广西拉沟自然保护区维管束植物资源

据调查,广西拉沟自然保护区有维管束植物186科657属1078种（含变种、亚种）,包括材用植物88种、药用植物358种、油脂植物36种、纤维植物70种、淀粉植物29种、杂果植物25种、芳香植物28种、栲胶植物39种、保健饮料植物12种、饲用植物49种、花卉观赏植物75种、水土保持植物23种、珍稀濒危植物43种等资源植物,保护植物资源迫切而重要,对此提出植物资源保护与可持续利用的建议。     

深圳塘朗山郊野公园的植物资源

广东深圳塘朗山郊野公园共有野生维管植物144科423属611种,分别占广东省维管植物280科1589属5737种的51.4%、26.7%和10.65%;其中蕨类省植物21科29属33种,裸子植物3科3属4种,被子植物120科391属574种,被子植物占绝对优势。国家重点保护野生植物共计7科7属7种,占广东省国家重点保护野生植物的10.9%;珍稀濒危植物有4科5属5种,占广东省珍稀濒危植物67种的7%。公园中经济植物可分为12类,分别是药用植物321种,用材树种65种,观赏植物60种,纤维植物41种,野生水果33种,油脂植物38种,饲料植物42种,鞣料植物42种,野菜植物25种,农药植物27种,芳香植物26种,淀粉植物23种,保健植物19种,染料植物13种,有毒植物10种,蜜源植物5种。     

华南地区外来入侵和归化植物分析

为了解华南地区外来植物现状,通过野外调查和查阅文献等,确定华南地区有外来入侵和归化植物45科141属223种,以菊科(Asteraceae,38种)、豆科(Fabaceae,36种)、禾本科(Poaceae,19种)植物为主,其中草本植物和原产美洲的植物占优势,分别有204种(占总数的91.5%)和163种(占73.1%)。广东外来入侵植物有159种,归化植物23种;广西有入侵植物135种,归化植物16种;海南有入侵植物111种,归化种15种;香港有入侵植物105种,归化植物9种;澳门有入侵植物89种,归化种4种;华南5省区共有的外来入侵和归化植物为57种(55种为入侵植物,2种为归化植物)。广东是外来植物种类最多的地区,与其他4省区共有的外来入侵和归化植物种类也最多,说明广东同时是外来植物输入和输出大省。由于气候和生态生境的相似性,各省区都面临着其他植物从周边地区入侵的风险,因此在治理入侵植物时,应建立联合防控机制对外来入侵植物的联合监测和防控,以提升外来入侵植物的治理成效和降低其对人类健康和生态安全的威胁。     

宁波北仑植物资源及珍稀保护植物研究

宁波市北仑区蕴藏着丰富的植物资源,据调查有野生维管植物158科454属712种,在这些植物中,有药用植物276种、用材树种95种、观赏植物87种、纤维植物60种、防护植物55种、薪炭植物52种、油脂植物48种、饲料植物42种、野生水果38种、芳香植物30种、淀粉植物25种、蜜源植物24种、野菜植物18种等,大多具有开发和可持续利用的价值;此外,北仑还有国家野生重点保护植物4科5属5种、古树名木15科17属17种,这些植物对开发建设中的北仑来说,是极其宝贵的自然资源.因此,为使北仑区的植物资源得到可持续的利用,对其开发利用和保护提出了建议.     

三峡库区资源植物的现状与保护

据调查统计,三峡库区有资源植物2070种,其中药用植物1006种、纤维植物104种、油脂植物76种、观赏植物74种、野果植物54种、芳香植物54种、树脂树胶植物68种、淀粉及糖类植物52种,鞣科植物32种、珍稀植物49种、其它类型植物465种。论述了三峡库区资源植物的分类及保护现状。     

广东珠海万山群岛的植物资源

珠海万山群岛共有维管植物176科,547属,972种(含栽培84种),其中蕨类植物21科27属35种,裸子植物6科8属11种,被子植物139科510属926种。万山群岛共有国家重点野生保护植物11种,均为Ⅱ级;广东省珍稀濒危植物4种;药用植物492种、材用树种约109种、观赏植物143种、饲料植物21种、纤维植物105种、淀粉植物62种、油脂植物81种、芳香植物72种、鞣料植物58种;此外,还有其他用途植物若干种。     

广东佛山维管植物资源调查与分析

本文报道广东省佛山市维管植物概况。据调查统计,佛山共有维管植物239科832属1813种。其中蕨类植物40科63属96种,裸子植物13科28属41种,被子植物278科979属1676种。在佛山市野生植物中,药用植物421种、食用植物100种、芳香植物24种、油脂植物61种、纤维植物61种、淀粉植物8种、树脂植物1种、鞣料植物30种、色素植物8种、材用植物90种、观赏植物123种。佛山市有野生的国家级重点保护植物15种,列入珍稀濒危和红色名录的种类有金毛狗Cibotium barometz、桫椤Alsophila spinulosa等20种。结合佛山市自然和社会条件特点,对佛山市植物资源的开发利用和保护提出建议。     

浙江东部地区古村落墙体植物多样性调查

植物墙是城市立体绿化的新形式,在景观和生态上都有重要作用,因此在城市中得到广泛应用。为了丰富城市墙体植物材料,该研究对浙江东部地区杭州、宁波、金华6个古村落中不同类型墙体上的墙体植物进行了多样性调查。结果表明:所调查到的墙体植物共有154种,隶属于69科122属,其中蕨类植物11科15属20种,被子植物59科107属134种;具有较强适应能力的植物主要集中在菊科、蓼科、禾本科、景天科、蔷薇科、葡萄科、大戟科、荨麻科,植物种类分布较为分散;从植物生活型上分析,草本有96种,藤本21种,灌木21种,乔木16种,草本占大多数;从墙体植物的分布、耐旱性上分析,生长在阳面墙体植物有45种,生长在阴面有67种,耐旱性植物有43种,喜湿性植物有26种;从观赏价值上分析,观叶植物有14种,观花植物19种,观果植物5种;此外,还对墙体植物在垂直绿化的选择应用上提出了建议。     

海南铜铁岭种子植物资源调查

据调查海南铜铁岭有野生种子植物165科681属1279种,其中裸子植物3科3属5种;双子叶植物135科516属1025种;单子叶植物27科152属249种。在这些植物中,有国家重点保护野生植物8种、珍稀濒危植物61种。统计结果表明：有材用植物约401种、药用植物623种、油脂植物86种、芳香植物58种、蜜源植物102种、纤维植物56种、野生果树66种、观赏植物196种、饲料植物51种、绿肥植物22种、杀虫植物24种、单宁植物27种、淀粉植物16种。对其资源特点进行了分析,并对其开发利用和保护提出了建议。     

青海孟达国家级自然保护区植物多样性研究

对孟达国家级自然保护区的植物多样性进行了研究。结果表明:保护区内有植物90科、298属、529种(包括变种)。其中,有裸子植物16种,被子植物488种,蕨类植物17种,苔藓类植物8种。国家珍稀濒危保护植物8种。资源植物丰富,分为药用、观赏、食用等10大类。植物垂直分布明显,生态系统类型多样。提出保护植物多样性应采取的措施。     

啮齿动物作用下退耕地山杏种子扩散与贮藏的季节变化

啮齿动物对植物种子的取食和扩散影响种子的时空分布,继而影响种子的萌发和幼苗建成,因而在森林更新中起着重要作用.在国有济源市愚公林场,选择退耕地生境,于春季、夏季、秋季分别释放人工标记的山杏种子,观察啮齿动物扩散与埋藏山杏种子的季节性差异.结果表明：1）退耕地中的啮齿动物主要包括大林姬鼠、社鼠、黑线姬鼠;2）山杏种子扩散速率在春季显著慢于夏季,夏季显著慢于秋季;3）种子搬运量受季节和种子状态交互作用影响,春季显著少于夏季,夏季显著少于秋季;4）不同季节种子平均搬运距离不同,秋季不同状态种子的搬运距离均大于春季和夏季;5）啮齿动物对山杏种子的贮藏点大小多为1粒种子,少量为2、3粒种子,且贮藏点大小与季节间存在显著的交互作用,春季单粒种子的贮藏点数量显著少于夏季和秋季,而夏季与秋季的贮藏点则倾向于多粒种子;6）在夏季和秋季各有5枚（共释放1800枚）被啮齿动物分散贮藏的山杏种子建成幼苗.     

社鼠组织器官同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳方法,分析了社鼠的肝、肾、心肌、骨骼肌、肺、脾和脑等多种组织器官的ＬＤＨ、ＡＤＨ、ＥＳＴ、和ＳＯＤ４种同工酶,对各组织器官的酶带数目和分布,以及酶活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,社鼠的ＬＤＨ同工酶、ＡＤＨ同工酶和ＥＳＴ同工酶具有比较明显的组织特异性,而ＳＯＤ同工酶的组织特异性较低。肺和脾除ＥＳＴ同工酶活性较高外,脑除ＬＤＨ同工酶活性较高外,其它３种同工酶的活性均较低;而肝和肾中４种同工酶的活性普遍很高。心肌和骨骼肌因氧张力不同而使ＬＤＨ同工酶酶谱存在明显差异,但其它３种同工酶酶谱却非常相似。同工酶的组织特异性与各组织器官所执行的生理功能是相一致的     

Seasonal patterns in feeding ecology of three small fishes in the Biandantang Lake, China

Feeding ecology of three small fish species, Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus and Pseudorasbora parva was studied seasonally in the Biandantang Lake, a small, shallow lake in central China. Gut length, adjusted for total body length, was significantly higher in spring than in other seasons for all the three species. Seasonal changes in gut length were not associated with changes in food quality. Weight of fore-gut contents, adjusted for body weight, was significantly higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn in H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and significantly higher in autumn than in spring and summer for P. parva. Percentage of empty fore-guts was highest in summer and lowest in spring for H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and highest in winter and lowest in autumn for P. parva. Diet of the three small fishes showed apparent seasonal changes, and these changes reflected partly the seasonal fluctuations of food resources in environment. Diet breadth was high in winter and low in autumn for H. swinhonis , high in winter and low in spring and summer for C. giurinus , and high in autumn and low in spring for P. parva. Diet overlaps between pairs of species were biologically significant in most cases, except between H. swinhonis and P. parva in summer and autumn and between C. giurinus and P. parva in autumn.     

Species and individual differences in juvenile female alloparental care are associated with oxytocin receptor density in the striatum and the lateral septum

The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in the regulation of affiliative behavior and maternal responsiveness in several mammalian species. Rodent species vary considerably in the expression of juvenile alloparental behavior. For example, alloparental behavior is spontaneous in juvenile female prairie voles (approximately 20 days of age), takes 1-3 days of pup exposure to develop in juvenile rats, and is nearly absent in juvenile mice and meadow voles. Here, we tested the hypothesis that species differences in pup responsiveness in juvenile rodents are associated with oxytocin receptor (OTR) density in specific brain regions. We found that OTR density in the nucleus accumbens (NA) is highest in juvenile prairie voles, intermediate in juvenile rats, and lowest in juvenile mice and meadow voles. In the caudate putamen (CP), OTR binding was highest in prairie voles, intermediate in rats and meadow voles, and lowest in mice. In contrast, the lateral septum (LS) shows an opposite pattern, with OTR binding being high in mice and meadow voles and low in prairie voles and rats. Thus, alloparental responsiveness in juvenile rodents is positively correlated with OTR density in the NA and CP and negatively correlated with OTR density in the LS. We then investigated whether a similar receptor-behavior relationship exists among juvenile female prairie voles by correlating individual variation in alloparental behavior with variation in OTR density. The time spent adopting crouching postures, the most distinctive component of alloparental behavior in juveniles, was positively correlated with OTR density in the NA (r = 0.47) and CP (r = 0.45) and negatively correlated with OTR density in the lateral septum (r = -0.53). Thus, variation in OTR density in the NA, CP, and LS may underlie both species and individual differences in alloparental care in rodents.     

Slowmo is required for Drosophila germline proliferation

Null mutations in the Drosophila gene, slowmo (slmo), result in reduced mobility and lethality in first-instar larvae. Slowmo encodes a mitochondrial protein of unknown function, as do the two other homologs found in Drosophila. Here, we have studied a hypomorphic P-element allele of slmo demonstrating its effects on germline divisions in both testes and ovaries. Using in situ studies, enhancer-trap activity, and promoter fusions, we have shown that slmo expression in testes is found in the somatic cyst cells (SCC). The hypomorphic allele for Slmo revealed apoptotic loss of germline cells in the larval germline, culminating in a complete absence of the germline in adult flies. In females, a similar degeneration of the germarium is observed, while reporter gene expression is found in both germline and somatic cells. Using a null mutation in female germline clones, we find slmo is dispensable from the germline cells. Our results suggest that Slowmo is not required in germline cells directly, but is required in SCCs responsible for maintaining germline survival in both sexes.     

世界栽培水杉的调查(1947～2007年)

自第一批种子于1947年12月底走出中国国门,著名‘活化石’水杉已在世界上栽培了60年。过去的5年间通过各种调查方式获得了6大洲近50个国家的2535份资料。调查结果显示,水杉除在欧美及东亚等国家栽培非常普遍外,阿根廷、澳大利亚、智利、印度、墨西哥、尼泊尔、新西兰、南非、泰国、土耳其、津巴布韦等国也有成功的栽培。生长最好的是北美植物耐寒带5-9及欧洲和东亚相似气候地区的栽培水杉,植株最高已达38m,最大胸围已达6.2m。调查内容包括引种的时间、栽培地点、株数、高度及胸围,调查单位不仅包括公立的单位,还包括不对外开放的私人住宅。另外,还讨论了栽培用途、限制因子以及原生种群的资源保护等。     

国人睾丸、附睾和输精管的氧化还原酶的组织化学观察

本文收集了１９—３８岁国人正常男性新鲜睾丸、附睾和输精管１３例,进行了氧化还原酶组织化学染色、光镜定位及定性观察。结果表明：睾丸曲细精管和输出小管上皮的ＧＤＨ,ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＳＤＨ,ＧＰＤＨ,ＩＣＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＬＤＨ和Ｇ－６－ＰＤＨ９种酶;睾丸间质细胞和附睾管上皮的ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＳＤＨ,ＩＣＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＧＤＨ,ＬＤＨ和Ｇ－６－ＰＤＨ８种酶;输精管的ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＩＣＤＨ和ＧＤＨ４种酶的酶活性呈强阳性或极强阳性。提示输出小管和头部附睾管含有的多种氧化还原酶对精子功能成熟有极重要作用。     

Differential distribution of leaf chemistry in eucalypt seedlings due to variation in whole-plant nutrient availability

We investigated the effects of whole-plant nutrient-availability on the degree of distribution of some plant primary and secondary (nitrogen, fibre, flavonols, gallotannins and cineole) chemicals across young, mature and old leaves of seedlings of Eucalyptus nitens. Four treatments that ranged from low to high nutrient-application rates resulted in mean whole-plant foliar concentrations of 0.63%, 0.85%, 1.11% and 1.82% nitrogen dry matter (N%DM) for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Within-plant distribution (across the leaf age profile of young, mature and old leaves within a eucalypt seedling) of N%DM ranged from zero in treatment A to a wide range of distribution in treatment D (low N%DM concentrations in old leaves to high N%DM concentrations in young leaves). Similarly, the distribution of fibre ranged from zero in treatment A to a wide range of distribution in treatment D, but with high concentrations in old leaves and low concentrations in young leaves. In contrast, flavonols (weakly) and gallotannins had a wide range of distribution in treatment A (low concentrations in old leaves to high concentrations in young leaves) but were little or not distributed in the other treatments. Again in contrast, cineole was strongly distributed between old and young leaves (low concentrations in old leaves to high concentrations in young leaves) across all treatments while concentrations in mature leaves reflected one or other leaf age depending on treatment. Protein precipitable phenols in treatments A, B and C were high in young, and low in old leaves; whereas in treatment D they were low and similar between leaves of different ages.     

Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae

MANGALY, J. K. & NAYAR, J. 1990. Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae. Light microscope studies on pollen morphology of 21 Old World, tropical taxa of Zingiberaceae reveal that an exine is absent only in Kaempferia . A discontinuous exine layer consisting of circular plates joined together at margins occurs in Alpinia galanga and Amomum hypoleucum while all other taxa possess an uninterrupted exine layer which is commonly 0.7 μm to less than 2.0 μrn thick (3.2 μm in Zingiber zerumbet , 2.5 μm in Amomum hypoleucum ). Exine is spinose in Alpinia (smooth in Alpinia sanderae ), Amomum and Boesenbergia , verrucose in Eleltaria , tuberculate to areolate or striate in Zingiber , papillose in Globba and smooth or nearly so in Curcuma, Costus and Hedychiurn . Pollen grains are spheroidal, 50–90 μm in size (35 μm in Globba ophioglossa ), and inaparturate (foraminate in Costus ), except in Curcuma and Zingiber where they are ovoid to ellipsoidal, 70–135 times 60–80 μm in size and sulcate. A lamellated intine, much thicker than the exine, occurs in all, and it is thinner at the apertural region in Curcuma, Costus and Zingiber; in Elettaria and Hedychiurn it is thinner in one or few large scattered circular areas, and in Boesenbergia and Alpinia zerumbet on one side of the grains. Palynologirally Alpinia, Amomum, Boesenbergia, Kaempferia and Zingiber constitute one group while Elettaria, Hedychiurn and Costus constitute another.     

Influence of glucocorticoids on time-of-day-dependent variations in IgE-, histamine-, and platelet-activating factor-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in different mouse strains

A time-of-day-dependent variation in IgE-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis was previously reported in ICR mice. In the present study, we investigated time-of-day-dependent variations in IgE-, histamine-, and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in C57BL/6, BALB/c, and NC/Nga mice at 9:00?h and 21:00?h, and evaluated the potential influence of glucocorticoids (GCs) on these variations. We found significant time-of-day-dependent variations in IgE-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in C57BL/6 mice, and in histamine- and PAF-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in BALB/c mice. Significant daily variations in IgE-, histamine-, and PAF-mediated systemic anaphylaxis were not observed in NC/Nga mice. Pretreatment with dexamethasone and adrenalectomy abolished the daily variations in IgE-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in C57BL/6 mice and in PAF-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in BALB/c mice, suggesting that GCs from adrenal glands are pivotal in regulating these variations. In contrast, pretreatment with dexamethasone and adrenalectomy did not abolish the daily variation in histamine-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in BALB/c mice, suggesting that GC-independent and adrenal gland-independent mechanisms are important for the variation. The present study demonstrated that time-of-day-dependent variations in systemic anaphylaxis differed among inbred mouse strains and with anaphylaxis-inducing substances. Thus, mouse strains, time of experiment, and anaphylaxis-inducing substances used must be considered to obtain appropriate experimental results.