冯澄如与生物绘图

在中国近现代生物学史上,冯澄如开创了中国生物科学绘图,并培养了一批生物科学绘图人才。该文对冯澄如生平和绘图成就予以介绍,对其绘图技法、印刷工艺及创新之处予以总结。     

Prospect of Neuroscience in China

This article depicted how a young Chinese scientist got her training in China, how her training had impact on her scientific career in the US, and how she felt the prospect of Neuroscience in China.     

James F. Crow: his life in public service

The readers of this journal may well be aware of Professor Crow's scientific achievements and his role as the editor of Perspectives. In addition, for many thousands of students at the University of Wisconsin over many generations, James F. Crow was one of the most memorable teachers at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. What is less known is his major role in public service where he served as chair of many important committees for the National Academy of Sciences, the National Institutes of Health, the National Institutes of Justice as well as various international programs. In all of these efforts, Professor Crow has left a lasting impact.     

Foreword: Mitochondrial Medicine

Mitochondrion is currently known to play major roles in many disease processes: neuromuscular disorders, neurodegenerative conditions (i.e. Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases), diabetes mellitus, aging, programmed cell death, and carcinogenesis, to name a few. In this background, the Department of Neuroscience of the University of Pisa (Italy) has organised a scientific meeting on October 25th, 2006, to discuss recent progress in the field of mitochondriology.     

中国神经科学十年进程

为了迎接21世纪的挑战,推动我国神经科学基础研究的快速发展,中国科学院于1999年底在上海成立了中国科学院神经科学研究所(下简称上海神经所).经过十余年的发展,上海神经所取得了突出的成就,跻身国际水平研究所行列,为我国神经科学发展做出了重要贡献。     

Biochemistry of the Infarcted Heart

I am honored by the invitation to contribute to a volume in Neuroscience, dedicated to Professor Galoyan, whose accomplishments in the field of neuroscience and circulation have been unique. In his book, Dr. Galoyan has summarized the results of his discovery of cardioactive neurohormones. His discovery of biosynthesis of cytokines in the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus have opened a new page in immunology.     

Computational neuroscience in China

The ultimate goal of Computational Neuroscience(CNS) is to use and develop mathematical models and approaches to elucidate brain functions.CNS is a young and highly multidisciplinary field.It heavily interacts with experimental neuroscience and such other research areas as artificial intelligence,robotics,computer vision,information science and machine learning.This paper reviews the history of CNS in China,its current status and the prospects for its future development.Examples of CNS research in China are...     

A future for systems and computational neuroscience in France?

This special issue of the Journal of Physiology, Paris, is an outcome of NeuroComp'06, the first French conference in Computational Neuroscience. The preparation for this conference, held at Pont-à-Mousson in October 2006, was accompanied by a survey which has resulted in an up-to-date inventory of human resources and labs in France concerned with this emerging new field of research (see team directory in http://neurocomp.risc.cnrs.fr/). This thematic JPP issue gathers some of the key scientific presentations made on the occasion of this first interdisciplinary meeting, which should soon become recognized as a yearly national conference representative of a new scientific community. The present introductory paper presents the general scientific context of the conference and reviews some of the historical and conceptual foundations of Systems and Computational Neuroscience in France.     

hnRNPA1基因在家蚕翅原基组织中的表达与定位分析

核不均一蛋白A1(hnRNPA1)是一个重要的RNA结合蛋白。本研究旨在获得家蚕hnRNPA1基因的cDNA,并对其在家蚕翅原基组织进行表达和定位分析。以家蚕幼虫期翅原基mRNA为模板通过反转录克隆家蚕BmhnRNPA1基因的全长cDNA,并对其进行生物信息学分析。构建pET32a-BmhnRNPA1蛋白表达载体,表达且纯化得到BmhnRNPA1重组蛋白,并制备该蛋白多克隆抗体,通过实时荧光定量RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫组化方法检测BmhnRNPA1在家蚕幼虫和蛹翅原基组织中的表达与定位。克隆得到了家蚕hnRNPA1基因的全长cDNA片段,其开放阅读框(ORF)序列为951 bp,编码316个氨基酸,预测分子量为34.98 kDa,等电点为5.15。编码蛋白在第18～90个氨基酸和109～181个氨基酸处为保守的RRM结构域。系统进化分析显示,家蚕hnRNPA1与小菜蛾hnRNPA1的亲缘关系最近。QRT-PCR结果显示,BmhnRNPA1在家蚕幼虫和蛹期的翅原基组织中均有表达,且在蛹期第3天的表达量达到峰值。Western blot进一步证实了实验结果。免疫组化分析结果显示,该蛋白存在于翅原基组织中,并定位于细胞核内。家蚕BmhRNPA1具有两个RNA结合结构域,属于hnRNPs家族,定位于细胞核内,表明其可能参与mRNA的选择性剪接作用。本研究结果为进一步探索该基因的功能提供了基础。     

Nutritional studies in Croatia--a century of research

This paper is dedicated to the pioneers of nutritional research in Croatia: to Professor Edvin Ferber, Professor Hubert Maver and Professor Ratko Buzina, to whom we owe exceptional contribution in the development of science of nutrition, as well as for many scientific publications from the fifties to the eighties in the 20th century, leaving us great information about nutritional state in Croatian population. The paper brings a review of nuitritional research in Croatia with an emphasis on history of research and papers published in Collegium Antropologicum. Since first publications on the subject, a number of institutions and scholars participated in numerous research projects which resulted in a vast number of published papers, depicting a multidisciplinary approach to the subject. In addition, the results of 44 analyses that have been a part of doctoral (18) and master's research (26) are discussed.     

2000—2016年宁夏植被覆盖度的时空变化及其驱动力

基于MODIS NDVI遥感数据及同期的气象数据,采用趋势分析、变异系数及Hurst指数等方法反演了2000-2016年宁夏地区植被的动态变化特征.结果表明:宁夏地表植被覆盖总体为增加趋势,呈现显著的地域性特征,南北差异很大.植被年际变化受自然和人为的影响具有明显的阶段特征,2000-2016年整体为增长趋势,2000-2005和2006-2011年间增长显著,2012-2016年植被退化,降水量和湿润指数对植被生长的响应最为显著.生长季植被显著增加的面积占79.88%,春、夏、秋季NDVI分别以0.026·10 a^-1、0.07·10 a^-1和0.049·10 a^-1的速率增加.宁夏大部分地区植被变化将保持现有的生长趋势,但局部将有反持续性的变化,62.13%的植被NDVI呈现持续改善的趋势,且南部林区持续改善的面积大于北部引黄灌区.     

基于土地利用变化的长春市生态风险评价

基于长春市1985年、2000年和2015年的Landsat TM遥感影像, 提取3个时相的土地利用类型数据, 通过构建网格尺度下的生态风险指数, 借助空间分析、地统计分析等方法定量评价长春市土地利用变化下的生态风险时空演变特征, 并应用地理探测器对其影响因子进行探测。结果表明: (1)1985—2015年, 长春市土地利用变化明显, 建设用地持续扩张, 耕地波动式收缩; 土地利用中耕地转为建设用地、林地与耕地间的相互转换是地类转移的主要形式; (2)长春市土地利用生态风险呈小幅下降趋势, 在地域内呈现西高东低的分异特征, 生态风险热、冷点区空间分布相对稳定并具有一定程度扩张趋势; (3)生态风险快速增长时期, 经济、人口与发展活力的空间格局成为长春市生态风险的主导因子, 而海拔与三者的协同作用进一步增强了生态风险的解释力。总体来看, 建设用地扩张会加剧中心城区生态风险, 但与区域整体生态风险增高并不存在必然联系; 为防止高风险区持续扩张, 城市应设定“增长边界”、转变空间发展方式、高效集约利用建设用地, 加强城市生态系统自然保育、防止景观破碎化, 实现城市可持续发展。     

Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease: The Ancient Meets the Future—Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine, Electroacupuncture, Gene Therapy and Stem Cells

In China, it has been estimated that there are more than 2.0 million people suffering from Parkinson’s disease, which is currently becoming one of the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorders during recent years. For many years, scientists have struggled to find new therapeutic approaches for this disease. Since 1994, our research group led by Drs. Ji-Sheng Han and Xiao-Min Wang of Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University has developed several prospective treatment strategies for the disease. These studies cover the traditional Chinese medicine—herbal formula or acupuncture, and modern technologies such as gene therapy or stem cell replacement therapy, and have achieved some original results. It hopes that these data may be beneficial for the research development and for the future clinical utility for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Special issue article in honor of Dr. Ji-Sheng Han.     

Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤生态系统的影响研究进展

随着Bt作物种植面积的逐年增加, 人们对Bt作物释放后潜在的安全性也越来越关注。Bt作物释放的Bt蛋白可以主要通过秸秆还田方式进入土壤进而可能会对土壤生态系统造成影响。本文综述了Bt作物秸秆还田释放的Bt蛋白在土壤中的降解及对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展。重点阐述了①Bt作物秸秆还田释放的Bt蛋白在土壤中的降解; ②Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤微生物的影响; ③Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤动物的影响; ④Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响; ⑤Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤养分含量的影响。从而为Bt作物秸秆还田对土壤环境的生态风险评价提供参考。     

天目山国家级自然保护区旅游公路对节肢动物群落的影响及其动物致死特征

2016年8月和2017年8月, 在天目山国家级自然保护区采用样线法和样方法调查了旅游公路的运营对节肢动物群落的影响及道路致死状况。结果表明, 公路两侧昆虫的遇见率(14.55±4.45 只•km–1)显著的高于林中(8.27±2.22 只•km–1; P=0.018), 公路两侧0—5 m区域内节肢动物的捕获数(33.45±3.23 只•m–2)也显著的高于20—30 m区域(23.92±4.72只•m–2; P=0.027); 并且距离公路0—5 m区域内的节肢动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(2.21)也高于20—30 m区域(1.90), 说明公路运营对节肢动物群落产生正的边缘效应。动物的平均道路致死率为9.01±3.17只•km–1, 其中昆虫的道路致死数量最高, 占总数的69.44%。说明道路边缘可能由于车辆的行驶而变成生态陷阱。另外还记录到大量的脊椎动物被车辆撞死, 造成动物非自然死亡, 进而对当地的野生动物群落产生明显的负面效应。     

李济先生与周口店研究：纪念李济先生诞辰100周年

李济先生是中国考古学的奠基人,中国第一位人类学家。他毕生从事考古学研究,著作等身,桃李满天下。他的功绩主要体现在安阳殷墟的发掘与研究上,考古学的其他方面亦建树甚丰。本文仅就李先生在中国旧石器考古草创时期,特别是在周口店本世纪３０年代初发掘方法改革中的贡献等方面作简要的介绍。以此纪念济先生诞辰１００周年。为使读者了解他取得巨大成就的历史背景,对其生平亦作点录。     

斑马鱼TAK1正向调控IRF7介导的天然免疫反应

在鱼类中关于转化生长因子β-激活激酶1(TAK1)在天然免疫反应中的功能研究较少。为了探究TAK1在斑马鱼天然免疫中的功能,本文克隆并获得了一种斑马鱼tak1剪接异构体(Drtak1),其开放阅读框含有1737个核苷酸,编码578个氨基酸,其中包括N端的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶结构域和C端的卷曲螺旋结构部。通过免疫荧光试验,证实DrTAK1是一种胞质蛋白。双荧光素酶报告试验显现在EPC细胞中单转DrTAK1不能诱导IFN的产生,但与IRF7共转时能显著提高其诱导干扰素启动子表达的能力。本文研究结果首次在斑马鱼中发现TAK1能正向调控IRF7介导的天然免疫反应,为后续DrTAK1功能研究奠定了基础。     

外源海藻糖对PEG渗透胁迫下小麦Rubisco及其活化酶的影响

以抗旱品种‘晋麦47’和干旱敏感品种‘郑引1号’为材料,通过室内水培试验研究了外源海藻糖对PEG渗透胁迫下小麦叶片净光合速率、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶活化酶(RCA)含量和相关基因表达特性的影响。结果表明:(1)外源海藻糖和渗透胁迫均能显著增加2个小麦品种叶片海藻糖含量。(2)渗透胁迫显著降低了2个品种小麦叶片的净光合速率,而外源海藻糖能显著缓解受胁迫小麦叶片净光合速率的降低幅度。(3)渗透胁迫仅使‘郑引1号’Rubisco大亚基基因(rbcL)相对表达量及相应蛋白含量显著降低;渗透胁迫显著降低了小麦RCAα和β亚基基因相对表达量,并显著降低RCA蛋白含量,而外源海藻糖不能缓解RCA蛋白含量的降低;渗透胁迫显著降低了Rubisco总活性、初始活性、活化状态及RCA活性,而外源海藻糖则能显著缓解上述酶活性的下降。(4)小麦叶片净光合速率与其rbcL、RCAα和β亚基基因相对表达量及Rubisco总活性、初始活性、活化状态及RCA活性均呈极显著正相关关系。研究发现,在渗透胁迫条件下,外源海藻糖主要从翻译后层面对小麦叶片Rubisco和RCA的活性发挥显著保护作用,从而缓解了小麦净光合速率的降低。