小菜蛾寄生性天敌的研究进展

小菜蛾已成为目前\"化学杀虫剂防治困难\"的典型害虫之一.面对此困境,利用丰富的小菜蛾天敌资源并取得持续的控制作用已成为国内外研究的热点.本文就近年来小菜蛾寄生性天敌的研究进展作一综述.     

甘肃陇东农业害虫主要寄生性天敌昆虫

本文报道了甘肃陇东农业害虫主要寄生性天敌昆虫.通过饲养玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee.胡麻短纹卷蛾Falseuncaria kaszabi Razowski.桃小食心虫Carposina niponensis Walsingham.梨星毛虫Illiberispruni Dxar.梨大食心虫Nephopteryxpirivorella Matsumura.苹果巢蛾Hyponomeuts malinella Zeller.苹果球蚧Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchs.等9种农业害虫,观察记录了大螟瘦姬蜂Eriborus terebrans(Gravenhorst).派姬蜂Paraperthous sp.金小蜂Eupteromalus sp.多胚跳小蜂Copidosoma sp.无脊大腿小蜂Brachymeria excarinata Gahan.绒茧蜂Apanteles sp.日本黄茧蜂Meteorus japonicus Ashmead.折肛短须寄蝇Linnaemya scutellaris(Malloch).卷蛾寄蝇Blondelia spp.选择盆地寄蝇Bessa selecta fugax Rondani.黄眶离缘姬蜂Trathala flavo-orbitadis Cameron.梨大长尾瘤姬蜂Gregopimpla sp.苹果巢蛾跳小蜂Ageniaspis fuscicollis(Dalman).蓝绿跳小蜂Blastothrix spl.等23种寄生性天敌昆虫.黑光灯诱集,发现地蚕大铗姬蜂Eutanyacrapicta Schrank.细颚姬蜂Enicospilus sp.瘦姬蜂Ophion sp.距茧蜂Homolobussp.等6种寄生性天敌昆虫.计29种寄生性天敌昆虫,隶属姬蜂科Ichneumonidae.茧蜂科Braconidae.小蜂科Chalcididae.金小蜂科Pteromalidae.跳小蜂科Encyrtidae.寄蝇科Larvaevovidae.等9科.其中苹果巢蛾跳小蜂为国内首次记录.     

我国烟粉虱主要捕食和寄生性天敌控制能力研究进展

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius是一种广泛分布于世界各地的多食性害虫,对我国多个省市区的农作物和观赏植物造成了严重的危害。化学杀虫剂的大量使用在杀伤天敌的同时使烟粉虱产生了不同程度的抗性,防治越来越困难;相较于化学防治,在不同地区筛选有效的天敌对烟粉虱进行生物防治是对烟粉虱进行有效控制的重要方法。我国报道的捕食性天敌共计26科109种,寄生性天敌共计2科59种。烟粉虱防治过程中由于单一的防治效果不理想,联合多个天敌资源的利用是增加对烟粉虱的生物防治效果的重要手段。本文通过对我国烟粉虱捕食性和寄生性天敌种类系统全面的整理,同时对烟粉虱优势种天敌中的单种或者多种组合利用后对烟粉虱的的控害潜能进行综述,以期为烟粉虱天敌昆虫种类的筛选和实现高效的生物防治提供科学依据。     

梨星毛虫在甘肃陇东地区的生活史及寄生性天敌

梨星毛虫 Illiberispruni Dyar是陇东仁果重要害虫。 1 986年田间采集梨星毛虫老熟幼虫1 870头 ,进行室内阶段性饲养观察生活史和寄生性天敌。结果报导如下。1　生活史观察1 .1　梨星毛虫蛹期 7～ 1 4天 ,平均 1 0 .9天。羽化期 6月 2 1日～ 7月 1 0日 ,羽化率 72 .9% ,前期雄蛾占绝对优势 ,雌雄比 1∶ 1 .3 ;后期雌蛾占绝对优势 ,雌雄比 1∶ 0 .6。高峰期 6月 2 4～2 9日 ,其羽化量占 70 .3 %。每天有 2个羽化高峰 ,主要是 6～ 8时 ,其次是 1 8～ 2 0时。1 .2　雄蛾期 3～ 1 0天 ,平均 6.2天。雌蛾期 4～ 1 1天 ,平均 7.6天。交尾前期短促…     

我国新天敌资源——小蠹蒲螨形态与生物学研究

小蠹蒲螨Pyemotes scolyti(Oudemans,1936)为我国新纪录种。在河北,是核果类果树毁灭性害虫果树小蠹Scolytus japonicus Chapuis和多毛小蠹S.seulensis Mu-rayamy的有效天敌。该螨胎生,1年多代(25℃,8d完成1代),雌雄性比30:1～2,每雌产后代平均60余头,有较高的利用价值。     

蒲螨与人类疾病

蒲螨为一类农业害螨,部分种类可暂时性或偶然地侵袭人体。该文简要介绍了蒲螨的生物学、生态学、引起人体皮炎的蒲螨种类、皮炎的发生特点以及蒲可寄生人体内引起的疾病。并提出治疗方法和除螨措施。     

淮北地区豆天蛾孵期寄生性天敌调查初报

豆天蛾 Clanosbilineata(Walker)在淮北地区每年发生 1代 ,以幼虫取食大豆叶片。产卵时间在 6月下旬至 8月上旬末 ,盛卵期集中于 7月中下旬。 80年代中期以前 ,该虫曾是该区大豆的主要害虫 ,但自 1 986年以来 ,均为中等偏轻发生。究其原因 ,主要是其自然天敌控制作用显著增强。作者于 1 998～ 1 997年对该虫卵期寄生性自然天敌进行了系统调查研究 ,现简要报道于下。1　研究方法每年 6月下旬至 8月中旬 ,每隔 3～ 5天 ,从田间随机大量采集豆天蛾卵 ,单粒置于1 0 mm× 70 mm玻璃试管中 ,自然温度下让其继续发育 ,统计卵寄生率 ,鉴定天敌种类…     

寄生性天敌对美洲斑潜蝇种群控制作用评价

组建了美洲斑潜蝇自然种群生命表,在此基础上应用排除控制指数分析方法,分析了寄生性天敌对美洲斑潜蝇自然种群的控制作用。结果表明,美洲斑潜蝇在秋季花前期菜豆上种群趋势指数为５．６１;寄生性天敌的寄生是影响美洲斑潜蝇自然种群数量增长的重要因子;若排除寄生性天敌的作用,其种群密度将增长为原来的２．４７６倍。     

美洲斑潜蝇及其寄生性天敌的生态位

通过调查美洲斑潜蝇及其主要寄生性天敌冈崎姬小蜂Neochrysoclaris okazakii Kamijo,芙新姬小蜂Neochrysoclaris formosa Westood和攀金姬小蜂Chrysocharis petheus Walker的时间和空间生态位,测定出生态位宽度,重叠和比例相似性,在生态位测定的基础上,按生态位的理论观点,探讨了寄生性天敌在美洲斑潜蝇综合治理中的控制作用。     

Diapause induction in aphid parasitoids

Diapause is one of the adaptations that insects have evolved for the synchronisation of their life cycle with seasonal climatic changes and resources. In aphid parasitoids, univoltine species have an obligatory, genetically determined diapause. Polyvoltine species, on the other hand, use a variety of abiotic (temperature, photoperiod) and biotic (host insect or/and host plant) signals for the induction of diapause. We present an overview of the role of these environmental cues in diapause induction in specialist and generalist aphid parasitoids, and discuss possible endocrine factors that may be involved in diapause induction.     

植酸酶的研究进展

从三个方面综述了植酸酶的研究进展：（1）植酸酶的种类及来源;（2）植酸酶的性质;（3）植酸酶基因及基因工程。     

Host-feeding and oviposition strategies of parasitoids in relation to host stage

Until now, mathematical models of parasitoid-host interactions have not incorporated the tendency for destructively host-feeding parasitoids to partition their feeding and oviposition behaviour in relation to different host stages. A literature survey reveals a trend for female parasitoids to feed preferentially or exclusively on earlier host stages and to oviposit preferentially or exclusively in/or later ones. We explore the relative advantages to host-feeding parasitoids of a number of possible host stage selection strategies. We develop hypotheses, formalizing and testing them using modifications to our earlier simulation model of host-feeding strategies (Jervis and Kidd, 1986). We conclude from our modelling that the advantage to be gained from feeding on early host stages and ovipositing in late ones is likely to be associated with: 1) reduced handling times when feeding on early stage hosts; 2) reduced wastage of progeny from mortality factors other than host-feeding by the parent parasitoid, achieved by confining oviposition to late host stages; and 3) reduced probability of progeny mortality resulting from the parent's host-feeding activities.     

Siblicide and life-history evolution in parasitoids

Parasitoid wasps exhibit a stark dichotomy in larval behaviorand developmental mode. In gregarious species, siblings developingtogether tolerate each other; hence more than one individualcan successfully complete development. In contrast, solitaryspecies have intolerant larvae that will engage in siblicide,leading to only one individual successfully completing development.Previous theoretical and empirical work has suggested thatfemales from species with intolerant larvae should reduce theirrelative investment in reproduction. We tested this predictionby measuring investment in survival and reproduction in a pairof sister species from the genus Aphaereta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).With increasing body size, divergent patterns of investmentexist in the two species. Females of the solitary A. genevensisallocate additional resources almost exclusively toward greaterfat reserves, resulting in enhanced longevity. Females of thegregarious A. pallipes invest relatively more in reproductionand hence have lower fat reserves, reduced longevity, and greateregg loads than A. genevensis. These differences reflect a trendtoward greater investment in survival relative to reproductionin the solitary species, as predicted. We discuss the implicationsof these findings for the development of sibling rivalry andlife-history theory.     

A study on the emergence sequence of pupal parasitoids of the pine processionary moth,Thaumetopoea pityocampa

The emergence of pupal parasitoids from collected pupae of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) was recorded over a 2-year period. The moths and the parasitoid species Villa brunnea (Diptera: Bombylidae), Phryxe caudata (Diptera: Tachinidae), Coelichneumon rudis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) emerged sequentially. The ecological implications of such parasitism are discussed.     

Acoustically-orienting parasitoids in calling and silent males of the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus

Abstract.

• 1 On three Hawaiian Islands, the introduced Australasian field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus Le Guillou (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) was found to be attacked by the phonotactic parasitoid tachinid fly, Ormia ochracea Bigot.
• 2 Noncalling males occurred with callers in all locations, but silent males were more heavily parasitized than callers.
• 3 Body size was unrelated to both calling status and the likelihood of harbouring parasitoid larvae.
• 4 An experiment examining the likelihood of calling in the laboratory by males collected as silent or calling individuals showed no difference between the two classes of males, after accounting for parasitoid levels; males harbouring larvae were less likely to call.

     

Primary sex-ratio and differential progeny survivorship in solitary haplo-diploid parasitoids

ABSTRACT.

• 1 A method of partitioning emergence sex-ratio to give estimates of primary sex-ratio and male and female offspring survival from oviposition to emergence in solitary haplo-diploid parasitoids is presented.
• 2 This method is applied to sex-ratio data from a larval parasitoid, Aphidius ervi Haliday, and a pupal parasitoid, Coccygomimus turionella L., parasitizing a range of host types.
• 3 There was no evidence of facultative control of primary sex-ratio in either species. Parasitoid emergence sex-ratios were similar for all host sizes attacked by C. turionella. In contrast, emergence sex-ratios of A.ervi showed a significant male bias in smaller hosts. This shift in emergence sex-ratio was attributable to differential progeny survival.
• 4 Pre-emergence mortality in both species was a function of host size, with few offspring surviving from small hosts. This suggests that host size may be an important component in the dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions.
• 5 The evolution of sex-ratio regulatory mechanisms in solitary haplo-diploid parasitoids is discussed in the context of parasitoid life-history. We suggest that there is a constraint to the evolution of the facultative control of primary sex-ratio in parasitoids attacking larval stages as a result of the uncertainty of future host resource acquisition rates.