Synthesis and characterization of a proton transfer salt between 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 2-aminobenzothiazole,and its complexes and their inhibition studies on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes

Abstract

A novel proton transfer compound (HABT)⁺(Hdipic)^? (1) obtained from ABT and H₂dipic and its metal complexes (2–5) have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Single crystal X-ray diffraction method has also been applied to 2 and 5. While complex 2 has a distorted octahedral conformation, 5 exhibits a distorted square pyramidal structure. The structures of 3 and 4 might be proposed as octahedral according to experimental data. All compounds were also evaluated for their in vitro inhibition effects on hCA I and II for their hydratase and esterase activities. Although there is no inhibition for hydratase activities, all compounds have inhibited the esterase activities of hCA I and II. The comparison of the inhibition studies of 1–5 to parent compounds indicates that 1–5 have superior inhibitory effects. The inhibition effects of 2–5 are also compared to inhibitory properties of the metal complexes of ABT and H₂dipic, revealing an improved transfection profile.     

A Study and Optimization of Complexation of Cobalt Ions with Dihydroquercetin in Aqueous Solutions

This work continues a series of studies devoted to complex formation of ions of biogenic metals with the flavonoid dihydroquercetin (DHQ). The interaction of Со²⁺ ions with DHQ in aqueous solutions has been investigated. It has been found that, at different pH of a solution, complex compounds (CC) with different stoichiometry are formed; a variation of the pH value of a solution from 6.0 to 7.0 results in the formation of compounds (1)–(3) with the metal : flavonoid ligand ratio (Met : L) from 1 : 2 at рН 6.0 (1), through 2 : 3 at pH 6.4–6.7 (2), to 1 : 1 at рН 6.8–7.0 (3). By using the thermogravimetric method and the data of the elemental analysis, the most probable composition of the compounds with the determination of the amount of bound water has been proposed: [CoL₂(H₂O)₄] for (1), [Co₂L₃(ОН)(H₂O)₄] for (2), and [CoL(ОН)(H₂O)₂] for (3). Conditions for the optimization of product yield in the complexation reaction of Со²⁺ ions with DHQ in an aqueous solution have been determined for compound (2): the рН value of solution 6.7; the reaction time 15 min; the temperature of the reaction solution 90°С; the molar ratio of the initial reagents DHQ : Со²⁺ 1 : 1.5; the initial concentration of DHQ 0.020 mol/L and that of Со²⁺ 0.030 mol/L; and the use of CoSO₄ ? 7H₂O as a source of cobalt ions. The yield of the product is 81.8%.

     

Antioxidation and Tyrosinase Inhibition of Polyphenolic Curcumin Analogs

A series of polyphenolic curcumin analogs were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase and the inhibition of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical formation were evaluated. The results indictated that the analogs possessing m-diphenols and o-diphenols exhibited more potent inhibitory activity on tyrosinase than reference compound rojic acid, and that the analogs with o-diphenols exhibited more potent inhibitory activity of DPPH free-radical formation than reference compound vitamin C. The inhibition kinetics, analyzed by Lineweaver–Burk plots, revealed that compounds B₂ and C₂ bearing o-diphenols were non-competitive inhibitors, while compounds B₁₁ and C₁₁ bearing m-diphenols were competitive inhibitors. In particular, representative compounds C₂ and B₁₁ showed no side effects at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg in a preliminary evaluation of acute toxicity in mice. These results suggest that such polyphenolic curcumin analogs might serve as lead compounds for further design of new potential tyrosinase inhibitors.     

Anticholinesterase activity of some major intermediates in carbacylamidophosphate synthesis: Preparation,spectral characterization and inhibitory potency determination

Carbacylamidophosphates with the general formula RC(O)NHP(O)R₁R₂ constitute organophosphorus compounds that are used as insecticides, pesticides and ureas inhibitors. In this work, we studied the inhibition potency of CCl₃C(O)NHP(O)Cl₂1, CHCl₂C(O)NHP(O)Cl₂2, CH₂ClC(O)NHP(O)Cl₂3 and CF₃C(O)NHP(O)Cl₂4, which are the major intermediates for carbacylamidophosphates synthesis towards human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (hAChe) activity using Ellman's modified kinetic method. Unexpectedly, it was observed that they were not only hydrolytically unstable but also inhibited hAChE in a similar manner to that produced by organophosphorus insecticides. Enzymatic data, bimolecular inhibition rate constants (k_i) and IC₅₀ values for inhibition of hAChE demonstrated that they are irreversible inhibitors and the inhibition potency of compound 2 (IC₅₀ = 88 μM) was the greatest in comparison with compounds 1, 3 and 4. Also the electropositivity of the phosphorus atom and the hydrophobicity of the compounds demonstrated that these two factors play an additional effect and different role in the inhibitory activity of these compounds. Hydrolytic stability of the compounds was determined by ³¹P NMR monitoring of the loss of the parent molecules with D₂O as a function of time. This study considers antiacetylcholinesterase activity according to the structural and the electronic aspects of compounds 1–4, according to IR, ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectral data.     

Keggin polyoxometalate-templated chair-like heptanuclear silver complex

Two isostructural Keggin-templated compounds containing a chair-like heptanuclear silver complex, [{Ag₇(Hbtz)₂(btz)₄}{PM₁₂O₄₀}]·H₂O (M = W, 1; Mo, 2) (Hbtz = benzotriazolate), have been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by routine methods and single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the compounds 1 and 2, the Hbtz ligands present two types of coordination modes. A pentameric silver chain with two kinds of Ag?Ag weak interactions exists in the heptanuclear silver complex. The heptanuclear silver cations connect the polyoxoanions PM₁₂O₄₀³⁻ to a two-dimensional layer, and the adjacent layers are fused together by the pseudo wave-like chains, H-bonds and Ag^I–π interactions, constructing a three-dimensional net. Furthermore, electrochemical properties have been studied for compounds 1 and 2 and the two compounds display excellent electrocatalytic activities to the reduction of nitrite.     

3-Benzylidene-4-chromanones: a novel cluster of anti-tubercular agents

Abstract

In a quest for developing novel anti-tubercular agents, a series of 3-benzylidene-4-chromanones 1a–l were evaluated for growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv. Three promising compounds 1d, g, j emerged as the lead compounds with the IC₅₀ and IC₉₀ values of less than 1?µg/mL. Evaluation of the potent compounds 1d, g, j and k against Vero monkey kidney cells revealed that these compounds are far more toxic to M. tuberculosis than to Vero cells. Structure–activity relationships demonstrated that 3-benzylidene-4-chromanones are more potent against M. tuberculosis than the related 2-benzylidene cycloalkanones and the meta substituted chromanone derivatives are more active than their ortho- and para-counterparts. Some guidelines for amplifying the project are presented.     

New lipophilic phthalimido- and 3-phenoxybenzyl sulfonates: Inhibition of antigen 85C mycolyltransferase activity and cytotoxicity

Four new sulfonates were prepared as potential inhibitors of antigen 85C, a mycolyl transferase involved in the biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall being designed on the basis of the proposed catalytic mechanism and antigen 85C crystal structure. The inhibitors contained a sulfonate moiety, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol or N-(hydroxyethyl)phthalimide as trehalose mimetics, and an alkyl chain of different length mimicking either the mycolate (α-chain or the mycolic acid (β-branch. One compound displayed promising activity in a mycolyltransferase inhibition assay (compound 2b, IC₅₀ = 4.3 μM). The two compounds containing a phthalimide moiety (compounds 3a and 3b) showed significant and selective cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231.     

Novel tetrazole and cyanamide derivatives as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme: design,synthesis, anti-inflammatory evaluation,ulcerogenic liability and docking study

Nineteen new compounds containing tetrazole and/or cyanamide moiety have been designed and synthesised. Their structures were confirmed using spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. Anti-inflammatory activity for all the synthesised compounds was evaluated in vivo. The most active compounds 4c, 5a, 5d–f, 8a and b and 9a and b were further investigated for their ulcerogenic liability and analgesic activity. Pyrazoline derivatives 9b and 8b bearing trimethoxyphenyl part and SO₂NH₂ or SO₂Me pharmacophore showed equal or nearly the same ulcerogenic liability (UI: 0.5, 0.75, respectively), to celecoxib (UI: 0.50). Most of tested compounds showed potent central and/or peripheral analgesic activities. Histopathological investigations were done to evaluate test compounds effect on rat's gastric tissue. The obtained results were in consistent with the in vitro data on COX evaluation. Docking study was also done for all the target compounds inside COX-2-active site.     

Tacrine–propargylamine derivatives with improved acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and lower hepatotoxicity as a potential lead compound for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract

A series of tacrine–propargylamine derivatives were synthesised and evaluated as possible anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) agents. Among these derivatives, compounds 3a and 3b exhibited superior activities and a favourable balance of AChE and BuChE activities (3a: IC₅₀ values of 51.3 and 77.6?nM; 3b: IC₅₀ values of 11.2 and 83.5?nM). Compounds 3a and 3b also exhibited increased hAChE inhibitory activity compared with tacrine by approximately 5- and 28-fold, respectively, and low neurotoxicity. Importantly, these compounds also had lower hepatotoxicity than tacrine. Based on these results, compounds 3a and 3b could be considered as potential lead compounds for the treatment of AD and other AChE related diseases, such as schizophrenia, glaucoma and myasthenia gravis.     

Disaccharide Pyrimidine Nucleosides and Their Derivatives: A Novel Group of Cell-Penetrating Inhibitors of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1

Nearly 30 synthetic nucleosides were tested with human recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 as potential inhibitors of this enzyme. The most active compounds were some disaccharide analogues of thymidine: 3′-O-β-D-ribofuranosyl-5-iodo-dUrd (2d; IC₅₀ = 45 μM), 3′-O-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2′-deoxythymidine (2e; IC₅₀ = 38 μM), and 3′-O-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2′-deoxythymidine oxidized (4; IC₅₀ = 25 μM). These compounds also reduced H₂O₂-induced synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) in cultured human ovarian carcinoma (SKOV-3) cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, compounds 2d or 2e until a concentration of 1 mM did not affect growth of SKOV-3 cells, whereas dialdehyde compound 4, as well as thymidine, exhibited a significant cytotoxicity.     

The cytotoxicity of garlic-related disulphides and thiosulfonates in WHCO1 oesophageal cancer cells is dependent on S-thiolation and not production of ROS

BackgroundGarlic has been used for centuries in folk medicine for its health promoting and cancer preventative properties. The bioactive principles in crushed garlic are allyl sulphur compounds which are proposed to chemically react through (i) protein S-thiolation and (ii) production of ROS.MethodsA collection of R-propyl disulphide and R-thiosulfonate compounds were synthesised to probe the importance of thiolysis and ROS generation in the cytotoxicity of garlic-related compounds in WHCO1 oesophageal cancer cells.ResultsA significant correlation (R² = 0.78, Fcrit (7,1) α = 0.005) was found between the cytotoxicity IC₅₀ and the leaving group pK_a of the R-propyl disulphides and thiosulfonates, supporting a mechanism that relies on the thermodynamics of a mixed disulphide exchange reaction. Disulphide (1) and thiosulfonate (11) were further evaluated mechanistically and found to induce G₂/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and generate ROS. When the ROS produced by 1 and 11 were quenched with Trolox, ascorbic acid or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), only NAC was found to counter the cytotoxicity of both compounds. However, NAC was found to chemically react with 11 through mixed disulphide formation, providing an explanation for this apparent inhibitory result.ConclusionCellular S-thiolation by garlic related disulphides appears to be the cause of cytotoxicity in WHCO1 cells. Generation of ROS appears to only play a secondary role.General significanceOur findings do not support ROS production causing the cytotoxicity of garlic-related disulphides in WHCO1 cells. Importantly, it was found that the popular ROS inhibitor NAC interferes with the assay.     

Synthesis of chiral pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazine sulfonamides with tyrosinase and urease inhibitory activity

A new series of sulfonamide derivatives of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazine with chiral amino group has been synthesized and characterized. The compounds were tested for their tyrosinase and urease inhibitory activity. Evaluation of prepared derivatives demonstrated that compounds (8b) and (8j) are most potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors whereas all of the obtained compounds showed higher urease inhibitory activity than the standard thiourea. The compounds (8a), (8f) and (8i) exhibited excellent enzyme inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ 0.037, 0.044 and 0.042?μM, respectively, while IC₅₀ of thiourea is 20.9?μM.     

Conformational behaviours of 2-substituted cyclohexanones: a complete basis set,hybrid-DFT study and NBO interpretation

The generalised anomeric effect (GAE) and gauche effect (GE) associated with donor–acceptor delocalisations, dipole–dipole interactions and total steric exchange energies (TSEE) on the conformational properties of 2-methoxy- (1), 2-methylthio- (2), 2-methylseleno- (3), 2-fluoro- (4), 2-chloro- (5) and 2-bromocyclohexanone (6) have been studied by means of ab initio and hybrid density functional theory methods and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. All methods used showed that the axial conformation stability increased from 2-methoxy- (1) to 2-methylselenocyclohexanone (3) and also from 2-fluoro- (4) to 2-bromocyclohexanone (6), which is in agreement with reported NMR data. The results obtained by complete basis set 4 (CBS-4), B3LYP/6-311+G** and HF/6-311+G** levels for compounds 1, 5 and 6 are very similar, but the CBS-4 results for compound 4 are not in agreement with the reported experimental data (vapour phase). The NBO analysis showed that the GAE increases from compounds 1 to 3 and also from compounds 4 to 6. The low axial conformer populations of compounds 1 and 4 can be reasonably explained by their small GAE. GE does not have significant impact on the conformational behaviours of compounds 1–6 and GAE succeeds in accounting qualitatively for the increase in the axial preferences in both series of compounds. The results showed that the calculated Δ(TSEE_eq–ax) values decrease from compounds 4 to 6 which contradicts the suggested arguments in the literature about these compounds. On the other hand, the calculated differences between the dipole moment values of the axial and equatorial conformations, Δ(μ_eq ? μ_ax), increase from compounds 1 to 2, but decrease from compounds 2 to 3 and also decrease from compounds 4 to 6. The calculated GAE values are more significant for the explanation of the conformational preferences of compounds 1–6 than the dipole–dipole repulsion effects. The correlations between the GAE, GE, dipole–dipole interactions, Wiberg Bond Index, TSEE, donor and acceptor orbital energies and occupancies, structural parameters and conformational behaviour of compounds 1–6 have been investigated.     

Synthesis and antitubercular activity of a series of hydrazone and nitrovinyl analogs derived from heterocyclic aldehydes

A series of hydrazone and 3-nitrovinyl analogs of indole-3-carboxaldehydes and related compounds were synthesized and screened for antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37R_V in BACTEC 12B medium using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Several compounds showed inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis in primary screening assays at a concentration of 6.25 μg/mL; subsequent dose-response studies indicated that the most active compounds, 3d, 3e & 8b, had IC₅₀ values of 5.96, 5.4 & 1.6 μg/mL, respectively. These compounds represent potential leads for the further development of novel antitubercular agents.     

(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)methanone and its derivatives as carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes inhibitors

In this study, we have synthesised (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)methanone and a series of its derivatives (5, 13–16) and tested the ability of these compounds to inhibit two metalloenzyme human carbonic anhydrase (hCA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, hCA I and hCA II. The synthesised compounds showed inhibitory effect on hCA I and hCA II isozymes. The results showed that synthesised compounds (5, 13–16) demonstrated the best inhibition activity against hCA I (IC₅₀: 3.22–54.28 μM) and hCA II (IC₅₀: 18.52–142.01 μM). The compound 14 showed the highest inhibiton effect against hCA I (IC₅₀: 3.22 μM; K_i: 1.19?±?1.4 μM). On the other hand, the compound 13 showed the highest inhibiton effect against hCA II (IC₅₀: 18.52 μM; K_i: 3.25?±?1.13 μM).     

Synthesis and potential antitumor activity of 7-(4-substituted piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxoquinolines based on ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin scaffolds: in silico studies

The potential antitumor activities of a series of 7-(4-substituted piperazin-1-yl)fluoroquinolone derivatives (1–14a,b) using ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin as scaffolds are described. These compounds exhibit potent and broad spectrum antitumor activities using 60 human cell lines in addition to the inherent antibacterial activity. Compounds 1a, 2a, 3b, 6b and 7a were found to be the most potent, while 2b, 5b, and 6a were found to have an average activity. The results of this study demonstrated that compounds 1a, 2a, 3b, 6b and 7a (mean GI₅₀; 2.63–3.09?µM) are nearly 7-fold more potent compared with the positive control 5-fluorouracil (mean GI₅₀; 22.60?µM). More interestingly, compounds 1a, 2a, 3b, 6b and 7a have an almost antitumor activity similar to gefitinib (mean GI₅₀; 3.24?µM) and are nearly 2-fold more potent compared to erlotinib (mean GI₅₀; 7.29?µM). In silico study and ADME-Tox prediction methodology were used to study the antitumor activity of the most active compounds and to identify the structural features required for antitumor activity.     

Exploring structure-activity relationship of S-substituted 2-mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-one including 4-ethylbenzenesulfonamides as human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Abstract

Inhibitory action of newly synthesised 4-(2-(2-substituted-thio-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)ethyl)benzenesulfonamides compounds 2–13 against human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX, and XII, was evaluated. hCA I was efficiently inhibited by compounds 2–13 with inhibition constants (K_Is) ranging from 57.8–740.2?nM. Compounds 2, 3, 4, and 12 showed inhibitory action against hCA II with K_Is between 6.4 and 14.2?nM. CA IX exhibited significant sensitivity to inhibition by derivatives 2–13 with K_I values ranging from 7.1 to 93.6?nM. Compounds 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, and 12 also exerted potent inhibitory action against hCA XII (K_Is ranging from 3.1 to 20.2?nM). Molecular docking studies for the most potent compounds 2 and 3 were conducted to exhibit the binding mode towards hCA isoforms as a promising step for SAR analyses which showed similar interaction with co-crystallized ligands. As such, a subset of these mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-one compounds represented interesting leads for developing new efficient and selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) for the management of a variety of diseases including glaucoma, epilepsy, arthritis and cancer.     

Synthesis,characterization, cytotoxicity,and DNA binding of some new platinum(II) and platinum(IV) complexes with benzimidazole ligands

In this study, two Pt(II) and three Pt(IV) complexes with the structures of [PtL₂Cl₂] (1), [PtL₂I₂] (2), [PtL₂Cl₂(OH)₂] (3), [PtL₂Cl₂(OCOCH₃)₂] (4), and [PtL₂Cl₄] (5) (L = benzimidazole as carrier ligand) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against the human MCF-7, HeLa, and HEp-2 cancer cell lines. The influence of compounds 1–5 on the tertiary structure of DNA was determined by their ability to modify the electrophoretic mobility of the form I and II bands of pBR322 plasmid DNA. The inhibition of BamH1 restriction enzyme activity of compounds 1–5 was also determined. In general, it was found that compounds 1–5 were less active than cisplatin and carboplatin against MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines (except for 1, which was found to be more active than carboplatin against the MCF-7 cell line). Compounds 1 and 3 were found to be significantly more active than cisplatin and carboplatin against the HEp-2 cell line.     

Complete basis set,hybrid-DFT study and NBO interpretation of conformational analysis of 2-methoxytetrahydropyran and its thiopyran and selenopyran analogues in relation to the anomeric effect

2-Methoxytetrahydropyran (1), -thiopyran (2) and -selenopyran (3) have been chosen as model compounds to investigate the origin of the anomeric effect (AE). The impacts of the hyperconjugation, electrostatic and steric interactions on the conformational preferences of compounds 1–3 have been analysed by means of complete basis set-4, hybrid-density functional theory (B3LYP/6-311+G**) based methods and natural bond orbital (NBO) interpretation. Both levels of theory showed that the axial conformations of compounds 1–3 are more stable than their equatorial conformations. The Gibbs free energy difference (G _eq–G _ax) values (i.e. ΔG _eq–ax) between the axial and equatorial conformations increase from compound 1 to compound 2 but decrease from compound 2 to compound 3. Based on the NBO results obtained, the AE associated with the electron delocalisation [i.e. Σ(endo-AE_eq + exo-AE_eq) ? Σ(endo-AE_ax + exo-AE_ax)] increase slightly from compound 1 to compound 2 but decrease from compound 2 to compound 3. Similar trend is also observed for the differences between the calculated total steric exchange energy values [i.e. Δ(TSEE)_eq–ax]. On the other hand, the calculated differences between the dipole moment values of the axial and equatorial conformations [i.e. Δ(μ_eq–μ_ax)] decrease from compound 1 to compound 3. These findings led to the proposal that the AE associated with the electron delocalisation (the hyperconjugation effect) is more significant for the explanation of the conformational preferences of compounds 1–3 than the electrostatic model. The correlations between the AE associated with the electron delocalisation, bond orders, TSEE, ΔG _eq–ax, dipole–dipole interactions, structural parameters and conformational behaviours of compounds 1–3 have been investigated.     

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of organotin(IV) diallyldithiocarbamate compounds as anticancer agent towards colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29)

ContextDiphenyltin(IV) diallyldithiocarbamate compound (Compound 1) and triphenyltin(IV) diallyldithiocarbamate compound (Compound 2) are two newly synthesised compounds of organotin(IV) with diallyldithiocarbamate ligands.ObjectiveTo assess the cytotoxic effects of two synthesised compounds against HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells and human CCD-18Co normal colon cells.Materials and methodsTwo successfully synthesised compounds were characterised using elemental (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur) analysis, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), and ¹H, ¹³C ¹¹⁹Sn Nucleus Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The single-crystal structure of both compounds was determined by X-ray single-crystal analysis. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazholium bromide (MTT) assay upon 24 h of treatment. While the mode of cell death was determined based on the externalisation of phosphatidylserine using a flow cytometer.ResultsThe elemental analysis data of the two compounds showed an agreement with the suggested formula of (C₆H₅)₂Sn[S₂CN(C₃H₅)₂]₂ for Compound 1 and (C₆H₅)₃Sn[S₂CN(C₃H₅)₂] for Compound 2. The two major peaks of infrared absorbance, i.e., ν(C = N) and ν(C = S) were detected at the range of 1475–1479 cm⁻¹ and 972–977 cm⁻¹, respectively. The chemical shift of carbon in NCS₂ group for Compound 1 and 2 were found at 200.82 and 197.79 ppm. The crystal structure of Compound 1 showed that it is six coordinated and crystallised in monoclinic, P2₁/c space group. While the crystal structure of Compound 2 is five coordinated and crystallised in monoclinic, P2₁/c space group. The cytotoxicity (IC₅₀) of the two compounds against HT-29 cell were 2.36 μM and 0.39 μM. Meanwhile, the percentage of cell death modes between 60% and 75% for compound 1 and compound 2 were mainly due to apoptosis, suggesting that both compounds induced growth arrest.ConclusionOur study concluded that the synthesised compounds showed potent cytotoxicity towards HT-29 cell, with the triphenyltin(IV) compound showing the highest effect compared to diphenyltin(IV).