Studies on the effects of copper deficiency on rat liver mitochondria. I. Changes in mitochondrial composition

As part of an investigation of the lesions of copper (Cu) deficiency a study was undertaken of the copper, iron, cytochrome and fatty acid composition of liver mitochondria from Cu deficient and Cu-adequate control rats. Cu concentrations were significantly decreased in whole liver, liver mitochondria and in blood plasma. Total iron was significantly increased in whole liver but remained at the normal level in mitochondria. Cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) and its component cytochromes a and a3 were significantly reduced in liver mitochondria from Cu-deficient rats, whereas there was no effect on the concentration of cytochromes b, c1 and c. Evidence from comparisons between cytochrome c oxidase activity and the amount of enzyme present, as assessed from the mitochondrial cytochrome a and a3 content, suggests that in addition to an absolute loss of enzyme, Cu-deficiency adversely affects the efficiency of the residual enzyme. Severe Cu deficiency had no effect on 'ageing' or 'swelling' properties of liver mitochondria, indicating no marked effects on fatty acid composition. Fatty acid analyses demonstrated a slight but significant increase in docosapentenoic acid (22:5) of Cu-deficient mitochondria, but since this represents a minor component there was no change observed in the 'unsaturation index'. It was concluded that, in contrast to previous reports, Cu deficiency of the severity reported did not have a deleterious effect on the integrity and permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane as exemplified by any qualitative modification of fatty acid constitution per se.     

Studies on essential fatty acid deficiency. Effect of the deficiency on the lipids in liver mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation

1. Dietary deficiency of essential fatty acids results in a twofold increase in the neutral lipid content of liver mitochondria as compared with the corresponding value for stock-fed rats. 2. Deficiency produces changes in the pattern of the constituent fatty acids of the main phospholipid fractions of liver mitochondria which are similar to those previously reported for the lipids of whole liver. There is a fall in the content of C_18:2 acid and to a smaller extent of C_20:4 acid associated with a rise of C_16:1, C_18:1 and C_20:3 acids. 3. Deficiency results in small decreases in the phosphorylation quotients of liver mitochondria during oxidation of succinate and pyruvate, but the values lie within the range reported for normal mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiration with succinate is decreased as a result of deficiency but no change was observed with pyruvate as substrate.     

Nutritional effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Alterations in oxidative phosphorylation by rat liver mitochondria.

Rats malnourished since birth and fed on a protein-free diet for 2 weeks showed a 23-27% decrease in the State-3 oxidation of glutamate, succinate and ascorbate + NNN' N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine by liver mitochondria compared with control fed animals. ATP synthesis and the respiratory control index were diminished at the three coupling sites, but significant alterations were not observed in ADP/O ratios. Vmax. for NADH oxidation in electron-transport particles was 40% lower. Mitochondrial cytochromes b and c1 remained unchanged, but cytochrome c was increased by 26%. Cytochromes a + a3 were diminished by 22%. Vmax. for mitochondrial ATPase was 23% lower. These results suggest that the lower content of cytochrome a + a3 at the rate-controlling step of oxidative phosphorylation in malnourished rats might be mainly responsible for the decrease in substrate oxidations as well as ATP synthesis at the three coupling sites. The decreased synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP suggests that other energy-dependent mitochondrial processes could be decreased during malnutrition.     

The effects of linoleate hydroperoxide on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria.

Linoleate hydropepoxide, purified by silica gel chromatography and at concentrations 70-100 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein, activated state 4 respiration and Mg-ATPase activity of mitochondria to levels of 80% and 25%, respectively, of those induced by 300 microM DNP, and completely inhibited oxidative phosphorylation. These effects are the same as those caused by linoleate, but the hydroperoxide caused more rapid degeneration of the activated respiration of mitochondria than linoleate. Further addition of the hydroperoxide induced oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase to a level 3 times that obtained with DNP, accompanied by clearing of the mitochondrial suspension and release of malate dehydrogenase from the matrix. The extent of the effects caused by the methyl ester of linoleate hydroperoxide was much less than by the free acid.     

Effects of N-tricyanovinylamines on oxidative phosphorylation and level of SH-groups in rat liver mitochondria.

The effects of N-substituted tricyanovinylamines on oxidative phosphorylation as well as on glutathione and total SH group concentrations in rat liver mitochondria was studied. The N-TCVA derivatives studied (N-cyclohexyl; N-isobutyl; N-benzyl; N-phenyl; N-4-Br-phenyl; N-3-nitrophenyl) had an uncoupling effection on the oxidative phosphorylation. They stimulated the respiration of mitochondria and influenced their membrane potential. In their property as SH agents, the N-TCVA derivatives reduced the level of TSH groups of the mitochondria present in concentrations of 2 mumol/mg protein. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase was decreased by N-TCVA by 13%. N-TCVA derivatives changed the redox state of glutathione in mitochondria. This effect was observed at the concentration 0.3 mumol/mg protein. The results obtained in the present study support the view that the glutathione status is more sensitive than the total level of SH groups to incubation of mitochondria with SH agents such as N-TCVA derivatives.     

Effects of 5,5'-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria.

5,5'-Diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) administered in vitro, inhibited state 3 oxidation, stimulated state 4 oxidation and decreased ADP:O ratio when 3-hydroxybutyrate and succinate were used as substrates. Considerably lower DPTH concentrations were required for the inhibition of 3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation (50% inhibition occurred at approximately 0.17 mumoles DPTH/mg protein) than were needed for inhibition of succinate oxidation (50% inhibition occurred at about 0.62 mumoles DPTH/mg protein). DPTH showed no inhibitory effects when ascorbate plus tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) served as the substrate. The inhibition of state 3 respiration was not reversed by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), although there was a slight increase in the DNP rate:state 3 rate suggesting the presence of a weak DPTH inhibotory site located within the Site I energy transport chain. Uncoupling, in the presence of DPTH, was observed with all substrates. In experiments utilizing sonicated mitochondria, DPTH inhibited NADH-linked oxidation, but did not inhibit succinate or ascorbate plus TMPD oxidation. The effects of DPTH were reversed by dilution and by addition of albumin. DPTH concentrations which produced inhibition of state 3 respiration in vitro were reached, in vivo, in the livers of rats receiving a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg of DPTH.     

Effects of glucagon and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine on oxidative phosphorylation of thyroidectomized rat liver mitochondria

In normal or thyroidectomized rat liver mitochondria, glucagon produced fast but transient stimulation of respiration rates in state 3 and state 4 whatever the substrates. Stimulation reached its maximum 20 to 30 minutes after glucagon injection. However, the effects of glucagon are less marked after removal of the thyroid gland, since the increases observed in the oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rates were only half those shown in normal rats. The activating effects of triiodothyronine and glucagon on the ADP phosphorylation rates were found to be additive. Pretreatment with cycloheximide blocked the activation induced by glucagon but not that induced by triiodothyronine. Both hormones therefore stimulate oxidative phosphorylation but by different mechanisms. Thyroidectomy did not alter the early rise in glycaemia observed in response to glucagon. It may therefore be assumed that the hypothyroid rat's sensitivity to glucagon is not directly connected with the change in cAMP metabolism.     

Effects of riboflavin deficiency on oxidative phosphorylation, flavin enzymes and coenzymes in rat liver.

Riboflavin deficiency in rats caused a decrease in the activities of hepatic succinate dehydrogenase (50 %), L-α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (50 %) and xanthine oxidase (70 %). It also reduced to 50 % the rate of mitochondrial oxidation of succinate, β-hydroxybutyrate, α-ketoglutarate, glutamate, pyruvate and malate without changing ADP : O ratios, thus showing that riboflavin deficiency interferes with electron transport along the respiratory chain without noticably affecting phosphorylation.     

Fatty acid uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria

Free fatty acids (FFA) are known to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. However, their mechanism of action has not been elucidated as yet. In this study we have investigated in detail the patterns of uncoupling by the FFA oleate and palmitate in rat liver mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. The patterns of uncoupling by FFA were compared to uncoupling induced by the ionophores valinomycin (in the presence of K+) and gramicidin (in the presence of Na+) and the proton translocator carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The most striking difference in the pattern of uncoupling relates to the effect on the proton electrochemical potential gradient, delta mu H. Uncoupling by ionophores, particularly valinomycin, is associated with and most likely caused by a major reduction of delta mu H. In contrast, uncoupling by FFA is not associated with a significant reduction of delta mu H, indicating another mechanism of uncoupling. We suggest the use of the term decouplers for uncoupling agents such as FFA and general anesthetics that do not collapse the delta mu H [Rottenberg, H. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 3313-3317]. The protonophore CCCP and to some extent the ionophore gramicidin indicate a mixed mode of uncoupling since their effect on delta mu H is moderate when compared to that of valinomycin. Another distinguishing feature of uncouplers that collapse the delta mu H is their ability to stimulate ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3) further. Decouplers such as FFA and general anesthetics do not stimulate state 3 respiration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Amine fluorescamine compounds inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria

The reaction of fluorescamine with ammonia, benzylamine, o,p-dimethylbenzylamine, 2-phenylethylamine, p-aminobenzoic acid, and the mycosamine-containing macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B, yield compounds which induce significant effects on mitochondrial activities. From their effects on energy-yielding processes which lead to transmembranous proton movements, the compounds may be divided into three classes. While all modifiers significantly inhibit proton movement induced by both ATP hydrolysis and electron transfer in mitochondria, their influence on the primary energy yielding steps are quite different. Class I modifiers, e.g., the compound made from amphotericin B, inhibit electron transfer but have no effect on the Pi release associated with ATP hydrolysis. Class II modifiers, e.g., the compound made from benzylamine, inhibit respiration but stimulate Pi release. Class III modifiers, e.g., the compound made from p-aminobenzoic acid, on the other hand, only slightly increase Pi release but have no effect on redox reactions. These and other effects of the modifiers are taken to mean that the proton movements and their associated energy-yielding processes are only linked indirectly. The effects of the modifiers on State 3 mitochondrial activities were also investigated. Although all the modifiers decrease the rates of both State 3 respiration and its coupled ATP synthesis, the efficiency of energy conversion measured by the P/O ratio remains unaltered.     

Uptake and effects of copper in rat liver mitochondria.

The rate and extent of Cu2+ uptake by rat liver mitochondria was measured under various conditions. 1. The uptake is both greater and faster without an energy supply. 2. The uptake, when occuring in ionic media, has a biphasic character, that is it always slows down after an initial burst, and then re-accelerates. 3. Uptake of Cu2+ in the presence of energy initiates K+ uptake from K+-containing media with accompanying swelling and respiratory stimulation. Depending on the amounts of Cu2+ added and the K+ concentration, an inhibition of respiration later ensues. 4. Chelation of the Cu2+ by substrates (notably glutamate) decreases the effects. 5. Prior exposure to Cu2+ decreases or prevents energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake.     

Influence of starvation and clofibrate administration on oxidative phosphorylation by rat liver mitochondria.

Whole cells, homogenates and mitochondrial obtained from the livers of albino rats which were starved for 6 days or more showed a 50% decrease in oxidative activity. The decrease could be corrected by the addition of cytochrome c in vitro. The phosphorylative activity of mitochondria remained unaffected. The decrease in oxidative rate was not observed when starving animals were given the anti-hypercholesterolaemic drug clofibrate. The total cellular concentration of cytochrome c was not affected by starvation. However, the concentration of the pigment in hepatic mitochondria isolated from starving animals was less than half that in normal mitochondria. Clofibrate-treated animals did not show a decreased concentration of cytochrome c in hepatic mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from starving animals, though deficient in cytochrome c, did not show any decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity or in the rate of substrate-dependent reduction of potassium ferricyanide or attendant phosphorylation. In coupled mitochondria, ferricyanide may not accept electrons from the cytochrome c in the respiratory chain. Starvation decreases the concentration of high-affinity binding sites for cytochrome c on the mitochondrial membrane. The dissociation constant increases in magnitude.     

Effects of ATP on various steps controlling the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in newborn rat liver mitochondria

Preincubation of newborn rat liver mitochondria with ATP increases their state 3 respiration rate [J. K. Pollak (1975) Biochem. J. 150, 477-488; J. R. Aprille, and G. K. Asimakis (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 201, 564-575]. To determine which reactions contribute to control the rate of succinate oxidation with and without prior exposure to ATP, the effects of inhibitors specific for various reactions were studied. The adenine nucleotide translocator does not control the respiration in newborn more than in the adult mitochondria. The supply of reducing equivalents to the respiratory chain is an important step controlling the rate of oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria from newborn rat liver, especially after preincubation with ATP. On the contrary, titrations with oligomycin show that the preincubation with ATP markedly decreases the control exerted by the ATPase-ATP synthase complex. That the rate of ATP synthesis is one of the steps controlling the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in newborn rat liver mitochondria is in striking contrast to the behavior of adult rat liver mitochondria. Other differences include a greater permeability to protons and a marked increase in sensitivity to mersalyl, indicating an easier accessibility of the proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation to the thiol reagent.     

Effect of primary aliphatic amines on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria

The dynamics of primary aliphatic amines (ethylamine, propylamine) effects on the processes of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria was estimated. The inhibiting action of ethylamine and propylamine on the oxidative phosphorylation processes in the rat liver mitochondria was revealed.