Circumvention of over-excitation of PSII by maintaining electron transport rate in leaves of four cotton genotypes developed under long-term drought

We investigated the patterns of response to a long-term drought in the field in cotton cultivars (genotypes) with known differences in their drought tolerance. Four cotton genotypes with varying physiological and morphological traits, suited to different cropping conditions, were grown in the field and subjected to a long-term moderate drought. In general, cotton leaves developed under drought had significantly higher area-based leaf nitrogen content (N (area)) than those under well irrigation. Droughted plants showed a lower light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (A (sat)) with lower stomatal conductance (g (s)) and intercellular CO (2) concentration (C (i)) than irrigated ones. Based on the responses of A (sat) to g (s) and C (i), there was no decreasing trend in A (sat) at a given g (s) and C (i) in droughted leaves, suggesting that the decline in A (sat) in field-grown cotton plants under a long-term drought can be attributed mainly to stomatal closure, but not to nonstomatal limitations. There was little evidence of an increase in thermal energy dissipation as indicated by the lack of a decrease in the photochemical efficiency of open PSII (F (v)'/F (m)') in droughted plants. On the basis of electron transport (ETR) and photochemical quenching (q (P)), however, we found evidence indicating that droughted cotton plants can circumvent the risk of excessive excitation energy in photosystem (PS) II by maintaining higher electron transport rates associated with higher N (area), even while photosynthetic rates were reduced by stomatal closure.     

Photosynthetic light and CO2 utilization and C4 traits of two novel super-rice hybrids

Characteristics of photosynthetic light and CO2 use efficiency from seedling to heading stage, and C4 pathway enzyme activities in both flag leaves and lemma were compared between two newly developed super-rice hybrids (Oryza sativa L.), Liangyoupeijiu and Hua-an 3, and a traditional rice hybrid, Shanyou 63. At seedling and tillering stages, Liangyoupeijiu and Hua-an 3 had higher net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and light saturated assimilation rates (Asat) than did Shanyou 63, at both normal (360 micromol mol(-1)) and doubled (720 micromol mol(-1)) CO2 concentrations. At the heading stage, the flag leaves of all three rice hybrids had similar Pn and Asat. However, the two super-rice hybrids had higher apparent quantum yield (AQY) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) during all three typical developmental stages, and higher quantum yield of CO2 fixation (PhiCO2) at the tillering and heading stages. In addition, Liangyoupeijiu showed significantly higher activities of the C(4) pathway enzymes in both flag leaves and lemmas than did Shanyou 63. As a result, flag leaves of the two super-rice hybrids had higher Pn at morning, noontime and late afternoon during the daily cycle. Since most of the grain yield of rice comes from the photosynthesis of flag leaves, the similar Asat and much higher AQY, CE and PhiCO2 at heading stage of the two super-rice hybrids indicates that higher photosynthetic efficiency rather than higher photosynthetic capacity may be the primary factor contributing to their higher grain yields.     

Physiological effects of kaolin applications in well-irrigated and water-stressed walnut and almond trees

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Kaolin applications have been used to mitigate the negative effects of water and heat stress on plant physiology and productivity with variable results, ranging from increased to decreased yields and photosynthetic rates. The mechanisms of action of kaolin applications are not clear: although the increased albedo reduces leaf temperature and the consequent heat stress, it also reduces the light available for photosynthesis, possibly offsetting benefits of lower temperature. The objective of this study was to investigate which of these effects are prevalent and under which conditions. METHODS: A 6% kaolin suspension was applied on well-irrigated and water-stressed walnut (Juglans regia) and almond (Prunus dulcis) trees. Water status (i.e. stem water potential, psi(s)), gas exchange (i.e. light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate, Amax; stomatal conductance, g(s)), leaf temperature (T(l)) and physiological relationships in treated and control trees were then measured and compared. KEY RESULTS: In both species, kaolin did not affect the daily course of psi(s) whereas it reduced Amax by 1-4 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) throughout the day in all combinations of species and irrigation treatments. Kaolin did not reduce g(s) in any situation. Consequently, intercellular CO2 concentration (C(i)) was always greater in treated trees than in controls, suggesting that the reduction of Amax with kaolin was not due to stomatal limitations. Kaolin reduced leaf temperature (T(l)) by about 1-3 degrees C and leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference (VPD(l)) by about 0.1-0.7 kPa. Amax was lower at all values of g(s), T(l) and VPD(l) in kaolin-treated trees. Kaolin affected the photosynthetic response to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in almond leaves: kaolin-coated leaves had similar dark respiration rates and light-saturated photosynthesis, but a higher light compensation point and lower apparent quantum yield, while the photosynthetic light-response curve saturated at higher PAR. When these parameters were used to model the photosynthetic response curve to PAR, it was estimated that the kaolin film allowed 63% of the incident PAR to reach the leaf. CONCLUSIONS: The main effect of kaolin application was the reduction, albeit minor, of photosynthesis, which appeared to be related to the shading of the leaves. The reduction in T(l) and VPD(l) with kaolin did not suffice to mitigate the adverse effects of heat and water stress on Amax.     

水稻叶片光合作用对开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE)的响应与适应

利用便携式光合气体分析系统 (LI 6 4 0 0 ) ,比较测定了高CO2 浓度 (FACE ,free airCO2 enrich ment)和普通空气CO2 浓度下生长的水稻叶片的净光合速率、水分利用率、表观量子效率和RuBP羧化效率等光合参数 .在各自生长CO2 浓度 (380vs 5 80 μmol·mol-1)下测定时 ,高CO2 浓度 (5 80 μmol·mol-1)下生长的水稻叶片的净光合速率、碳同化的表观量子效率和水分利用率明显高于普通空气 (380 μmol·mol-1)下生长的水稻叶片 .但是 ,随着FACE处理时间的延长 ,高CO2 浓度对净光合速率的促进作用逐渐减小 .在相同CO2 浓度下测定时 ,FACE条件下生长的水稻叶片净光合速率和羧化效率明显比普通空气下生长的对照低 .尽管高CO2 浓度下生长的水稻叶片的气孔导度明显低于普通空气中生长的水稻叶片 ,但两者胞间CO2 浓度差异不显著 ,因此高CO2 浓度下生长的水稻叶片光合下调似乎不是由气孔导度降低造成的 .     

芍药组内不同类群间光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性比较

为了比较分析芍药组不同类群光合生理差异以及它们对各自不同光照环境的适应性, 测定了芍药组(Paeonia sect. Paeonia) 4种2变种的光合日变化、光响应曲线、CO₂响应曲线, 以及叶绿素荧光特性。结果显示, 芍药组中不同类群之间光合速率差异明显, 各个种类的“午休”程度不同, 芍药(Paeonia lactiflora )和毛果芍药(P. lactiflora var. trichocarpa)的强光抑制现象没有川赤芍(P. veitchii)、美丽芍药(P. mairei)和窄叶芍药(P. anomala)明显。叶绿素荧光特征能够反映芍药组不同类群光合生理的差异。芍药组内不同类群地理分布的差异能部分从光合生理特征的适应性方面得到解释。     

Spectral reflectance and photosynthetic properties of Betula papyrifera (Betulaceae) leaves along an elevational gradient on Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, USA

We studied relationships between spectral reflectance and photosynthesis of mountain paper birch, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern., leaves from three different elevations on Mt. Mansfield (summit elevation 1339 m above sea level) in the Green Mountains of Vermont, USA. The different reflectance indices we used all suggested progressively increasing stress with increasing elevation. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) indicated lower photosynthetic radiation use efficiency at higher elevations, the red edge position (λRE) indicated lower chlorophyll concentrations at higher elevations, and the structure-independent pigment index (SIPI) indicated a higher carotenoid?:?chlorophyll a ratio at higher elevations. The rate of change in these indices with changes in elevation was much higher than we have observed in our studies of red spruce and balsam fir reflectance along a similar elevational gradient; we take this to be an indicator of the greater susceptibility of paper birch to elevation-related stressors compared to the very stress-tolerant conifers. At all light levels, photosynthesis decreased with increasing elevation; this pattern was most noticeable in the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis (A(sat)), which was nearly twice as high in low-elevation leaves (17.0 ± 1.0 μmol·m(-2)·s(-1)) than in high-elevation leaves. The quantum yield of photosynthesis (Φ) exhibited a similar trend. Furthermore, the highest elevation leaves showed a much sharper transition from the light-limited to the light-saturated part of the light response curve than did the lowest elevation leaves. The photochemical reflectance index was highly correlated with A(sat) (r(2) = 0.99) and Φ (r(2) = 0.96). In addition to contributing to our knowledge of the ecophysiology of paper birch along a steep environmental gradient, these results are further evidence of the usefulness of reflectance measures for the rapid and noninvasive detection of plant stress, especially when used in conjunction with direct measurements of photosynthesis.     

Differences in pigment composition, photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll fluorescence images of sun and shade leaves of four tree species.

The differential pigment composition and photosynthetic activity of sun and shade leaves of deciduous (Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata) and coniferous (Abies alba) trees was comparatively determined by studying the photosynthetic rates via CO(2) measurements and also by imaging the Chl fluorescence decrease ratio (R(Fd)), which is an in vivo indicator of the net CO(2) assimilation rates. The thicker sun leaves and needles in all tree species were characterized by a lower specific leaf area, lower water content, higher total chlorophyll (Chl) a+b and total carotenoid (Cars) content per leaf area unit, as well as higher values for the ratio Chl a/b compared to the much thinner shade leaves and needles that possess a higher Chl a+b and Cars content on a dry matter basis and higher values for the weight ratio Chls/Cars. Sun leaves and needles exhibited higher rates of maximum net photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation (P(Nmax)) measured at saturating irradiance associated with higher maximum stomatal conductance for water vapor efflux. The differences in photosynthetic activity between sun and shade leaves and needles could also be sensed via imaging the Chl fluorescence decrease ratio R(Fd), since it linearly correlated to the P(Nmax) rates at saturating irradiance. Chl fluorescence imaging not only provided the possibility to screen the differences in P(N) rates between sun and shade leaves, but in addition permitted detection and quantification of the large gradients in photosynthetic rates across the leaf area existing in sun and shade leaves.     

油菜素内酯对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片线粒体、叶绿体超微结构及光合的影响

在水培条件下,研究24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿体和线粒体超微结构及光合的影响.结果表明:与正常通气条件相比,低氧胁迫下表观量子效率(AQY)和羧化效率(CE)显著降低,而光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和CO2补偿点(CCP)显著升高;低氧胁迫并添加油菜素内酯处理下,CE与低氧胁迫处理相比显著提高29.4％,而LCP和Rd分别显著下降15.0％和14.4％.光响应Pn-PPFD曲线和CO2响应Pn-Ci曲线表明,低氧胁迫下净光合速率(Pn)增幅降低,而添加油菜素内酯有利于Pn增幅的提高.低氧胁迫下叶绿体和线粒体结构受到伤害,而油菜素内酯可以缓解低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶绿体和线粒体超微结构的不良影响,使叶片维持较好的光合性能.     

Panicum milioides (C(3)-C(4)) does not have improved water or nitrogen economies relative to C(3) and C(4) congeners exposed to industrial-age climate change

The physiological implications of C(3)-C(4) photosynthesis were investigated using closely related Panicum species exposed to industrial-age climate change. Panicum bisulcatum (C(3)), P. milioides (C(3)-C(4)), and P. coloratum (C(4)) were grown in a glasshouse at three CO(2) concentrations ([CO(2)]: 280, 400, and 650?μl l(-1)) and two air temperatures [ambient (27/19?°C day/night) and ambient + 4?°C] for 12 weeks. Under current ambient [CO(2)] and temperature, the C(3)-C(4) species had higher photosynthetic rates and lower stomatal limitation and electron cost of photosynthesis relative to the C(3) species. These photosynthetic advantages did not improve leaf- or plant-level water (WUE) or nitrogen (NUE) use efficiencies of the C(3)-C(4) relative to the C(3) Panicum species. In contrast, the C(4) species had higher photosynthetic rates and WUE but similar NUE to the C(3) species. Increasing [CO(2)] mainly stimulated photosynthesis of the C(3) and C(3)-C(4) species, while high temperature had no or negative effects on photosynthesis of the Panicum species. Under ambient temperature, increasing [CO(2)] enhanced the biomass of the C(3) species only. Under high temperature, increasing [CO(2)] enhanced the biomass of the C(3) and C(3)-C(4) species to the same extent, indicating increased CO(2) limitation in the C(3)-C(4) intermediate at high temperature. Growth [CO(2)] and temperature had complex interactive effects, but did not alter the ranking of key physiological parameters amongst the Panicum species. In conclusion, the ability of C(3)-C(4) intermediate species partially to recycle photorespired CO(2) did not improve WUE or NUE relative to congeneric C(3) or C(4) species grown under varying [CO(2)] and temperature conditions.     

Dorsoventral variations in dark chilling effects on photosynthesis and stomatal function in Paspalum dilatatum leaves

The effects of dark chilling on the leaf-side-specific regulation of photosynthesis were characterized in the C(4) grass Paspalum dilatatum. CO(2)- and light-response curves for photosynthesis and associated parameters were measured on whole leaves and on each leaf side independently under adaxial and abaxial illumination before and after plants were exposed to dark chilling for one or two consecutive nights. The stomata closed on the adaxial sides of the leaves under abaxial illumination and no CO(2) uptake could be detected on this surface. However, high rates of whole leaf photosynthesis were still observed because CO(2) assimilation rates were increased on the abaxial sides of the leaves under abaxial illumination. Under adaxial illumination both leaf surfaces contributed to the inhibition of whole leaf photosynthesis observed after one night of chilling. After two nights of chilling photosynthesis remained inhibited on the abaxial side of the leaf but the adaxial side had recovered, an effect related to increased maximal ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation rates (V(cmax)) and enhanced maximal electron transport rates (J(max)). Under abaxial illumination, whole leaf photosynthesis was decreased only after the second night of chilling. The chilling-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis was located largely on the abaxial side of the leaf and was related to decreased V(cmax) and J(max), but not to the maximal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase carboxylation rate (V(pmax)). Each side of the leaf therefore exhibits a unique sensitivity to stress and recovery. Side-specific responses to stress are related to differences in the control of enzyme and photosynthetic electron transport activities.     

胡杨不同叶形光合特性、水分利用效率及其对加富CO2的响应

 胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）叶形多变化,大致归纳为杨树叶（卵圆形叶）和柳树叶（披针形叶）两大类。在内蒙古额济纳旗胡杨林自然保护区,选择成年树同时具有卵圆形叶和披针形叶的标准株,将枝条拉至同一高度,通过活体测定,比较了其光合特征、水分利用效率及对CO2加富的响应。结果表明：在目前大气CO2浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m－2·s－1时,卵圆形叶（成年树主要叶片）（A）和披针形叶（成年树下部萌条叶片）(B)的净光合速率（Pn）分别为16.40 μmol CO2·m－2·s－1和9.38 μmol CO2·m－2·s－1;水分利用效率（WUE）分别为1.52 mmol CO2·mol－1 H2O和1.18 mmol CO2·mol－1 H2O;A的光饱和点和补偿点分别为1 600 μmol·m－2·s－1和79 μmol·m－2·s－1,B的相对应值则为1 500 μmol·m m－2·s－1和168 μmol·m－2·s－1。当CO2浓度加富到450 μmol·mol－1时,A的光饱和点升高了150 μmol·m－2·s－1,光补偿点降低了36 μmol·m－2·s－1;而B的光饱和点降低了272 μmol·m－2·s－1,光补偿点则升高了32 μmol·m－2·s－1。这表明,柳树叶的光合效率较低,以维持生长为主;随着树体长大,柳树叶难以维系其生长,出现杨树叶,杨树叶更能耐大气干旱,光合效率高,通过积累光合产物,使胡杨在极端逆境下得以生存并能达到较高的生长量,这就是胡杨从幼苗到成年树叶形变化的原因。随着CO2加富,两种叶片表现出截然相反的响应,柳树叶的光合时间缩短,光能利用率减小;而杨树叶的光合时间延长,光能利用率提高。如果地下水位下降,近地层空气变干燥,或随着大气CO2浓度升高,气候变暖,柳树叶可能会逐渐减少以至消失。     

The photochemical reflectance index: an optical indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency across species, functional types, and nutrient levels

The photochemical reflectance index (PRI), derived from narrow-band reflectance at 531 and 570 nm, was explored as an indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency for 20 species representing three functional types: annual, deciduous perennial, and evergreen perennial. Across species, top-canopy leaves in full sun at midday exhibited a strong correlation between PRI and ΔF/Fm′, a fluorescence-based index of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency. PRI was also significantly correlated with both net CO₂ uptake and radiation use efficiency measured by gas exchange. When species were examined by functional type, evergreens exhibited significantly reduced midday photosynthetic rates relative to annual and deciduous species. This midday reduction was associated with reduced radiation use efficiency, detectable as reduced net CO₂ uptake, PRI, and ΔF/Fm′ values, and increased levels of the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle pigment zeaxanthin. For each functional type, nutrient deficiency led to reductions in both PRI and ΔF/Fm′ relative to fertilized controls. Laboratory experiments exposing leaves to diurnal courses of radiation and simulated midday stomatal closure demonstrated that PRI changed rapidly with both irradiance and leaf physiological state. In these studies, PRI was closely correlated with both ΔF/Fm' and radiation use efficiency determined from gas exchange at all but the lowest light levels. Examination of the difference spectra upon exposure to increasing light levels revealed that the 531 nm Δ reflectance signal was composed of two spectral components. At low irradiance, this signal was dominated by a 545-nm component, which was not closely related to radiation use efficiency. At progressively higher light levels above 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, the 531-nm signal was increasingly dominated by a 526-nm component, which was correlated with light use efficiency and with the conversion of the xanthophyll pigment violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin. Further consideration of the two components composing the 531-nm signal could lead to an index of photosynthetic function applicable over a wide range of illumination. The results of this study support the use of PRI as an interspecific index of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency for leaves and canopies in full sun, but not across wide ranges in illumination from deep shade to full sun. The discovery of a consistent relationship between PRI and photosynthetic radiation use efficiency for top-canopy leaves across species, functional types, and nutrient treatments suggests that relative photosynthetic rates could be derived with the “view from above” provided by remote reflectance measurements if issues of canopy and stand structure can be resolved. Received: 6 January 1997 / Accepted: 14 July 1997     

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation induced dry/wet cycles of soils stimulate N mineralization and improve N nutrition in tomatoes

Given the same amount of irrigation volume, applying alternate partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) has improved crop N nutrition as compared to deficit irrigation (DI), yet the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether PRI induced soil dry/wet cycles facilitate soil organic N mineralization hereby contributing to the improvement of N nutrition in tomatoes. The plants were grown in split-root pots in a climate-controlled glasshouse and were subjected to PRI and DI treatments during early fruiting stage. ¹⁵N-labeled maize residues were incorporated into the soils. Results showed that PRI resulted in 25% higher net ¹⁵N mineralization than did DI, indicating that the enhanced mineralization of soil organic N alone could account for the 16% increase of N accumulation in the PRI than in the DI plants. The higher net N mineralization under PRI was coincided with an intensified soil microbial activity. In addition, even though soil chloroform fumigation labile carbon (CFL-C, as an index of microbial biomass) was similar for the two irrigation treatments, a significant increase of chloroform fumigation labile nitrogen (CFL-N) was found in the PRI wetting soil. Consequently, the C:N ratio of the chloroform fumigation labile pool was remarkably modified by the PRI treatment, which might indicate physiological changes of soil microbes or changes in labiality of soil organic C and N due to the dry/wet cycles of soils, altering conditions for net N mineralization. Moreover, in both soil compartments PRI caused significantly less extractable organic carbon (EOC) as compared with DI; whilst in the PRI wetting soil significantly higher extractable organic nitrogen (EON) was observed. A low EOC:EON ratio in the PRI wetting soil may indicate an increasing net mineralization of the organic N as a result of microbial metabolism. Conclusively, PRI induced greater microbial activity and higher microbial substrates availability are seemingly responsible for the enhanced net N mineralization and improved N nutrition in tomato plants.     

土壤水分与短期遮光对棉花光合及其气孔响应的影响

以陆地棉（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ Ｌ．Ｚｈｏｎｇｍａｉｎ,Ｎｏ２３）为供试材料,探讨了在充分供水－水分胁迫－复水的处理过程中,短期不同遮光水平对棉花光合特性及其气孔响应的影响。结果表明,在水分处理过程中,所有不同遮光水平的棉花叶片对短期遮光具有相似的基本响应规律;短期遮光使净光合速率迅速降低,气孔导度减少,但减少速率缓慢;遮阳网去掉后,叶片气 重新开放速率和光合恢复被延迟,水分胁迫期     

不同光环境下栓皮栎和刺槐叶片光合光响应模拟

植物的光合作用在一定程度上能够体现其对生境的响应情况.采用Li-6400XT光合测定系统,测定了黄河小浪底森林生态系统定位研究站栓皮栎和刺槐人工林林内、林缘叶片气体交换的光响应曲线,利用叶子飘模型对光合作用-光响应进行了拟合,分析了林内和林缘光合参数的差异,将气孔导度机理模型与光合作用-光响应修正模型进行耦合,研究了气孔导度(g_s)的光响应特征.结果表明: 7-8月,当光强小于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,林内栓皮栎叶片净光合速率(P_n)高于林缘叶片,初始量子效率(α)高于林缘叶片12.4%,林内栓皮栎叶片对弱光的捕获和利用能力明显高于林缘叶片;当光强大于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,林缘栓皮栎叶片光合能力P_n高于林内.低光强下(0~200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),林内刺槐叶片P_n高于林缘;当光强大于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,林内刺槐叶片P_n低于林缘,且暗呼吸速率(R_d)和光补偿点(I_c)分别低于林缘50.0%和42.8%,以此来减少碳损耗,适应较低的光合速率.林内和林缘刺槐g_s随光强的变化差异显著.栓皮栎和刺槐叶片对不同光环境具有较强的适应能力.栓皮栎叶片的最大净光合速率(P_{n max})和α主要受气孔导度控制,R_d和I_c主要受气温影响.刺槐叶片的P_{n max}和α均与气温呈显著正相关,I_c、光饱和点(I_s)与叶片饱和水汽压差呈显著正相关.     

The lack of mitochondrial complex I in a CMSII mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris increases photorespiration through an increased internal resistance to CO2 diffusion

The cytoplasmic male sterile II (CMSII) mutant lacking complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain has a lower photosynthetic activity but exhibits higher rates of excess electron transport than the wild type (WT) when grown at high light intensity. In order to examine the cause of the lower photosynthetic activity and to determine whether excess electrons are consumed by photorespiration, light, and intercellular CO(2), molar fraction (c(i)) response curves of carbon assimilation were measured at varying oxygen molar fractions. While oxygen is the major acceptor for excess electrons in CMSII and WT leaves, electron flux to photorespiration is favoured in the mutant as compared with the WT leaves. Isotopic mass spectrometry measurements showed that leaf internal conductance to CO(2) diffusion (g(m)) in mutant leaves was half that of WT leaves, thus decreasing the c(c) and favouring photorespiration in the mutant. The specificity factor of Rubisco did not differ significantly between both types of leaves. Furthermore, carbon assimilation as a function of electrons used for carboxylation processes/electrons used for oxygenation processes (J(C)/J(O)) and as a function of the calculated chloroplastic CO(2) molar fraction (c(c)) values was similar in WT and mutant leaves. Enhanced rates of photorespiration also explain the consumption of excess electrons in CMSII plants and agreed with potential ATP consumption. Furthermore, the lower initial Rubisco activity in CMSII as compared with WT leaves resulted from the lower c(c) in ambient air, since initial Rubisco activity on the basis of equal c(c) values was similar in WT and mutant leaves. The retarded growth and the lower photosynthetic activity of the mutant were largely overcome when plants were grown in high CO(2) concentrations, showing that limiting CO(2) supply for photosynthesis was a major cause of the lower growth rate and photosynthetic activity in CMSII.     

Studies on the Characteristics of Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Winter Wheat Flag Leaves at Different Developing Stages

The parameters of fluorescence induction kinetics and the maximal light-saturated net CO2 assimilation rate ( P sat ) of the flag leaves of four cultivars of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） were compared at three different developing stages for the first time. From the blooming stage to the milky stage, the quantum efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry ( Fv/Fm ) declined slightly only at the milk stage. The photochemical quenching co-efficient ( qP ), actual quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ）electron transport ( Φ PSⅡ) and P sat decreased substantially (>15%), while the non-photochemical quenching co-efficient ( qN ) increased significantly (>100%). There existed a linear correlation between the Φ PSⅡ and the P sat ( r =0.918). The results indicate that with the senescence of the flag leaves of winter wheat the photosynthetic efficiency including that of the energy transport and the CO2 assimilation significantly decreased.     

黄河故道不同灌水方式刺槐人工林幼树水分利用效率和生长特性

干旱一直是限制黄河故道沙区树木生长的重要因素之一,而刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)以其较强的耐旱性、较高的成活率在造林时备受重视。适宜的灌水方式不但可以提高当地水资源的高效利用,而且可以促进刺槐迅速生长,改善当地环境生态。因此,在2011至2012年间,对黄河故道沙地进行刺槐人工林的建设与培育,开展滴灌(DI)、沟灌(FI)和软管喷灌(HSI)3种灌水方式对刺槐人工林幼树水分利用效率(WUE)和生长特性影响的研究。结果表明,在不同的水文年份,滴灌刺槐的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)高于软管喷灌,软管喷灌高于沟灌。水分利用效率受年份影响较大,但均表现为前期下降,8月份前后降到最低值,随后缓慢回升。不同灌水方式叶绿素含量(CC)差异显著,滴灌条件下刺槐叶绿素含量最高,其次为软管喷灌,沟灌最低。不同树龄,不同灌水方式刺槐株高、地径和胸径差异显著。一年生林,滴灌刺槐的株高、地径和胸径分别比软管喷灌高出23.4、0.27 cm和0.14 cm;二年生林,滴灌刺槐的株高、地径和胸径分别比软管喷灌高53.7 cm、0.61 cm和0.54 cm。滴灌刺槐的株高、地径和胸径的年度生长量分别为软管喷灌的112.1%、107.1%和111.8%,同时分别为沟灌的121.8%、191.8%和343.6%。不同灌水方式刺槐幼树水分利用效率受年际间气象因素影响较大,滴灌可以显著地改善刺槐幼树的光合生理特性,促进其快速生长。     

内蒙古浑善达克沙地97种植物的光合生理特征(英文)

 报告了内蒙古浑善达克沙地不同生境下97种不同科、属植物的光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率特征。结果表明：猪毛菜（Salsola collina）、沙米（Agriophyllum pungens）、黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、柠条（Caragana microphylla）等具有C4光合碳同化途径或具固氮能力的植物种具有较高的光合能力,其净光合速率大于30 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1, 而大部分具C3途径和无固氮能力的植物种的净光合速率较低,为1.29～10 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;71%的植物种蒸腾速率集中在2～10 mmol H2O·m-2·s-1。所选出的高光效植物种在当地植被恢复与重建过程中应有很高利用价值。C4植物种占所测植物种的1/5左右,主要分布于固定沙丘上,且随着生境土壤湿度的增大其与C3植物种的光合速率差异逐渐缩小。在3种生境条件下,灌木和草本植物的光合速率和蒸腾速率顺序为：低湿地> 滩地 > 固定沙丘(p<0.01),而乔木为固定沙丘>滩地 (p<0.01) 。不同功能型植物的气体交换特征随生境的不同而异, 在固定沙丘上, 草本的蒸腾速率最高,乔木的水分利用率最高,三者光合速率相差不大。     

Photosynthetic light-response curves

The shapes of photosynthetic light-response curves for leaves of Eucalyptus maculata (Hook) and E. pauciflora (Sieber ex Sprengel) were examined. Three different methods were used to measure photosynthesis: CO₂ and H₂O-vapour exchange, O₂ evolution at a 5-kPa CO₂ partial pressure, and chlorophyll fluorescence. The three methods were compared and gave good agreement when measured under equivalent conditions. However, O₂ evolution was inhibited by high CO₂ partial pressures. A non-rectangular hyperbolic curve has been used widely to describe photosynthetic light-response curves. It has three variables which define the maximum quantum yield (photosynthetic rate divided by absorbed irradiance at very low irradiances), the maximum capacity and the curvature (Θ). We found that Θ was affected by the CO₂ partial pressure, declining to a minimum of about 0.6 as CO₂ partial pressure increased to 100 Pa. Further increases in the CO₂ partial pressure began to inhibit the rate of O₂ evolution at 2000 μmol quanta · m^?2·^?1 and Θ increased back to 0.95 by 5 kPa CO₂ partial pressure. At low irradiances, photosynthesis is limited by the rate of electron transport while at high irradiances, photosynthesis is frequently limited by the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco). The dependence of Θ on CO₂ partial pressure arises because the transition between limitations changes as a function of the CO₂ partial pressure. The light-response curve is truncated by the transition to a Rubisco limitation and the lower the irradiance at the transition, the higher the value of Θ. There is a gradient in light absorption through the leaf which influences the photosynthetic capacity of different layers within the leaf. The gradient in photosynthetic capacity can be demonstrated by the fact that the shape of the light-response curve changes when the leaf is illuminated unilaterally onto either the adaxial or abaxial surface. We compared two Eucalyptus species which had either isolateral or dorsiventral leaf anatomy. Leaves were able to reverse completely the gradients in photosynthetic capacity following inversion of the leaves for a week, irrespective of their anatomy.