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1.
An experiment was conducted to determine the extent that NO 3− taken up in the dark was assimilated and utilized differently by plants than NO 3− taken up in the light. Vegetative, nonnodulated soybean plants ( Glycine max L. Merrill, `Ransom') were exposed to 15NO 3− throughout light (9 hours) or dark (15 hours) phases of the photoperiod and then returned to solutions containing 14NO 3−, with plants sampled subsequently at each light/dark transition over 3 days. The rates of 15NO 3− absorption were nearly equal in the light and dark (8.42 and 7.93 micromoles per hour, respectively); however, the whole-plant rate of 15NO 3− reduction during the dark uptake period (2.58 micromoles per hour) was 46% of that in the light (5.63 micromoles per hour). The lower rate of reduction in the dark was associated with both substantial retention of absorbed 15NO 3− in roots and decreased efficiency of reduction of 15NO 3− in the shoot. The rate of incorporation of 15N into the insoluble reduced-N fraction of roots in darkness (1.10 micromoles per hour) was somewhat greater than that in the light (0.92 micromoles per hour), despite the lower rate of whole-plant 15NO 3− reduction in darkness. A large portion of the 15NO3− retained in the root in darkness was translocated and incorporated into insoluble reduced-N in the shoot in the following light period, at a rate which was similar to the rate of whole-plant reduction of 15NO3− acquired during the light period. Taking into account reduction of NO3− from all endogenous pools, it was apparent that plant reduction in a given light period (~13.21 micromoles per hour) exceeded considerably the rate of acquisition of exogenous NO3− (8.42 micromoles per hour) during that period. The primary source of substrate for NO3− reduction in the dark was exogenous NO3− being concurrently absorbed. In general, these data support the view that a relatively small portion (<20%) of the whole-plant reduction of NO3− in the light occurred in the root system. 相似文献
2.
In vivo NO 3− reduction in roots and shoots of intact barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. var Numar) seedlings was estimated in light and darkness. Seedlings were placed in darkness for 24 hours to make them carbohydrate-deficient. During darkness, the leaves lost 75% of their soluble carbohydrates, whereas the roots lost only 15%. Detached leaves from these plants reduced only 7% of the NO 3− absorbed in darkness. By contrast, detached roots from the seedlings reduced the same proportion of absorbed NO 3−, as did roots from normal light-grown plants. The rate of NO 3− reduction in the roots accounted for that found in the intact dark-treated carbohydrate-deficient seedlings. The rates of NO 3− reduction in roots of intact plants were the same for approximately 12 hours, both in light and darkness, after which the NO 3− reduction rate in roots of plants placed in darkness slowly declined. In the dark, approximately 40% of the NO 3− reduction occurred in the roots, whereas in light only 20% of the total NO 3− reduction occurred in roots. A lesser proportion was reduced in roots because the leaves reduced more nitrate in light than in darkness. 相似文献
3.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the relative changes in NO 3− assimilatory processes which occurred in response to decreasing carbohydrate availability. Young tobacco plants ( Nicotiana tabacum [L.], cv NC 2326) growing in solution culture were exposed to 1.0 millimolar 15NO 3− for 6 hour intervals during a normal 12 hour light period and a subsequent period of darkness lasting 42 hours. Uptake of 15NO 3− decreased to 71 to 83% of the uptake rate in the light during the initial 18 hours of darkness; uptake then decreased sharply over the next 12 hours of darkness to 11 to 17% of the light rate, coincident with depletion of tissue carbohydrate reserves and a marked decline in root respiration. Changes also occurred in endogenous 15NO 3− assimilation processes, which were distinctly different than those in 15NO 3− uptake. During the extended dark period, translocation of absorbed 15N out of the root to the shoot varied rhythmically. The adjustments were independent of 15NO 3− uptake rate and carbohydrate status, but were reciprocally related to rhythmic adjustments in stomatal resistance and, presumably, water movement through the root system. Whole plant reduction of 15NO 3− always was limited more than uptake. The assimilation of 15N into insoluble reduced-N in roots remained a constant proportion of uptake throughout, while assimilation in the shoot declined markedly in the first 18 hours of darkness before stabilizing at a low level. The plants clearly retained a capacity for 15NO 3− reduction and synthesis of insoluble reduced- 15N even when 15NO 3− uptake was severely restricted and minimal carbohydrate reserves remained in the tissue. 相似文献
4.
Nitrate reduction was studied as a function of carbohydrate concentration in detached primary leaves of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv Numar) seedlings under aerobic conditions in light and darkness. Seedlings were grown either in continuous light for 8 days or under a regimen of 16-hour light and 8-hour dark for 8 to 15 days. Leaves of 8-day-old seedlings grown in continuous light accumulated 4 times more carbohydrates than leaves of plants grown under a light and dark regimen. When detached leaves from these seedlings were supplied with NO 3− in darkness, those with the higher levels of carbohydrates reduced a greater proportion of the NO 3− that was taken up. In darkness, added glucose increased the percentage of NO 3− reduced up to 2.6-fold depending on the endogenous carbohydrate status of the leaves. Both NO 3− reduction and carbohydrate content of the leaves increased with age. Fructose and sucrose also increased NO 3− reduction in darkness to the same extent as glucose. Krebs cycle intermediates, citrate and succinate, did not increase NO 3− reduction, whereas malate slightly stimulated it in darkness. In light, 73 to 90% of the NO3− taken up was reduced by the detached leaves; therefore, an exogenous supply of glucose had little additional effect on NO3− reduction. The results indicate that in darkness the rate of NO3− reduction in primary leaves of barley depends upon the availability of carbohydrates. 相似文献
5.
The effects of several photosynthetic inhibitors and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on NO 3− and NO 2− assimilation were studied using detached barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv Numar) leaves in which only endogenous NO 3− or NO 2− were available for reduction. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation greatly increased NO 3− reduction in both light and darkness, while photosynthetic inhibitors did not. The NO2− concentration in the control leaves was very low in both light and darkness; 98% or more of the NO2− formed from NO3− was further assimilated in control leaves. More NO2− accumulated in the leaves in light and darkness in the presence of photosynthetic inhibitors. Of this NO2−, 94% or more was further assimilated. It appears that metabolites, either external or internal to the chloroplast, capable of reducing NADP (which, in turn, could reduce ferredoxin via NADP reductase) might support NO2− reduction in darkness and light when photosynthetic electron flow is inhibited by photosynthetic inhibitors. Nitrite assimilation was much more sensitive to uncouplers in darkness than in light: in darkness, 74% or more of NO2− formed from NO3− was further assimilated, whereas in light, 95% or more of the NO2− was further assimilated. 相似文献
6.
The effect of the exogenous and endogenous NO 3− concentration on net uptake, influx, and efflux of NO 3− and on nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in roots was studied in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Witte Krombek. After exposure to NO 3−, an apparent induction period of about 6 hours occurred regardless of the exogenous NO 3− level. A double reciprocal plot of the net uptake rate of induced plants versus exogenous NO 3− concentration yielded four distinct phases, each with simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and separated by sharp breaks at about 45, 80, and 480 micromoles per cubic decimeter. Influx was estimated as the accumulation of 15N after 1 hour exposure to 15NO3−. The isotherms for influx and net uptake were similar and corresponded to those for alkali cations and Cl−. Efflux of NO3− was a constant proportion of net uptake during initial NO3− supply and increased with exogenous NO3− concentration. No efflux occurred to a NO3−-free medium. The net uptake rate was negatively correlated with the NO3− content of roots. Nitrate efflux, but not influx, was influenced by endogenous NO3−. Variations between experiments, e.g. in NO3− status, affected the values of Km and Vmax in the various concentration phases. The concentrations at which phase transitions occurred, however, were constant both for influx and net uptake. The findings corroborate the contention that separate sites are responsible for uptake and transitions between phases. Beyond 100 micromoles per cubic decimeter, root NRA was not affected by exogenous NO3− indicating that NO3− uptake was not coupled to root NRA, at least not at high concentrations. 相似文献
7.
The regulation of NO 3− assimilation by xylem flux of NO 3− was studied in illuminated excised leaves of soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr. cv Kingsoy). The supply of exogenous NO 3− at various concentrations via the transpiration stream indicated that the xylem flux of NO 3− was generally rate-limiting for NO 3− reduction. However, NO 3− assimilation rate was maintained within narrow limits as compared with the variations of the xylem flux of NO 3−. This was due to considerable remobilization and assimilation of previously stored endogenous NO 3− at low exogenous NO 3− delivery, and limitation of NO 3− reduction at high xylem flux of NO 3−, leading to a significant accumulation of exogenous NO 3−. The supply of 15NO 3− to the leaves via the xylem confirmed the labile nature of the NO 3− storage pool, since its half-time for exchange was close to 10 hours under steady state conditions. When the xylem flux of 15NO 3− increased, the proportion of the available NO 3− which was reduced decreased similarly from nearly 100% to less than 50% for both endogenous 14NO 3− and exogenous 15NO 3−. This supports the hypothesis that the assimilatory system does not distinguish between endogenous and exogenous NO 3− and that the limitation of NO 3− reduction affected equally the utilization of NO 3− from both sources. It is proposed that, in the soybean leaf, the NO 3− storage pool is particularly involved in the short-term control of NO 3− reduction. The dynamics of this pool results in a buffering of NO 3− reduction against the variations of the exogenous NO 3− delivery. 相似文献
8.
It is unclear if the relative content of NO 3− and reduced N in xylem exudate provides an accurate estimate of the percentage reduction of concurrently absorbed NO 3− in the root. Experiments were conducted to determine whether NO 3− and reduced N in xylem exudate of vegetative, nonnodulated soybean plants ( Glycine max [L.] Merr., `Ransom') originated from exogenous recently absorbed 15NO 3− or from endogenous 14N pools. Plants either were decapitated and exposed to 15NO 3− solutions for 2 hours or were decapitated for the final 20 minutes of a 50-minute exposure to 15NO 3− in the dark and in the light. Considerable amounts of 14NO 3− and reduced 14N were transported into the xylem, but almost all of the 15N was present as 15NO 3−. Dissimilar changes in transport of 14NO 3−, reduced 14N and 15NO 3− during the 2 hours of sap collection resulted in large variability over time in the percentage of total N in the exudate which was reduced N. Over a 20-minute period the rate of 15N transport into the xylem of decapitated plants was only 21 to 36% of the 15N delivered to the shoot of intact plants. Based on the proportion of total 15N which was found as reduced 15N in exudate and in intact plants in the dark, it was estimated that 5 to 17% of concurrently absorbed 15NO 3− was reduced in the root. This was much less than the 38 to 59% which would have been predicted from the relative content of total NO 3− and total reduced N in the xylem exudate. 相似文献
9.
Experiments were conducted with segments of corn roots to investigate whether nitrate reductase (NR) is compartmentalized in particular groups of cells that collectively form the root symplastic pathway. A microsurgical technique was used to separate cells of the epidermis, of the cortex, and of the stele. The presence of NR was determined using in vitro and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In roots exposed to 0.2 millimolar NO 3− for 20 hours, NR was detected almost exclusively in epidermal cells, even though substantial amounts of NO 3− likely were being transported through cortical and steler cells during transit to the vascular system. Although NR was present in all cell groups of roots exposed to 20.0 millimolar NO 3−, the majority of the NR still was contained in epidermal cells. The results are consistent with previous observations indicating that limited reduction of endogenous NO 3− occurs during uptake and reduction of exogenous NO 3−. Several mechanisms are advanced to account for the restricted capacity of cortical and stelar cells to induce NR and reduce NO 3−. It is postulated that (a) the biochemical system involved in the induction of NR in the cortex and stele is relatively insensitive to the presence of NO 3−, (b) the receptor for the NR induction response and the NR protein are associated with cell plasmalemmae and little NO 3− is taken up by cells of the cortex and stele, and/or (c) NO 3− is compartmentalized during transport through the symplasm, which limits exposure for induction of NR and NO 3− reduction. 相似文献
10.
An experiment was conducted to investigate alterations in uptake and assimilation of NO 3− by phosphorus-stressed plants. Young tobacco plants ( Nicotiana tabacum [L.], cv NC 2326) growing in solution culture were deprived of an external phosphorus (P) supply for 12 days. On selected days, plants were exposed to 15NO 3− during the 12 hour light period to determine changes in NO 3− assimilation as the P deficiency progressed. Decreased whole-plant growth was evident after 3 days of P deprivation and became more pronounced with time, but root growth was unaffected until after day 6. Uptake of 15NO 3− per gram root dry weight and translocation of absorbed 15NO 3− out of the root were noticeably restricted in −P plants by day 3, and effects on both increased in severity with time. Whole-plant reduction of 15NO 3− and 15N incorporation into insoluble reduced-N in the shoot decreased after day 3. Although the P limitation was associated with a substantial accumulation of amino acids in the shoot, there was no indication of excessive accumulation of soluble reduced- 15N in the shoot during the 12 hour 15NO 3− exposure periods. The results indicate that alterations in NO 3− transport processes in the root system are the primary initial responses limiting synthesis of shoot protein in P-stressed plants. Elevated amino acid levels evidently are associated with enhanced degradation of protein rather than inhibition of concurrent protein synthesis. 相似文献
11.
The influence of nitrogen stress on net nitrate uptake resulting from concomitant 15NO 3− influx and 14NO 3− efflux was examined in two 12-day-old inbred lines of maize. Plants grown on 14NO 3− were deprived of nitrogen for up to 72 hours prior to the 12th day and then exposed for 0.5 hour to 0.15 millimolar nitrate containing 98.7 atom% 15N. The nitrate concentration of the roots declined from approximately 100 to 5 micromolar per gram fresh weight during deprivation, and 14NO 3− efflux was linearly related to root nitrate concentration. Influx of 15NO 3− was suppressed in nitrogen-replete plants and increased with nitrogen deprivation up to 24 hours, indicating a dissipation of factors suppressing influx. Longer periods of nitrogen-deprivation resulted in a decline in 15NO 3− influx from its maximal rate. The two inbreds differed significantly in the onset and extent of this decline, although their patterns during initial release from influx suppression were similar. Except for plants of high endogenous nitrogen status, net nitrate uptake was largely attributable to influx, and genetic variation in the regulation of this process is implied. 相似文献
12.
Effects of Na application on the capacity of NO 3− assimilation were studied in Na-deficient Amaranthus tricolor L. cv Tricolor plants. On day 30 after germination, Na-deficient A. tricolor plants received either 0.5 millimolar NaCl or KCl. The level of nitrate reductase activity doubled within 24 hours by the addition of Na and the enhanced level was maintained thereafter. When the plants were exposed to 2 millimolar 15NO 3−, total 15N taken up by the plants was greater in the Na-treated plants than in the K-treated plants within 24 hours of the Na treatment. Incorporation of 15N into the 80% ethanol-insoluble nitrogen fraction of the Na-treated plants in the light period was about 260% of those of the K-treated plants indicating greater capacity of NO 3− assimilation in the Na-treated plants. From these results, it was demonstrated that Na application to the Na-deficient A. tricolor plants promoted NO 3− reduction and its subsequent assimilation into protein, resulting in growth enhancement. 相似文献
13.
Assimilation of NO 3− and NH 4+ by perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) turf, previously deprived of N for 7 days, was examined. Nitrogen uptake rate was increased up to four- to five-fold for both forms of N by N-deprivation as compared to N-sufficient controls, with the deficiency-enhanced N absorption persisting through a 48 hour uptake period. Nitrate, but not NH 4+, accumulated in the roots and to a lesser degree in shoots. By 48 hours, 53% of the absorbed NO 3− had been reduced, whereas 97% of the NH 4+ had been assimilated. During the early stages (0 to 8 hours) of NO 3− uptake by N-deficient turf, reduction occurred primarily in the roots. Between 8 and 16 hours, however, the site of reduction shifted to the shoots. Nitrogen form did not affect partitioning of the absorbed N between roots (40%) and shoots (60%) but did affect growth. Compared to NO 3−, NH 4+ uptake inhibited root, but not shoot, growth. Total soluble carbohydrates decreased in both roots and shoots during the uptake period, principally the result of fructan metabolism. Ammonium uptake resulted in greater total depletion of soluble carbohydrates in the root compared to NO 3− uptake. The data indicate that N assimilation by ryegrass turf utilizes stored sugars but is also dependent on current photosynthate. 相似文献
14.
Experiments with intact plants of Lolium perenne previously grown with 14NO 3− revealed significant efflux of this isotopic species when the plants were transferred to solutions of highly enriched 15NO 3−. The exuded 14NO 3− was subsequently reabsorbed when the ambient solutions were not replaced. When they were frequently replaced, continual efflux of the 14NO 3− was observed. Influx of 15NO 3− was significantly greater than influx of 14NO 3− from solutions of identical NO 3− concentration. Transferring plants to 14NO 3− solutions after a six-hour period in 15NO 3− resulted in efflux of the latter. Presence of Mg 2+, rather than Ca 2+, in the ambient 15NO 3− solution resulted in a decidedly increased rate of 14NO 3− efflux and a slight but significant increase in 15NO 3− influx. Accordingly, net NO 3− influx was slightly depressed. A model in accordance with these observations is presented; its essential features include a passive bidirectional pathway, an active uptake mechanism, and a pathway for recycling of endogenous NO 3− within unstirred layers from the passive pathway to the active uptake site. 相似文献
15.
The inducibility and kinetics of the NO 3−, NO 2−, and NH 4+ transporters in roots of wheat seedlings ( Triticum aestivum cv Yercora Rojo) were characterized using precise methods approaching constant analysis of the substrate solutions. A microcomputer-controlled automated high performance liquid chromatography system was used to determine the depletion of each N species (initially at 1 millimolar) from complete nutrient solutions. Uptake rate analyses were performed using computerized curve-fitting techniques. More precise estimates were obtained for the time required for and the extent of the induction of each transporter. Up to 10 and 6 hours, respectively, were required to achieve apparent full induction of the NO 3− and NO 2− transporters. Evidence for substrate inducibility of the NH 4+ transporters requiring 5 hours is presented. The transport of NO 3− was mediated by a dual system (or dual phasic), whereas only single systems were found for transport of NO 2− and NH 4+. The Km values for NO 3−, NO 2−, and NH 4+ were, respectively, 0.027, 0.054, and 0.05 millimolar. The Km for mechanism II of NO 3− transport could not be defined in this study as it exhibited only apparent first order kinetics up to 1 millimolar. 相似文献
16.
Nitrate and NO 2− transport by roots of 8-day-old uninduced and induced intact barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. var CM 72) seedlings were compared to kinetic patterns, reciprocal inhibition of the transport systems, and the effect of the inhibitor, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Net uptake of NO 3− and NO 2− was measured by following the depletion of the ions from the uptake solutions. The roots of uninduced seedlings possessed a low concentration, saturable, low Km, possibly a constitutive uptake system, and a linear system for both NO 3− and NO 2−. The low Km system followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and approached saturation between 40 and 100 micromolar, whereas the linear system was detected between 100 and 500 micromolar. In roots of induced seedlings, rates for both NO 3− and NO 2− uptake followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and approached saturation at about 200 micromolar. In induced roots, two kinetically identifiable transport systems were resolved for each anion. At the lower substrate concentrations, less than 10 micromolar, the apparent low Kms of NO 3− and NO 2− uptake were 7 and 9 micromolar, respectively, and were similar to those of the low Km system in uninduced roots. At substrate concentrations between 10 and 200 micromolar, the apparent high Km values of NO 3− uptake ranged from 34 to 36 micromolar and of NO 2− uptake ranged from 41 to 49 micromolar. A linear system was also found in induced seedlings at concentrations above 500 micromolar. Double reciprocal plots indicated that NO 3− and NO 2− inhibited the uptake of each other competitively in both uninduced and induced seedlings; however, Ki values showed that NO 3− was a more effective inhibitor than NO 2−. Nitrate and NO 2− transport by both the low and high Km systems were greatly inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, whereas the linear system was only slightly inhibited. 相似文献
17.
The role of NO 3− and NO 2− in the induction of nitrite reductase (NiR) activity in detached leaves of 8-day-old barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was investigated. Barley leaves contained 6 to 8 micromoles NO 2−/gram fresh weight × hour of endogenous NiR activity when grown in N-free solutions. Supply of both NO 2− and NO 3− induced the enzyme activity above the endogenous levels (5 and 10 times, respectively at 10 millimolar NO 2− and NO 3− over a 24 hour period). In NO 3−-supplied leaves, NiR induction occurred at an ambient NO 3− concentration of as low as 0.05 millimolar; however, no NiR induction was found in leaves supplied with NO 2− until the ambient NO 2− concentration was 0.5 millimolar. Nitrate accumulated in NO 2−-fed leaves. The amount of NO 3− accumulating in NO 2−-fed leaves induced similar levels of NiR as did equivalent amounts of NO 3− accumulating in NO 3−-fed leaves. Induction of NiR in NO 2−-fed leaves was not seen until NO 3− was detectable (30 nanomoles/gram fresh weight) in the leaves. The internal concentrations of NO 3−, irrespective of N source, were highly correlated with the levels of NiR induced. When the reduction of NO 3− to NO 2− was inhibited by WO 42−, the induction of NiR was inhibited only partially. The results indicate that in barley leaves NiR is induced by NO 3− directly, i.e. without being reduced to NO 2−, and that absorbed NO 2− induces the enzyme activity indirectly after being oxidized to NO 3− within the leaf. 相似文献
18.
Using 13NO 3−, effects of various NO 3− pretreatments upon NO 3− influx were studied in intact roots of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv Klondike). Prior exposure of roots to NO 3− increased NO 3− influx and net NO 3− uptake. This `induction' of NO 3− uptake was dependent both on time and external NO 3− concentration ([NO 3−]). During induction influx was positively correlated with root [NO 3−]. In the postinduction period, however, NO 3− influx declined as root [NO 3−] increased. It is suggested that induction and negative feedback regulation are independent processes: Induction appears to depend upon some critical cytoplasmic [NO 3−]; removal of external NO 3− caused a reduction of 13NO 3− influx even though mean root [NO 3−] remained high. It is proposed that cytoplasmic [NO 3−] is depleted rapidly under these conditions resulting in `deinduction' of the NO 3− transport system. Beyond 50 micromoles per gram [NO 3−], 13NO 3− influx was negatively correlated with root [NO 3−]. However, it is unclear whether root [NO 3−] per se or some product(s) of NO 3− assimilation are responsible for the negative feedback effects. 相似文献
19.
The influence of NO 3− uptake and reduction on ionic balance in barley seedlings ( Hordeum vulgare, cv. Compana) was studied. KNO 3 and KCl treatment solutions were used for comparison of cation and anion uptake. The rate of Cl − uptake was more rapid than the rate of NO 3− uptake during the first 2 to 4 hours of treatment. There was an acceleration in rate of NO 3− uptake after 4 hours resulting in a sustained rate of NO 3− uptake which exceeded the rate of Cl − uptake. The initial (2 to 4 hours) rate of K + uptake appeared to be independent of the rate of anion uptake. After 4 hours the rate of K + uptake was greater with the KNO 3 treatment than with the KCl treatment, and the solution pH, cell sap pH, and organic acid levels with KNO 3 increased, relative to those with the KCl treatment. When absorption experiments were conducted in darkness, K + uptake from KNO 3 did not exceed K + uptake from KCl. We suggest that the greater uptake and accumulation of K + in NO 3−-treated plants resulted from ( a) a more rapid, sustained uptake and transport of NO 3− providing a mobile counteranion for K + transport, and ( b) the synthesis of organic acids in response to NO 3− reduction increasing the capacity for K + accumulation by providing a source of nondiffusible organic anions. 相似文献
20.
High-resolution NO 3− profiles in freshwater sediment covered with benthic diatoms were obtained with a new microscale NO 3− biosensor characterized by absence of interference from chemical species other than NO 2− and N 2O. Analysis of the microprofiles obtained indicated no nitrification during darkness, high rates of nitrification and a tight coupling between nitrification and denitrification during illumination, and substantial rates of NO 3− assimilation during illumination. Nitrification during darkness could be induced by purging the bulk water with O 2 gas, indicating that the stimulatory effect on nitrification by illumination was caused by algal production of O 2. NH 4+ addition did not stimulate nitrification during darkness when O 2 was restricted to the upper 1-mm layer, and there was thus a low nitrification potential in the permanently oxic top 1 mm of the sediment. 相似文献
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