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1.
以山西省4638种昆虫在7个地理小区的分布、内蒙古7766种昆虫在14个地理小区的分布和中国16804属昆虫在67个生态区域的分布3组数据为样本,用传统的层层合并的相似性聚类分析法(SCA)和新的不需合并的多元相似性聚类分析法(MSCA)进行运算分析,对比结果表明,不合并法都能得到既符合统计学逻辑,又符合地理学、生物学逻辑的结果;合并法在参与小区较少时,还能够得到与不合并法类似的结果,随着参与小区的增多,聚类结构发生变化,以致聚类功能彻底丧失.无论两种聚类结果差异大小,其性质都迥然不同:不合并法的相似性系数是固有的、互相独立的、同时存在的,聚类结果是所有小区之间关系亲疏、距离远近的状态;合并法的每个相似性系数都是合并的依据或结果,前一个系数是后一个系数产生的条件,后一个系数是前一个系数消亡的结果,严格按照顺序,当最后一个系数产生时,前面所有系数和所有小区都已不复存在,聚类结果只是记录不断合并、不断消亡的过程.因此在肯定合并法历史价值的同时,认为申效诚等创建的多元相似性系数公式及多元相似性聚类分析法摈弃合并降阶这一产生偏差和错误的根源,能够得出相对客观的聚类结果,是生物地理学研究领域有效的聚类分析工具,必将推动生物地理学定量研究迈入一个新阶段. 相似文献
2.
蜘蛛是一类种类繁多、数量巨大、分布广泛的捕食性生物。至2012年底,全世界共有蜘蛛43678种(包括亚种),隶属于112科3898属。科、属、种3个分类阶元的分布域非常悬殊,90%的种分布在一个界内,90%的科是跨界分布或全球分布。按行政区域,亚洲种类较多,欧洲较少,南极洲没有蜘蛛记录;按动物地理区域,古北界和新热带界较多,新北界较少。根据地理条件、生态条件和蜘蛛的分布状况,将全球陆地分为53个基础地理单元,用申效诚等新近提出的相似性通用公式和据此创立的多元相似性聚类分析方法,分别对属、种两级的分布进行分析,得到两个聚类结构相同、聚类关系合理的支序图,而且属级的支序图层次更为分明,在相似性水平为0.32时,53个基础地理单元聚为17个小单元群,在0,22水平上,又聚为8个大单元群。这些大、小单元群的组成单元地域相邻相连,生态条件相对一致,可以作为蜘蛛地理区划的界、亚界两个层级。和华莱士主要以哺乳动物建立的世界动物地理区划相比,主要差异是:1、古北界东、西两部分差异显著,可分设两界;2、新西兰和澳洲大陆相似性较低,可单独设界;3、新几内亚和太平洋岛屿与澳洲大陆的关系远于和东洋界的关系,华莱士线在两界间的作用似乎不存在; 4、新热带界的中美地区似乎属于新北界更为合适,并由此产生了南北美洲间的紧密联系;5、新北界与古北界的相似性关系弱于与新热带界的关系,全北界的概念几近消失。前两点差异可以从地球板块构造的变动得到解释,第3、5个差异已在植物和其它生物类群得到佐证,第4个差异尚不稳定,需要更多类群的比较与分析。使用多元相似性聚类分析方法对于如此典型的点状分布的生物类群和如此海量的数据,能够得到如此精细的,既符合地理学、统计学的逻辑,又符合生物学、生态学逻辑的定量分析结果,这在国内外都是首次成功尝试,其简便性和合理性将会促使在其它类群中的应用。 相似文献
3.
Four commonly used clustering methods (UPGMA, Ward Linkage,Complete Linkage and TWINSPAN) were compared in their abilitytorecognise the structure of three river macroinvertebratesdatasetswhich were pre-determined based on habitat and biologicalcharacteristics or chemical water quality of sampling sites.DCA,NMDS and ANOSIM were applied to the same datasets to providefurther information about data structure, and nonparametrictestswere also undertaken on major chemical variables to justifythepredeterminations. The modified Rand Index was used to measuretheagreement between a particular solution and the pre-determinedclassification. The results showed that Ward Linkage performedbestwhen its use was broadened and used with the CY DissimilarityMeasure, followed by TWINSPAN and Complete Linkage with UPGMAbeingleast successful. There was evidence to suggest that theeffectiveness of some clustering methods (e.g. UPGMA) may varyatdifferent clustering levels, and simulation techniques whichhavebeen used to assess clustering methods could leave somepropertiesof clustering methods unexamined. 相似文献
4.
K. H. Nicholls 《International Review of Hydrobiology》1985,70(5):621-632
Four commonly used formulae for measuring percentage similarity (PS) of biological communities were tested for their usefulness in relating to two plankton community properties, species proportional differences and total density differences. The formula best combining species proportionality and total density in the expression of PS is new: where min (xi,yi) is the lesser percentage (doubly standardized) of a species in two samples X and Y and where 2 q, 2xi and 2yi are the total quantities of all species in samples 8,X and Y, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sum\limits_i {z_i } ,\,\sum\limits_i {x_i } \,and\sum\limits_i {y_i } $\end{document} are the total quantities of all species in samples Z, X and Y, respectively. Sample 2 contains the highest density of all species in the set; \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sum\limits_i {z_i \, > \,(\sum\limits_i {x_i ,\,} \sum\limits_i {y_i } )} $\end{document}. The new expression of PS is simple to use and has the additional advantage of offering the analyst an unlimited choice of weighting factors or importance values for proportionality of species content and total density. The method has been applied to data from Gravenhurst Bay (Ontario) and effectively demonstrates the consequences of phosphorus loading reductions for phytoplankton communities. 相似文献
5.
森林立地分类是林业生产的重要基础。林业发达国家对此都相继开展了深入细致的研究,许多研究成果已在林业实践中发挥了重要作用。我国森林立地分类研究始于50年代,其间几经中断,近年来又日益受到重视,在“七五”期间被列为国家科技重点(攻关)项目。无疑,这对我国林业现代化将起到重要的推动作用。森林立地分类与评价的方法各异,流派众多,对此作者曾有详细的评介。随着数学 相似文献
6.
为了探明乌鲁木齐南部山区树生地衣种类及其群落结构特征,应用多元分析中的主成分分析及聚类分析方法,对分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中的树生地衣植物群落进行数量分类,并对其群落结构的物种多样性、相似性和均匀度等群落参数进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明,分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区的树生地衣共有39种,隶属于5目13科26属。根据多元分析结果,将该地区的树生地衣划分为3种类型:(1)小茶渍(Lecanorahageni(Ach.)Ach.)+蜈蚣衣(肋归ciastellaris(L.)Nyl.)+柳茶渍(£-。saligna(Schrad.)Zahlbr.)群落;(2)斑面蜈蚣衣(Physciaaipolia(Humb.)Furm.)+对开蜈蚣衣(Ph.dimidiata(Arn.)Nyl.)+喇叭石蕊(Cladoniapyxidata(L.)Hoffm.)群落:(3)拟石黄衣(Xanthoria fallax(Hepp)Arnold.)+丽石黄衣(xelegans(Link.)Th.Fr.)群落。群落3的多样性指数最大,为1.509,其次为群落2,其多样性指数为1.109,群落1的多样性指数最低,为1.088。同时,研究发现海拔高度和树种是影响乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统树生地衣结构的两个重要因素。 相似文献
7.
Denis Valle Benjamin Baiser Christopher W. Woodall Robin Chazdon 《Ecology letters》2014,17(12):1591-1601
We propose a novel multivariate method to analyse biodiversity data based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model. LDA, a probabilistic model, reduces assemblages to sets of distinct component communities. It produces easily interpretable results, can represent abrupt and gradual changes in composition, accommodates missing data and allows for coherent estimates of uncertainty. We illustrate our method using tree data for the eastern United States and from a tropical successional chronosequence. The model is able to detect pervasive declines in the oak community in Minnesota and Indiana, potentially due to fire suppression, increased growing season precipitation and herbivory. The chronosequence analysis is able to delineate clear successional trends in species composition, while also revealing that site‐specific factors significantly impact these successional trajectories. The proposed method provides a means to decompose and track the dynamics of species assemblages along temporal and spatial gradients, including effects of global change and forest disturbances. 相似文献
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河南省的昆虫、蜘蛛、蜱螨种类共8637种,隶属32目551科3967属。使用多元相似性聚类分析法(MSCA)对全省11个生态区域间的关系进行分析,总相似性系数0.184,表明分布很不均匀,在0.3的相似性水平上,全省分为4个地理分布区:平原盆地区、西北山地丘陵区、伏牛山区和桐柏大别山区。分析了分类阶元、区系成分、不同类群、种类规模、分布地规模对相似性聚类关系的影响,结果显示,属级水平和种级一样,能够揭示省级地理区域内的相似性聚类关系,科级水平将适合更大的地理区域;生物类群是对相似性聚类结构影响最大的参量,保证多类群的参与,是揭示整体规律的关键;在多类群参与的前提下,种类和分布地不是敏感的因素,合适的种类抽样同样能得到满意的结果,分布地的少量增减,也只会引起相似性系数的轻微变动。 相似文献
10.
Stream community structure in relation to spatial variation: the influence of mesohabitat characteristics 总被引:13,自引:5,他引:13
Beisel Jean-Nicolas Usseglio-Polatera Philippe Thomas Sandra Moreteau Jean-Claude 《Hydrobiologia》1998,389(1-3):73-88
Community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates was studied in six first- through fourth-order streams in northeast France,
to elucidate changes in richness, abundance, diversity and evenness of mesohabitat assemblages as a function of environmental
conditions. Patch samples were subjected to multivariate analyses to determine: (i) relationships among seven indices describing
community structure (structure parameters); (ii) relationships among seven environmental variables; (iii) the relationship
between community structure and environmental characteristics of patches. Faunal data showed that indices measuring the distribution
of individuals among taxa (evenness, dominance) and richness are prominent in describing the structure of macroinvertebrate
communities of mesohabitats. The analysis of environmental data demonstrated a major differentiating ability of current velocity
and strong inter-relations among in-stream hydraulic-dependent parameters in structuring the mesohabitat environment. The
co-structure (= relationship) between community organization and environmental variables indicated that substrate may be a
primary determinant of community structure. Current velocity and water depth emerged as secondary factors. Trends in community
structure were closely related to the spatial variability of mesohabitats. Species richness increased with habitat heterogeneity.
Total abundance increased with trophic potentialities of patches. Equitability and diversity seemed to increase with patch
stability.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)是准噶尔盆地沙漠植被中最重要的优势植物。根据对准噶尔盆地典型梭梭植物群落样地的物种及群落状况的调查,采用数量分类的方法对该地区梭梭植物群落的相似性进行了聚类分析。聚类分析的结果表明, 37个梭梭群落被划分为11个群丛,根据聚类过程阶梯图的结果, 11个群丛进一步划归为5个群系。研究结果与传统的植物群落分类结果基本相一致,对于更好地保护和恢复梭梭植被具有一定的实践指导意义。 相似文献
12.
图聚类用于蛋白质分类问题可以获得较好结果,其前提是将蛋白质之间复杂的相互关系转化为适当的相似性网络作为图聚类分类的输入数据。本文提出一种基于BLAST检索的相似性网络构建方法,从目标蛋白质序列出发,通过若干轮次的BLAST检索逐步从数据库中提取与目标蛋白质直接或间接相关的序列,构成关联集。关联集中序列之间的相似性关系即相似性网络,可作为图聚类算法的分类依据。对Pfam数据库中依直接相似关系难以正确分类的蛋白质的计算表明,按本文方法构建的相似性网络取得了比较满意的结果。 相似文献
13.
北京小龙门森林鸟类群落划分与生态分析 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
森林鸟类是森林陆栖脊椎动物中种类和数量最丰富的动物类群 ,它们对于促进森林天然更新、传播植物种子及花粉、控制森林害虫和害兽等方面都起着重要作用。关于小龙门林区鸟类群落结构的研究已有报道[1 ] ,但是对于小龙门林区鸟类群落的划分未见有专门报道 ,我们于 1 992年 1 0月~1 993年 2月 ,1 993年 4~ 1 2月 ,1 994年 2~ 8月对北京小龙门林区所有 8条自然沟和 1条公路进行了调查 ,目的在于了解小龙门林区不同林型、海拔等区域的鸟类种类组成和数量状况 ,探讨不同区域的鸟类群落的划分及其影响因素。1 研究地点及方法小龙门林区位于北… 相似文献
14.
中国昆虫区系的多元相似性聚类分析和地理区划 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了总结分析中国昆虫的分布规律, 为昆虫地理区划提出依据, 作者2008年创建了新的多元相似性聚类分析方法, 它与传统的聚类分析方法的主要不同是直接计算任意多个地区之间的相似性系数, 从而摈弃原来的合并环节。我们应用这种方法对中国823科17 018属93 662种昆虫的分布进行了定量分析。当种级水平相似性系数分别为0.19和0.14时, 全国64个基础地理单元聚类为20个小单元群和9个大单元群。根据聚类分析结果, 提出我国第一个由定量分析产生的9个昆虫区20个昆虫亚区的中国昆虫地理区划的初步方案。西北昆虫区、 东北昆虫区、 华北昆虫区、 青藏昆虫区稳定地组成中国北方昆虫大区, 江淮昆虫区、 华中昆虫区、 西南昆虫区、 华东昆虫区、 华南昆虫区稳定地组成中国南方昆虫大区。江淮昆虫区的设立是因为这里多平原和丘陵, 为重要农业区, 昆虫区系简单, 种类显著少于华东、 华中、 华南昆虫区, 而和华北昆虫区相当; 包括台湾在内的华东昆虫区是昆虫多样性最丰富地区之一, 显著高于邻近的华北、 江淮、 华南昆虫区。最后, 对昆虫地理定量分析中的重要环节进行讨论, 还对今后昆虫区系调查的薄弱地区提出建议。这项研究证明多元相似性聚类分析方法是简便、 快捷、 实用的, 能够在更广泛的范围应用, 这预示着生物地理学研究将会由定性研究进入到定量研究阶段。 相似文献
15.
Besides the problem of searching for effective methods for data analysis there are some additional problems with handling data of high uncertainty. Uncertainty problems often arise in an analysis of ecological data, e.g. in the cluster analysis of ecological data. Conventional clustering methods based on Boolean logic ignore the continuous nature of ecological variables and the uncertainty of ecological data. That can result in misclassification or misinterpretation of the data structure. Clusters with fuzzy boundaries reflect better the continuous character of ecological features. But the problem is, that the common clustering methods (like the fuzzy c-means method) are only designed for treating crisp data, that means they provide a fuzzy partition only for crisp data (e.g. exact measurement data). This paper presents the extension and implementation of the method of fuzzy clustering of fuzzy data proposed by Yang and Liu [Yang, M.-S. and Liu, H-H, 1999. Fuzzy clustering procedures for conical fuzzy vector data. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 106, 189-200.]. The imprecise data can be defined as multidimensional fuzzy sets with not sharply formed boundaries (in the form of the so-called conical fuzzy vectors). They can then be used for the fuzzy clustering together with crisp data. That can be particularly useful when information is not available about the variances which describe the accuracy of the data and probabilistic approaches are impossible. The method proposed by Yang has been extended and implemented for the Fuzzy Clustering System EcoFucs developed at the University of Kiel. As an example, the paper presents the fuzzy cluster analysis of chemicals according to their ecotoxicological properties. The uncertainty and imprecision of ecotoxicological data are very high because of the use of various data sources, various investigation tests and the difficulty of comparing these data. The implemented method can be very helpful in searching for an adequate partition of ecological data into clusters with similar properties. 相似文献
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本文描述两种执行群落排表分类的数学方法:X2分类法和信息熵分类法,并以德国西北部草地数据为例进行了应用和分析。结果表明这两个方法都是有效的群落排表分类方法,它们所排的群落表可直接地反映群落类型和种类组成之间的关系,体现了Braun-Blanquet传统排表法的特点。 相似文献
18.
D. G. Kabe 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》1979,21(5):413-416
A discriminant analysis method for frequency data for hybridization based on weighted multivariate analysis of variance is given for allotting an individual to one of groups. 相似文献
19.
Luiz Felipe Machado Velho Fbio Amodêo Lansac‐Tha Luis Mauricio Bini 《International Review of Hydrobiology》2003,88(2):154-166
In freshwater environments, testate amoebae are usually found associated with macrophytes and sediments and many studies have suggested that their occurrence in plankton samples is accidental. This implies that predictable patterns detected in planktonic assemblages should not be observed in testate amoebae assemblages. This hypothesis was tested in this study. Plankton samples were collected from different environments in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Results show that patterns in species composition and abundance of testate amoebae are predictable, and that dominant species tend to present characteristic shell morphology in hydrologically different environments. We suggest that testate amoebae must be routinely included in plankton ecology studies, at least in floodplain environments. 相似文献