广州地区嗜肺军团菌环境分离株的基因序列分型分析

摘要:【目的】研究广州市嗜肺军团菌的基因特征,对来自不同水域环境的嗜肺军团菌进行分子分型研究。【方法】选择嗜肺军团菌的7个基因flaA、asd、mip、pilE、mompS、proA和neuA 作为目的基因, 对在2006-2009年间广州地区分离的44株嗜肺军团菌进行PCR扩增和测序,并将核苷酸序列上传至欧洲军团菌病感染工作组（EWGLI）数据库进行比对,得到基因型别（Sequence type, ST）,对结果进行基因序列分型（Sequence-Based Typing, SBT）和系统进化分析。【结     

聚合酶链反应-酶切分型鉴定广州地区环境水源军团菌

【目的】探讨聚合酶链反应-酶切分型在快速鉴定环境水源军团菌方面的应用价值,并了解广州地区环境水源军团菌的分布状况。【方法】对广州地区采集的44份环境水样,作军团菌分离培养,再对分离菌株进行16Sr DNA PCR-酶切分型鉴定、16S rDNA基因测序和mip基因测序鉴定。【结果】在广州地区环境水源分离的112株军团菌,经聚合酶链反应-酶切分型鉴定、16S rDNA基因测序和mip基因测序鉴定,检出嗜肺军团菌66株,非嗜肺军团菌46株,其中菲氏军团菌20株,戈氏军团菌17株,橡树岭军团菌7株,长滩军团菌2株。【结论】聚合酶链反应-酶切分型检测环境水源军团菌是一种简便、快速、特异的鉴定方法;在广州地区环境水源中普遍存在军团菌,主要是嗜肺军团菌,其次是菲氏军团菌,戈氏军团菌,橡树岭军团菌和长滩军团菌。     

广东地区嗜肺军团菌的扩增片段长度多态性分析

【目的】了解广东部分地区2002~2007年环境水中嗜肺军团菌的基因型及遗传学关系。【方法】参考欧洲军团菌感染工作组（the European Working Group for Legionella Infections, EWGLI）制定的分型草案（1.2版）,采用PstⅠ酶对我室保存的2株标准菌株及41株不同时间、不同地点的嗜肺军团菌环境分离株进行扩增片段长度多态性（amplified fragment length polymorphism, AFLP）分析,电泳图谱与EWGLI进行比对。【结果】AFLP分型结果稳定,重复性好;43株嗜肺军团菌,其不同来源菌株呈现多态性分布,经AFLP分析得到33个基因型,辨别力指数为99.79%,其中Kingmed AFLP 011为优势基因型。按Dice系数≥0.8,可分为18个群,Kingmed AFLP D群为优势群,占总菌株数的34.88%。由电泳图谱的相似性,初步推断存在EWGLI 001 Lugano型、002 Lugano、012 Rome、013 London、014 London型、015 Dresden型、021 Lyon等7个基因型,以及多个未报道的新基因型。【结论】广东地区嗜肺军团菌的基因型十分丰富,AFLP技术是其分子流行病学研究的有效手段。     

嗜肺军团菌SBT、PFGE、AFLP分子分型方法的比较

比较SBT、PFGE、AFLP三种分子分型方法在嗜肺军团菌分型研究中的分辨力,探讨SBT方法在嗜肺军团菌分型中的可应用性。收集石家庄市6所医院冷却塔水中分离的32株嗜肺军团菌,对其中的24株血清I型嗜肺军团菌进行SBT分型研究,并与PFGE和AFLP分型结果进行了比较。24株LP1型嗜肺军团菌共分为4个ST型,分辨系数为0.239 1。PFGE方法将32株菌株共分为15个PFGE型,分辨系数为0.925 4。AFLP方法将32株菌株分为23个AFLP型,分辨系数为0.973 7。通过比对EWGLI网站SBT数据库,ST1021型和ST345型为本地区独特型别且属于同一克隆系;ST1型为优势型别并在我国长期流行;由于缺失neuA而未分型的嗜肺军团菌株与其他23株菌分属于不同的克隆系。SBT方法的分型能力不及PFGE方法和AFLP方法。但SBT分型方法能够通过全球比对数据库得到更多的关于菌株遗传进化和流行分布的资料,在研究菌株分子流行病学及进化方面优于PFGE和AFLP方法。     

辽宁省2006-2016年集中空调冷却水中 嗜肺军团菌毒力岛基因组携带情况

摘要:目的 了解2006?2016年辽宁地区集中空调冷却水中军团菌携带毒力岛基因情况及其致病性。方法 根据GenBank公布的嗜肺军团菌核苷酸序列设计和合成嗜肺军团菌种和毒力岛基因鉴定引物,采用PCR法对2006?2016年辽宁省各大公共场所委托及抽样检测中分离到的军团菌,进行了毒力岛基因组检测,并与血清型进行比较分析,其中嗜肺军团菌15株、非嗜肺军团菌8株。结果 标准菌株ATCC（33152）12个毒力岛基因全阳性;9株LP1型嗜肺军团菌分别检出9~11个毒力岛基因,6株LP2-14型嗜肺军团菌分别检出6~9个毒力岛基因,8株非嗜肺军团菌分别检出2~11个毒力岛基因。结论 辽宁地区军团菌广泛存在公共环境集中空调冷却系统中,以LP1型嗜肺军团菌居多,LP2-14型嗜肺军团菌与非嗜肺军团菌也普遍存在,而且所测菌株均携带毒力岛基因,是细菌感染性肺炎的重要隐患病源之一。     

嗜肺军团菌毒力岛分子分型及其致病性研究进展

嗜肺军团菌是引起社区获得性和医院内感染性肺炎的重要病原体,中央空调冷凝塔水系统是引发军团菌病的重要传染源,在国内外时有暴发流行,病死率较高。嗜肺军团菌的致病性与其毒力岛基因组密切相关。简要概述了嗜肺军团菌毒力岛、分子分型及其致病性。     

南方食品中沙门氏菌污染调查及分型

摘要:【目的】系统调查我国南方代表性地区食品中沙门氏菌污染情况,并对分离株进行血清分型和肠杆菌基因间重复共有序列聚合酶链式反应(Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction,ERIC-PCR)分型研究,为溯源和控制食品中沙门氏菌的污染提供数据。【方法】采用定性法和最大可能数(Most Probable Number,MPN)法对七大类食品(肉与肉制品、水产品、速冻食品、熟食、蔬菜、乳制品和食用菌)中的沙门氏菌进行检测。利用血清分型和分子分型确定南方沙门氏菌血清型的分布和优势血清型,研究分离株的遗传多样性。【结果】从400份食品样品共检出75 份沙门氏菌阳性样品,污染率为18.8%(75/400)。其中,97.3%(73/75)的阳性样品污染水平均低于10 MPN/g。对93株分离株进行血清分型,分属9个群、29种血清型。优势血清型为德尔卑沙门氏菌(Salmonella Derby)和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella Typhimurium)。利用ERIC-PCR对96株沙门氏菌(包括93株分离株和3株标准株)进行分型研究发现,在相似系数为0.75时可分为15个聚类簇,56种型别,分离株的基因型别呈现多样性。【结论】南 方食品中沙门氏菌的污染率较高,但污染水平低。S. Derby和S. Typhimurium为优势血清型。初步建立了沙门氏菌ERIC-PCR指纹图谱数据库,南方食品中沙门氏菌的血清型和基因型呈现多样性。     

PCR-酶切技术快速鉴定军团菌

[目的]建立一种新型的军团菌鉴定方法,并探讨该法在鉴定环境水源和临床标本军团菌菌株中的应用价值.[方法]根据军团菌16S rRNA基因保守序列设计引物,以分离培养得到的可疑军团菌菌株作为模板,采用PCR法对模板扩增,并用限制性内切酶对PCR产物进行酶切分析,建立一种嗜肺军团菌及非嗜肺军团菌的鉴定方法.对16株嗜肺军团菌、22株非嗜肺军团菌及12株其他细菌标准菌株进行检测,验证该方法的可靠性,最后用该法检测广州地区分离的169株可疑军团菌菌株并进行基因测序.[结果]该PCR方法检测嗜肺军团菌及非嗜肺军团菌所有标准菌株均为阳性,非军团菌检测结果均为阴性;进一步的Hinf Ⅰ酶切分析可准确的区分嗜肺军团菌标准菌株;广州地区分离的169株可疑军团菌菌株经该法检测发现160株为军团菌,其中79株为嗜肺军团菌,与基因测序检测结果一致.[结论]PCR-酶切技术可快速、特异地检测军团菌及嗜肺军团菌,适用于环境水源和临床标本可疑军团菌菌株的检测.     

新型p1 基因型肺炎支原体分型方法的建立与应用

【目的】针对肺炎支原体新型p1基因型(V2c型)菌株检测工作的需要,建立相应PCR检测方法并进行评价。【方法】针对新型V2c型肺炎支原体菌株p1基因变异区域序列设计特异性扩增引物,建立对V2c型肺炎支原体菌株进行PCR检测的检测方法并用相关基因测序进行验证。使用所建立的巢式多重PCR对北京地区2008-2011年分离到的214株临床肺炎支原体进行分型分析。【结果】特异引物可有效检测出V2c菌株,在其它型别菌株均无阳性扩增。214株肺炎支原体临床分离株中1型菌株占90.2%(193/214),V2a型菌株占0.9%(2/214),V2c型菌株占8.9%(19/214);未检出2型菌株。【结论】针对V2c型肺炎支原体所建立的基于p1基因的PCR检测方法,能有效区分以往方法无法检测出的新型V2c型肺炎支原体菌株,对开展肺炎支原体流行病学调查和病原分析有重要意义。     

应用双重PCR检测环境水体中的军团菌

建立双重PCR方法以检出环境水体中的军团菌。设计两对引物,分别扩增军团菌的16S rRNA和M ip基因,扩增片段长各为375bp和996bp。该方法检测军团菌的灵敏度为5.8×102cfu/m l,6株嗜肺标准军团菌均扩增出996bp和375bp两条带,4株非嗜肺军团菌扩增出375bp条带,4株非军团菌无条带;检测71份环境水样,5份出现两条条带,2份可见375bp条带,阳性率为7.0%。该方法快速、灵敏、特异,为水体中的嗜肺军团菌检测提供了有效方法。     

Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from cooling towers in Japan form a distinct genetic cluster

Thirty-one epidemiologically unrelated Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates (10 from cooling towers, 10 from public spas and/or hot spring baths, and 11 from patients) were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and sequence-based typing (SBT) using 6 loci, flaA, pilE, asd, mip, mompS, and proA. The results of PFGE and SBT analysis indicated that all 10 isolates from cooling towers clustered into a unique type, which was distinct from strains of other environmental sources.     

Failure of Legionella pneumophila sensitivities to predict culture results from disinfectant-treated air-conditioning cooling towers.

The disinfection of cooling towers based on manufacturers' treatment protocols, as employed in units installed at various public gathering places in Dallas, Tex. (hotels, municipal auditorium), and at the city health department, was evaluated for effectiveness in controlling Legionella pneumophila and compared with previous laboratory studies. In specimens collected in September and December, 1978, L. pneumophila was isolated from 2 of 4 specimens from untreated cooling towers, 2 of 4 specimens from towers treated with agents deemed ineffective in earlier laboratory tests, 6 of 11 specimens from towers treated with putatively effective agents, and 0 of 4 specimens from towers treated with an agent unknown efficacy. These results suggest the need for further studies to identify biocidal agents effective in eliminating L. pneumophila from air-conditioning cooling towers.     

Distribution of Sequence-Based Types of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Strains Isolated from Cooling Towers,Hot Springs,and Potable Water Systems in China

Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 causes Legionnaires'' disease. Water systems contaminated with Legionella are the implicated sources of Legionnaires'' disease. This study analyzed L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains in China using sequence-based typing. Strains were isolated from cooling towers (n = 96), hot springs (n = 42), and potable water systems (n = 26). Isolates from cooling towers, hot springs, and potable water systems were divided into 25 sequence types (STs; index of discrimination [IOD], 0.711), 19 STs (IOD, 0.934), and 3 STs (IOD, 0.151), respectively. The genetic variation among the potable water isolates was lower than that among cooling tower and hot spring isolates. ST1 was the predominant type, accounting for 49.4% of analyzed strains (n = 81), followed by ST154. With the exception of two strains, all potable water isolates (92.3%) belonged to ST1. In contrast, 53.1% (51/96) and only 14.3% (6/42) of cooling tower and hot spring, respectively, isolates belonged to ST1. There were differences in the distributions of clone groups among the water sources. The comparisons among L. pneumophila strains isolated in China, Japan, and South Korea revealed that similar clones (ST1 complex and ST154 complex) exist in these countries. In conclusion, in China, STs had several unique allelic profiles, and ST1 was the most prevalent sequence type of environmental L. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates, similar to its prevalence in Japan and South Korea.     

Legionella spp. in Puerto Rico cooling towers

Water samples from air conditioning cooling towers receiving different treatment protocols on five large municipal buildings in San Juan, P.R., were assayed for various Legionella spp. and serogroups by using direct immunofluorescence. Several water quality parameters were also measured for each sample. Guinea pigs were inoculated with water samples to confirm pathogenicity and recover viable organisms. Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, L. bozemanii, L. micdadei, L. dumoffii, and L. gormanii were observed in at least one of the cooling towers. L. pneumophila was the most abundant species; its density reached 10(5) cells per ml, which is within the range that is considered potentially pathogenic to humans. A significantly higher density of L. pneumophila was observed in the cooling tower water that was not being treated with biocides. Percent respiration (INT) and total cell activity (acridine orange direct count) were inversely correlated with bacterial density. This study demonstrates that Legionella spp. are present in tropical air-conditioning cooling systems and that, without continuous biocide treatment, they may reach densities that present a health risk.     

Legionella spp. in Puerto Rico cooling towers.

Water samples from air conditioning cooling towers receiving different treatment protocols on five large municipal buildings in San Juan, P.R., were assayed for various Legionella spp. and serogroups by using direct immunofluorescence. Several water quality parameters were also measured for each sample. Guinea pigs were inoculated with water samples to confirm pathogenicity and recover viable organisms. Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, L. bozemanii, L. micdadei, L. dumoffii, and L. gormanii were observed in at least one of the cooling towers. L. pneumophila was the most abundant species; its density reached 10(5) cells per ml, which is within the range that is considered potentially pathogenic to humans. A significantly higher density of L. pneumophila was observed in the cooling tower water that was not being treated with biocides. Percent respiration (INT) and total cell activity (acridine orange direct count) were inversely correlated with bacterial density. This study demonstrates that Legionella spp. are present in tropical air-conditioning cooling systems and that, without continuous biocide treatment, they may reach densities that present a health risk.     

Enhancement of Legionella pneumophila culture isolation from microenvironments by macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene-specific nested polymerase chain reaction

The combination of a Legionella pneumophila culture isolation technique and macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is pivotal for effective routine use in an environmental water system laboratory. Detection of Legionella organisms in 169 environmental samples was performed by using modified buffered charcoal yeast extract (MBCYE) agar for conventional culture. Nested PCR specific for L. pneumophila was performed using boiled genomic DNA extracts from filtered and Chelex 100-treated water samples, or by using silica-gel membrane spin column-eluted DNA from concentrated pond, canal and river samples. Overall, the nested PCR was twelvefold more sensitive than the culture method. The target amplicons (471 basepairs) of all 4 biochemically characterized L. pneumophila isolates were sequenced. They had homology at the DNA and protein levels to 3' proximity of the mip-coding gene of L. pneumophila deposited in genome databases. EcoRI- or KpnI-digested PCR fragments with expected sizes were also confirmed in all 52 PCR-positive samples that were isolated from cooling towers and condenser drains. Viable but nonculturable L. pneumophila might have been present in 48 PCR-positive samples. This study demonstrates that detection of the genetically stable mip gene by nested PCR with a modified process of water sample preparation can be rapidly and effectively used to enhance isolation of the L. pneumophila taxon from microenvironments.     

The effect of Aeromonas strains on the growth of Legionella

Thirty-one environmental and two type strains of Aeromonas were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of strains of several Legionella species. Of 10 Legionella spp. tested, only Legionella pneumophila and Leg. longbeachae were able to resist the inhibitory effects of some of the Aeromonas strains. Selected Aeromonas strains were also tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of several non-legionella strains. None of the non-legionella strains were inhibited by any of the selected Aeromonas strains. Attempts were made to isolate Aeromonas strains from cooling towers and Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from one of the cooling towers tested. The results suggest that many strains of Aeromonas can inhibit the growth of Legionella strains on solid media and could affect the isolation of legionellas from water sources.