贺兰山马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)生境适宜性评价

马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)是我国特有种,在贺兰山分布数量不足百头,对贺兰山马麝进行生境适宜性评价是保护和恢复贺兰山马麝种群的前提和依据。2014—2016年通过样线法对贺兰山马麝的野外分布情况进行调查,确定了750个马麝出现位点,结合13个环境因子变量,利用最大熵(MAXENT)模型,并根据最大约登指数划分贺兰山马麝适宜生境及不适宜生境的分布区,对贺兰山地区马麝的生境适宜性进行评价。研究结果表明：在众多影响贺兰山马麝分布的环境因子中,针叶林、距水源距离、距护林点距离、海拔高度、距矿区距离和距道路距离六种环境因子影响较大;贺兰山地区适宜马麝分布的生境面积极小,仅占贺兰山地区总面积的3.27%,面积为120.24 km²,而不适宜生境面积为3 555.72 km²。利用受试者工作特征性曲线对模型进行检测,结果表明预测水平达到优秀,可以为马麝保护工作提供参考。为保护和恢复马麝种群,建议管理部门加强管理力度,严格控制人为干扰,识别和建立马麝各适宜生境之间的生态廊道,加强对零散分布的潜在适宜生境区域的利用。     

甘肃兴隆山保护区野生马麝分布、数量特征及影响因素

综合采用样线法、粪堆计数法及重复调查法对甘肃省兴隆山国家级自然保护区的野生马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)进行了种群调查,结合生境分析,确定了其种群分布、数量特征及影响因素。结果表明,兴隆山保护区分布有野生马麝(1159±275)头,平均种群密度为(3.51±0.83)头/km²;各植被类型生境中的野生麝种群数量及密度存在差异,灌丛生境分布有70%的野生马麝种群,达(807±170)头,种群密度为(6.49±1.63)头/km²;针叶林种群密度最大,达(8.85±83.25)头/km²,分布有野生麝(123±45)头;针阔混交林分布最少,仅(41±15)头,种群密度为(5.00±1.84)头/km²;人工林生境无野生马麝分布。保护区各植被类型生境中的野生马麝种群分布差异反映了马麝对适宜生境功能的需求,食物、保温和隐蔽性是制约野生马麝冬季分布和种群数量的关键因素。此外,因生境及人为干扰强度的不同,保护区各区域的野生马麝种群分布存在差异。建议通过减少人为干扰、地表植被管理及人工林管理优化...     

马麝诸种群地理分化初步探讨

马麝是我国的一种重要经济动物, 是古北界特有种, 主要分布在我国青藏高原及其临近地区。为保护物种多样性, 本文利用分子生物学技术在分子水平探讨了马麝各地理种群之间遗传多样性问题。用线粒体细胞色素b(Cytochrome b) 的DNA 序列进行系统进化分析显示: 马麝四川种群、甘肃种群和西藏两种群在大约100 万年前具有共同祖先。四川种群最先分化出来, 甘肃马麝与西藏马麝的关系最近, 四川马麝与西藏马麝、甘肃马麝间的关系较远, 甘肃马麝与四川马麝约在80 万年前分化, 而甘肃与西藏察隅和类乌齐两种群马麝间分化时间则分别为34万年和57 万年前, 四川马麝与西藏察隅和类乌齐两种群马麝分化时间在90 万年和100 万年前。结果初步表明分布于甘肃、四川和西藏的马麝种群可能为不同的亚种。     

基于最大熵模型的野生马麝夏季生境适宜性研究

野生马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)是珍稀濒危资源动物,分布于我国青藏高原及周边地区。甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区是野生马麝最重要的分布区之一,深入了解保护区的生境结构、质量及分布是对区域内野生马麝进行成功保护的前提和基础,但迄今缺乏大尺度的马麝生境适宜性研究。利用实地调查得到的兴隆山保护区的野生马麝夏季分布点数据,采用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,结合地形、归一化植被指数、距河流距离、距道路距离等环境变量数据,进行野生马麝的夏季生境适宜性分析。结果表明：影响野生马麝夏季生境适宜性的主要生态因子是海拔、坡向、植被和河流,其贡献率分别达40.3%,23.4%,18.6%和10.9%;兴隆山保护区野生马麝的夏季潜在适宜生境分布面积为123.34 km²,占整个保护区的41.11%,占保护区林地的61.92%;野生马麝夏季潜在适宜生境主要集中在保护区的中部和西部,其中高适宜性生境约为保护区的4.47%,各适宜区间及适宜区之内均存在一定程度的不连续分布。为加强对兴隆山保护区野生马麝种群及生境的就地保护,建议通过生境保育措施,提高野生马麝潜在分布区的生境适宜性,...     

基于MaxEnt模型的兴隆山保护区野生马麝秋季生境适宜性评价

生境适宜性评价对野生动物保护及自然保护区管理均具有重要意义。甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区是我国野生马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)的重要分布区,为了解该保护区野生马麝的生境状况,本研究利用红外相机于2021年秋季在兴隆山保护区采集野生马麝分布数据,结合地形、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、距离河流距离和距离道路距离等环境因子变量,通过MaxEnt模型对野生马麝的秋季生境进行了适宜性评价。结果表明：NDVI、道路距离、河流距离和海拔是影响兴隆山保护区野生马麝秋季生境适宜性的主要因子,其贡献率分别为33.20%、22.70%、16.70%和14.60%;兴隆山保护区野生马麝的秋季潜在适宜区面积为75.22 km²,占保护区面积的26.13%;其中,高适宜区主要分布在保护区西北部和东南部区域,占保护区面积3.26%。本研究确定了兴隆山保护区野生马麝秋季适宜生境的分布状况及关键环境影响因子,可为优化野生马麝保护和生境管理提供重要参考。     

马麝的麝香腺囊、麝香、数量与狩猎

马麝(Moschus sifanicus Przewalski)系著名的药用动物。雄麝腹部有一麝香腺囊,其内分泌物叫麝香。麝香是医药工业和香料工业的重要原料。又是珍贵的出口物资。 1973-1974年作者在青海省尖扎县能科公社的青穆措沟对马麝的生态进行了观察(郑生武、皮南林,1979),同时对麝香腺囊做了解剖研究和麝的数量调查。     

马麝全血和被毛矿物元素测定

检测了马麝主要树叶饲料和健康马麝全血、被毛中6种微量元素(Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn、Mo、Se)及2种常量元素(Ca、Mg)的含量,并与当地健康山羊的全血和被毛值进行了比较分析。结果表明,马麝的10种树叶饲料为低Se饲料,被毛中Cu、Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg含量明显高于全血水平,而Fe则反之。马麝全血和毛样中的各元素分布比较集中,离散度均很小。     

某三甲医院呼吸系统病人住院医药费用分析

目的 探讨呼吸系统疾病患者住院费用增长的主要因素及控制该因素的途径，为降低此类病人住院医疗费用的增长速度提供依据。方法 以某三甲医院2006-2008年呼吸科全部住院患者为研究对象，采用动态数列分析法对各病人住院费用的组成和变化趋势进行统计分析。结果 2006-2008年平均药费增长率为30.87%，平均检查及治疗费增长率为8.76%。结论 药费的增长是医疗费用增长的主要因素，控制医药费是降低呼吸系统疾病病人住院费用增长的关键因素。     

呼吸道疾病发作期患者肺孢子菌寄植状况与肺疾病相关性研究

目的调查呼吸系统疾病急性发作期患者肺孢子菌定植或感染状况,探讨肺孢子菌寄植与呼吸系统疾病的相关性。方法构建检测肺孢子菌线粒体大亚基核糖体核糖核酸基因的mtLSU巢式PCR反应体系,鉴定其敏感性和特异性。利用新建立的巢式PCR检测呼吸系统疾病急性发作期患者痰液中肺孢子菌基因,分析肺孢子菌在呼吸系统疾病患者中的定植率及其与呼吸系统疾病的相关性。结果新建立的mtLSU巢式PCR扩增的肺孢子菌基因序列与GenBank中人源肺孢子菌基因序列同源性为100%,且与其他8种呼吸道病原体无交叉反应。敏感性检验结果表明,扩增基因的最小量为366 fg。对98例呼吸疾病急性发作期患者的103份标本检测的结果显示,肺孢子菌基因检出率为62.14%（64/103）。结论本研究建立的mtLSU巢式PCR方法具有较高的敏感性和特异性,适用于无创性呼吸道标本肺孢子菌基因检测;肺孢子菌在呼吸系统疾病患者中有较高的定植和感染率。     

林麝和马麝随机扩增多态DNA的研究

用随机扩增多态 DNA(RAPD)技术对饲养的林麝和马麝进行分子遗传标记研究。在选用的42 种随机引物中, 有25种引物产生了清晰稳定的条带, 单个引物获得标记数在1～14 之间,平均每个个体获得168个RAPD标记 , 其中林麝、马麝特异性标记各5个,个体特异性标记有3个, 这些标记可用来鉴定种或个体。平均遗传距离在林麝种内为0.27±0.023, 马麝为0.105±0.013, 种间为0.241±0.02 , 种间差异显著大于种内差异。分析表明饲养马麝种内遗传多样性低, 为增强饲养马麝的生存力, 最好从不同种群中引入种麝进行繁殖。     

Demographic parameters of reintroduced grey partridges in central Italy and the effect of weather

Grey partridge populations declined in Europe from mid-1950s onwards mostly due to modifications of agricultural cropping. In Italy, the decline was even more dramatic because of over-hunting and restocking with allochthonous birds. We carried out a research on a re-introduced population in Central Italy from 1995 to 2005, with the aim of evaluating the reintroduction success and separating the intrinsic and external factors influencing year-to-year changes in partridge density with particular respect to the weather. Average spring density was 4.5 pairs per square kilometre (SD?=?1.52); our population reached a peak few years after the reintroduction and then declined. Brood production rate was close to that of declining European populations (average 33.9%; SD?=?10.21), and chick survival rate (average 40%; SD?=?17.61) determined the change of breeding abundance from year t to year t?+?1. Our population seemed to be mainly affected by brood production and chick survival rates and by the weather; in particular, higher early winter and spring temperatures increased breeding density whilst higher early summer temperatures decreased brood production rate.     

气象因素对心力衰竭的影响

目的:相关性分析近两年上海的气象因素及心力衰竭发病患者之间的关系,探讨影响心力衰竭高发的天气气候条件,为开展疾病预防和干预提供了理论和实践依据。方法:前瞻性统计2011年1月-2012年12月上海市胸科医院急诊的心力衰竭人数,并与同期气温,气压,湿度等气象资料进行相关性分析。结果:温度、气压、湿度对心衰的发生具有显著的影响。心力衰竭数与平均气温、最高气温、最低气温呈显著负相关,而与日平均气压呈显著正相关。前期相对湿度变化与心衰数显著相关。温度对心力衰竭数的影响具有滞后效应。结论:气温、气压及湿度与心力衰竭发病有明显相关,揭示了急性呼吸系统感染高发的天气气候条件,为开展疾病预防和干预提供了理论和实践依据。     

Variable reproductive effort for two ptarmigan species in response to spring weather in a northern alpine ecosystem

Predicting how animal populations respond to climate change requires knowledge of how species traits influence the response of individuals to variation in anuual weather. Over a four‐year study with two warm and two cold years, we examined how sympatric rock ptarmigan Lagopus muta and white‐tailed ptarmigan L. leucura in the southern Yukon Territory respond to spring weather in terms of breeding phenology and the allocation of reproductive effort. The onset of breeding was approximately synchronous; for each one‐degree rise in spring temperature, mean breeding dates of rock and white‐tailed ptarmigan advanced by about 2.7 and 4 days respectively. Although onset of breeding was similar, the two species differed in their reproductive effort. As breeding was delayed, average first clutch sizes of rock ptarmigan declined from 9.4 to 5.8 eggs over the breeding period, while those of white‐tailed ptarmigan only declined from an average of 7.8 to 6.8. Rock ptarmigan were also less likely to re‐nest if their first clutch was lost to predators and as a consequence they had shorter breeding seasons. White‐tailed ptarmigan produced about 25% more offspring annually than rock ptarmigan and contributed more young through re‐nesting. While white‐tailed ptarmigan had higher annual reproductive output, adult rock ptarmigan had a 20–25% higher annual survival rate, which may indicate a reproduction–survival trade‐off for the two species. These results show that even within the same location, closely related species can differ in how they allocate effort as environmental conditions fluctuate.     

Seasonality of reproduction in Asian elephants Elephas maximus and African elephants Loxodonta africana: underlying photoperiodic cueing?

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An effective rotational mating scheme for inbreeding reduction in captive populations illustrated by the rare sheep breed Kempisch Heideschaap

Within breeds and other captive populations, the risk of high inbreeding rates and loss of diversity can be high within (small) herds or subpopulations. When exchange of animals between different subpopulations is organised according to a rotational mating scheme, inbreeding rates can be restricted. Two such schemes, a breeding circle and a maximum avoidance of inbreeding scheme, are compared. In a breeding circle, flocks are organised in a circle where each flock serves as a donor flock for another flock, and the same donor-recipient combination is used in each breeding season. In the maximum inbreeding avoidance scheme, donor-recipient combinations change each year so that the use of the same combination is postponed as long as possible. Data from the Kempisch Heideschaap were used with computer simulations to determine the long-term effects of different breeding schemes. Without exchanging rams between flocks, high inbreeding rates (>1.5% per year) occurred. Both rotational mating schemes reduced inbreeding rates to on average 0.16% per year and variation across flocks in inbreeding rates, caused by differences in flock size, almost disappeared. Inbreeding rates with maximum inbreeding avoidance were more variable than with a breeding circle. Moreover, a breeding circle is easier to implement and operate. Breeding circles are thus efficient and flexible and can also be efficient for other captive populations, such as zoo populations of endangered wild species.     

黄腹角雉生态群养技术研究

模拟黄腹角雉野外生存环境和自然种群结构,采用较大空间散放与多个体群养相结合的方法进行饲养试验,其笼养繁殖性能比对照组传统对养方式显著提高．通过两年来的试验研究,结果表明：试验组平均产卵量为8．5枚,卵受精率为82．6％,受精卵孵化率为88．7％;对照组平均产卵量5．7枚,卵受精率50．3％,受精卵孵化率72．4％,试验组明显高于对照组．同时对两组间的卵重、卵形、产卵期进行了测定,无显著差异。     

Haemoglobin concentration and body condition of nestling Great Tits Parus major : a comparison of first and second broods in two contrasting seasons

The physiological condition of nestling altricial birds depends on the quantity and quality of food delivered to them by parents. One indicator of the condition of Great Tit Parus major nestlings is the haemoglobin concentration in their blood. The present study demonstrates the influence of weather conditions (temperature and rainfall) on nestling haemoglobin concentrations during two consecutive breeding seasons in two different habitat types (parkland vs. woodland) in the city of Łódź in Central Poland. This influence probably results from the effects of weather on the trophic base of the Tits. Dry, hot weather strongly affected bush and herbal foliage later in the breeding season (mid-June to mid-July) in 2006, presumably by interfering with the development of herbivorous arthropod populations. This in turn caused food shortages for second broods of Great Tits, which resulted in nestlings having low haemoglobin levels. In the following year, temperature was on average lower, and rainfall was regular but not very heavy. These conditions enabled the development of arthropod assemblages, and the trophic base for birds was much richer. Haemoglobin concentrations in the blood of nestlings from second broods were significantly higher than those of first broods and, unexpectedly, second-brood nestlings in 2007 were on average in better physiological state than first-brood nestlings in 2006 in both habitats. The relationship between haemoglobin concentration, brood category and year was very similar to that for nestling body mass. However, it was independent of both body mass and brood size. In some years and under certain conditions, second broods can be more successful than first broods.     

Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): I. Testicular volume,testosterone, and seasonality

To test whether the male could contribute to the birth peak seen in both wild and captive vervets, testicular volume and peripheral testosterone concentration were measured monthly in nine adults throughout a 14-month period. Volume was an average of 15% greater during the months of June to September, the period of natural breeding activity in the wild, than at other times of the year. Testosterone concentration rose throughout the time period but did not correlate with testicular volume. Quarterly biopsies of the right testis in animals either used for or withheld from breeding revealed the presence of spermatozoa and the existence of spermatogenesis throughout the year. There was no correlation of testicular volume with breeding status or biopsy. If these results from individually caged animals are representative of group-caged and wild animals, then such small seasonal changes are unlikely to affect year-round breeding. Therefore, a physiological contribution by the male to natural birth peaks seen in the wild and captivity is not readily apparent.     

An accurate mathematical model predicting number of dengue cases in tropics

Dengue fever is a systemic viral infection of epidemic proportions in tropical countries. The incidence of dengue fever is ever increasing and has doubled over the last few decades. Estimated 50million new cases are detected each year and close to 10000 deaths occur each year. Epidemics are unpredictable and unprecedented. When epidemics occur, health services are over whelmed leading to overcrowding of hospitals. At present there is no evidence that dengue epidemics can be predicted. Since the breeding of the dengue mosquito is directly influenced by environmental factors, it is plausible that epidemics could be predicted using weather data. We hypothesized that there is a mathematical relationship between incidence of dengue fever and environmental factors and if such relationship exists, new cases of dengue fever in the succeeding months can be predicted using weather data of the current month. We developed a mathematical model using machine learning technique. We used Island wide dengue epidemiology data, weather data and population density in developing the model. We used incidence of dengue fever, average rain fall, humidity, wind speed, temperature and population density of each district in the model. We found that the model is able to predict the incidence of dengue fever of a given month in a given district with precision (RMSE between 18- 35.3). Further, using weather data of a given month, the number of cases of dengue in succeeding months too can be predicted with precision (RMSE 10.4—30). Health authorities can use existing weather data in predicting epidemics in the immediate future and therefore measures to prevent new cases can be taken and more importantly the authorities can prepare local authorities for outbreaks.     

陕西省林麝mtDNA D-loop区序列结构和种群遗传多样性

林麝(Moschus berezovskii)曾广泛分布于中国,由于盗猎和栖息地缩小,秦岭地区野生种群数量迅速下降,圈养繁殖种群已成立了几十年,但大多数圈养种群的遗传背景不清,种群规模增长非常缓慢。为了给这一物种的保护和管理提供有用的信息,调查了陕西省林麝1个圈养种群3个野生种群线粒体DNA(mt DNA)D-Loop 632 bp片段的遗传多样性和种群结构。在69个个体中其碱基组成为A+T的平均含量63.2%高于G+C含量36.8%,共检测到变异位点171个(约占总位点数的27.05%)。核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.04424,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为19.908。69个个体分属32个单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离(P)为0.070。32个单倍型构建的NJ系统树聚为3个分支,4个林麝群体中的单倍型是随机分布的。4个群体的平均遗传距离为0.043(标准误SE为0.005),凤县养殖场群体与留坝和陇县群体的亲缘关系较远。单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.043,可见其遗传分化尚未达到种群分化的水平。结果表明,陕西省林麝群体mt DNA D-loop区序列存在着较丰富的变异和遗传多样性,凤县野生群体和凤县养殖场群体的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样较高,养殖场种群没有出现近亲繁殖及遗传多样性下降的情况。凤县野生群体和凤县养殖场群体两者遗传分化较小,存在着较高的基因流水平。