸收、分布和消除。分布速率常数降低为0.050/h。消除减慢,消除半哀期延长为93.988h,达峰时间延长为至9.060h,峰浓度降低为0.585mg/mL。口服达氟沙星水溶液,健康及感染组史氏鲟对达氟沙星生物利用度分别为96.503%和94.435%。本实验结果表明达氟沙星在健康史氏鲟体内分布广泛、吸收较完全。感染Ah对达氟沙星在史氏鲟体内的吸收、分布及消除规律均有不同程度的影响,其中口服给药的影响更为显著。达氟沙星可用于史氏鲟感染Ah的治疗。     

不同喂食方法对产后野生中华鲟的摄食促进

2006年1月13日~7月15日,研究了不同喂食方法对产后野生雌性中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的摄食促进效果。研究表明,经人工繁殖后的中华鲟身体较虚弱,在人工环境下无主动摄食行为。野生中华鲟对投洒的人工配合饲料及天然饲料均无摄食反应,水下直接喂食天然饲料的效果依赖于中华鲟主动摄食能力的恢复,而采用导管喂食方法可以实现中华鲟的被动摄食,摄食量由76g逐步增加至382g,20d后开始出现主动摄食行为,日食量逐步上升至1822g并趋于稳定。导管喂食过程中健康状况也逐步得到改善,胸围和腹围开始提高,主动摄食后健康状况得到彻底改善。实验表明产后野生中华鲟的体能恢复有望在水族馆较好的环境条件中得以实现。     

几种鲟鱼基因组大小、倍体的特性及鲟形目细胞进化的探讨

采用Ｆｅｕｌｇｅｎ－显微分光光度计方法,以鸡红细胞为标准ＤＮＡ（３．２２ｐｇ／２Ｃ）测定了长江白鲟、达氏鲟、中华鲟、史氏鲟和北美匙吻鲟的体细胞基因组大小（ＤＮＡ含量）。结果表明,上述五种鲟鱼ＤＮＡ含量分别为４．１１、８．２６、９．０７、６．０７和３．９６ｐｇ。长江白鲟和北美匙吻鲟均属于四倍体鱼类,分布在长江水系的中华鲟和达氏鲟两种鲟属鱼类为八倍体类型。史氏鲟初步判断为八倍体,据分析可能存在四倍体的