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Allocation of above-ground growth is related to light in temperate deciduous saplings 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
D. A. King 《Functional ecology》2003,17(4):482-488
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We evaluated leaf characteristics and herbivory intensities for saplings of fifteen tropical tree species differing in their successional position. Eight leaf traits were selected, related to the costs of leaf display (specific leaf area [SLA], water content), photosynthesis (N and P concentration per unit mass), and herbivory defence (lignin concentration, C:N ratio). We hypothesised that species traits are shaped by variation in abiotic and biotic (herbivory) selection pressures along the successional gradient. All leaf traits varied with the successional position of the species. The SLA, water content and nutrient concentration decreased, and lignin concentration increased with the successional position. Herbivory damage (defined as the percentage of damage found at one moment in time) varied from 0.9-8.5% among the species, but was not related to their successional position. Herbivory damage appeared to be a poor estimator of the herbivory rate experienced by species, due to the confounding effect of leaf lifespan. Herbivory rate (defined as percentage leaf area removal per unit time) declined with the successional position of the species. Herbivory rate was only positively correlated to water content, and negatively correlated to lignin concentration, suggesting that herbivores select leaves based upon their digestibility rather than upon their nutritive value. Surprisingly, most species traits change linearly with succession, while resource availability (light, nutrients) declines exponentially with succession. 相似文献
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叶面积指数(LAI)是植被冠层结构的一个重要参数,它不仅是许多生态和气候模型的重要输入变量,而且是生态系统动态变化监测的一个重要指标。LAI可通过各种间接和直接的手段来观测,而间接观测的LAI值常常需要直接的观测数据来校验。落叶收集法是一种广泛使用的直接观测LAI的方法,过去的研究还未发现有涉及落叶收集的取样技术及其观测精度的内容。对长白山和北京地区落叶阔叶林的落叶进行了3a的观测,每年一次性收集落叶样品分析,研究结果表明:①不同层次落叶的含水量差异巨大,且落叶含水量的日变化明显。上下层落叶的含水量绝对值差异高达10%以上,日变化绝对值差异高达20%以上。因此,在野外收集落叶样本时,为减小落叶含水量变化所导致的LAI观测误差,应从上到下直到地面进行取样,且尽可能多地收集落叶样本。②在落叶阔叶人工林和天然林里,无论样地的大小(1hm2或30m×30m样地),无论取样单元的大小(1m2或25m2分辨率),林内的LAI分布很不均匀,LAI介于0-15.5(1m2分辨率的1hm2样地)或者2.6-9.1(25m2分辨率的30m×30m样地)。③要准确测定落叶林的LAI,收集落叶的样地面积越大越好,且尽量选择地势平坦的样地。对于1hm2或者30m×30m大小的样地,可随机布设一个10m×10m的小样地来观测,精度分别可达85%、80%。④10m×10m小样地的LAI观测,可将其分为4个相邻的5m×5m小样进行取样。对每个5m×5m小样,快速的取样方法是:Ⅰ.随机布设6个1m2取样,这样取样可以保证在99%概率水平上,100m2、30m×30m和1hm2样地的LAI观测精度分别为90%、75%、70%左右。Ⅱ.随机布设11个1m2取样。可以保证在99%概率水平上,100m2、30m×30m和1hm2样地的LAI观测精度分别为94%、80%、75%左右。 相似文献
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Large‐fronded tree ferns are critical components of many tropical forests. We investigated frond and whole‐plant allometries for Hawaiian keystone species Cibotium glaucum, for prediction and to compare with global scaling relationships. We found that C. glaucum fronds maintain geometric proportionality across a wide range of plant and frond sizes. These relationships result in strong allometries that permit rapid field estimation of frond size from simple linear dimensions. C. glaucum frond allometries complied with intra‐ and interspecific global trends for leaf area versus mass established for much smaller‐leafed species, indicating ‘diminishing returns’ in photosynthetic area per investment in mass for larger fronds. The intraspecific trend was related to declining water content in larger fronds, but not to a significantly larger investment in stipe or rachis relative to lamina. However, C. glaucum complied with the global interspecific trends for greater allocation to support structures in larger leaves. Allometries for frond number and size versus plant height showed that as plants increase in height, frond production and/or retention progressively declines, and the increases of leaf size tend to level off. These frond and whole plant‐level relationships indicate the potential for estimating frond area and mass at landscape scale to enrich studies of forest dynamics. 相似文献
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在湿润的青藏高原东南部, 为什么常绿灌木广泛占据高海拔的林线过渡带及以上的高山带, 而落叶灌木只能零星分布?未来气候变暖对该区不同功能群物种的影响是否相同?通过测定西藏东南部色季拉山林线过渡带7种灌木凋落叶的氮含量, 比较了极端高海拔地区灌木不同表达单位的叶氮回收潜力在不同功能群间的差异, 以及不同海拔、不同坡向间的差异, 试图从养分限制的角度为解答上述科学问题提供基础数据。研究结果表明: 1)从基于单位质量叶氮含量(Nmass)的叶氮回收潜力来看, 常绿灌木裂毛雪山杜鹃(薄毛海绵杜鹃) (Rhododendron aganniphum var. schizopeplum)显著高于其他6种落叶灌木, 但由于受比叶重的影响, 基于单位面积叶氮含量(Narea)的叶氮回收潜力则表现为落叶灌木总体较高; 2)落叶灌木山生柳(Salix oritrepha)和拉萨小檗(Berberis hemsleyana)的叶氮回收潜力在不同海拔或不同坡向间均无显著差异, 但裂毛雪山杜鹃基于Nmass的叶氮回收潜力在高海拔地段明显偏高。在极端高海拔的林线过渡带, 通过降低凋落叶中的氮含量(增加叶氮回收潜力)以达到高效的养分利用可能是常绿灌木裂毛雪山杜鹃适应高寒胁迫环境的重要策略。与落叶灌木相比, 常绿灌木裂毛雪山杜鹃叶氮回收潜力对未来气候变暖可能更敏感。 相似文献
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Abstract Litter decomposition plays an important role in secondary forest recovery in the tropics. In this study we assessed the decomposition rates of tree litter in species from different secondary forest types and with different shade tolerances. The three secondary forest types analysed are related to the effects of different previous land use intensities. The typical forest type (TYP) is related to low land use intensity, Alnus acuminata‐dominated forest (ALN) type is related to medium land‐use intensity and Amomyrtella güili‐dominated forest type (AMO) is related to high land use intensity. The effect of shade tolerance was assessed using maximum height of each species as an indicator of its light requirements. Associations with leaf functional traits such as specific leaf area (SLA), and tensile strength (LTS) were also assessed. We found that leaves of species from the TYP forest type decompose faster than those of the ALN and AMO forest types. These changes were consistent with differences in the SLA of the species, which was higher in the TYP forest type than in the ALN and AMO forest types. SLA, LTS and decomposition were not significantly correlated with tree maximum height. Our results show that the secondary forest types, which are related to land use intensities prior to abandonment have an important influence on litter decomposition. This implies potential long‐term effects on soil properties and species composition. 相似文献
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Robert W. Johnson William J. McDonald Roderick J. Fensham Clive A. McAlpine Michael J. Lawes 《Austral ecology》2016,41(6):644-656
Plant succession theory underpins the development of strategies for the conservation and regeneration of native communities. Current theory has been based largely on space‐for‐time rather than long‐term monitoring data, which have known limitations. There is general consensus that more site‐specific studies are needed to corroborate existing hypotheses. The target vegetation is a brigalow (Acacia harpophylla, Mimosaceae) forest in one of Australia's most endangered ecosystems, which was cleared and burnt in 1963. Forty quadrats were placed systematically within each of six 20 m × 20 m permanent plots. Presence, density and per cent canopy cover data were recorded for each species at 18 times over 46 years. Brigalow dominated the original vegetation, assumed dominance soon after clearing through massive root suckering and remained dominant throughout the study. It achieved maximum density within two years when severe intraspecific competition led to self‐thinning. After approximately 30 years, vacant niches appeared. Woody understorey species were slow to recolonise. Species richness and other diversity indices increased rapidly to a maximum after 2–4 years, declined until the 30th year when they again increased. This was the pattern of the species‐rich herbaceous layer; woody species showed a steady monotonic increase. The ‘hump‐shaped’ relationship between cover (biomass) and species richness was confirmed. This example fits the inhibition model for which few examples have been described. While the long‐term successional pattern is slightly confounded by climatic variability preceding sample surveys, this space‐for‐time study not only supports a bimodal pattern of diversity over time but also indicates that the relative species richness of the herbaceous and woody layers may explain the extreme variability reported in the literature. 相似文献
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以浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了5个不同演替阶段常见的4种乔木以及4种灌木叶片的光饱和速率(Pmax)、光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)及其与叶片氮含量(NL)、叶片氮素在细胞壁的分配比例(细胞壁N/叶片总N,NCW/NL)、氮素在光合酶中的分配比例(NR/NL)、单位面积叶干重(LMA)的相互关系。结果表明:(1)演替系列4种乔木和4种灌木各种间指标除NL外均表现出显著差异,前期种较后期种具有更高的NR/NL、PNUE、Pmax,而后期种LMA、NCW/NL、MCW/ML(细胞壁干重/叶片总干重)更大,NL在乔木各种间差异不明显,在灌木种间则差异显著;乔木种较灌木种具有更大的LMA、NCW/NL、MCW/ML,而NR/NL则较灌木小;8种植物的Pmax与NL以杨梅为最高,连蕊茶最低;苦槠具有最高的PNUE,而栲树最低。(2)随着演替的进行,前期种的NR/NL、PNUE、Pmax有减小趋势,而LMA、NCW/NL、MCW/ML逐渐增大,后期种则表现出相反的趋势。(3)NR/NL与Pmax、PNUE之间呈显著正相关关系,而LMA、NCW/NL、MCW/ML则与Pmax、PNUE、NR/NL显著负相关。研究认为,NR/NL与NCW/NL之间的负相关性及其对PNUE的影响可以在一定程度上解释树木在光合与维持两方面的权衡关系以及演替的生理机制。 相似文献
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Leaf morphology, longevity, and demography were examined in Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia growing in a holm oak forest in Prades mountains (northeast Spain). Four plots (10 × 15 m) of this forest were submitted
to an experimental drought during three years (soil moisture was reduced about 15 %). Leaf area, thickness and leaf mass per
area ratio (LMA) were measured in sun and shade leaves of both species. Leaf longevity, the mean number of current-year shoots
produced per previous-year shoot (Sn/Sn-1), the mean number of current-year leaves per previous-year shoot (Ln/Sn-1), and
the percentage of previous-year shoots that developed new ones were measured once a year, just after leaf flushing. LMA and
leaf thickness increased since leaf unfolding except in summer periods, when stomatal closure imposed low photosynthetic rates
and leaves consumed their reserves. LMA, leaf area, and leaf thickness were higher in Q. ilex than in P. latifolia, but leaf density was higher in the latter species. Drought reduced the leaf thickness and the LMA of both species ca. 2.5 %. Drought also increased leaf shedding up to ca. 20 % in Phillyrea latifolia and decreased it up to ca. 20 % in Q. ilex. In the later species, Sn/Sn-1 decreased by 32 %, Ln/Sn-1 by 41 %, percentage of shoots developed new ones by 26 %, and leaf
area by 17 %. Thus the decrease of leaf number and area was stronger in the less drought-resistant Q. ilex, which, under increasingly drier conditions, might lose its current competitive advantage in these Mediterranean holm oak
forests. 相似文献
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Leander D. L. Anderegg Logan T. Berner Grayson Badgley Meera L. Sethi Beverly E. Law Janneke HilleRisLambers 《Ecology letters》2018,21(5):734-744
The utility of plant functional traits for predictive ecology relies on our ability to interpret trait variation across multiple taxonomic and ecological scales. Using extensive data sets of trait variation within species, across species and across communities, we analysed whether and at what scales leaf economics spectrum (LES) traits show predicted trait–trait covariation. We found that most variation in LES traits is often, but not universally, at high taxonomic levels (between families or genera in a family). However, we found that trait covariation shows distinct taxonomic scale dependence, with some trait correlations showing opposite signs within vs. across species. LES traits responded independently to environmental gradients within species, with few shared environmental responses across traits or across scales. We conclude that, at small taxonomic scales, plasticity may obscure or reverse the broad evolutionary linkages between leaf traits, meaning that variation in LES traits cannot always be interpreted as differences in resource use strategy. 相似文献
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Hawaiian dominant tree species Metrosideros polymorpha varieties glaberrima and polymorpha have glabrous and pubescent leaves, respectively. Sympatric populations at 2040 m elevation showed major differentiation beyond the pubescence itself. The varieties differed substantially in stomatal traits and in leaf composition, leaf water status, and instantaneous gas exchange rates, despite similarity in leaf and wood cross-sectional anatomy. Functional differentiation among varieties represents a possible mechanism facilitating the occupation of an exceptional ecological range. 相似文献
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Seed germination and seedling establishment patterns have been used to classify species as shade tolerant or intolerant. The main objective of this research was to investigate, under controlled conditions, seed germination of species from different successional positions as well as to follow seed germination and seedling survival under natural shade in the field. The species studied were Solarium granuloso‐leprosum, Trema micrantha, Cecropia pachystachya, Croton piptocalyx, Bauhinia forficata subsp. pruinosa. Senna macranthera, Schizolobium parahyba, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Chorisia speciosa, Pseudobombax grandiflorum, Ficus guaranitica, Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Pachystroma longifolium, Myroxylon peruiferum, and Hymenaea courbaril. Field trials were carried out at Santa Genebra Municipal Reserve, Campinas, SP, Brazil, at the forest edge and in the understory. No significant correlations were detected between successional status and seed size or seed water content. Light‐regulated germination was present only in small‐seeded species. In field experiments, most species, including the light‐sensitive ones, were able to germinate under the canopy, where a low red/far‐red ratio predominates. Most species, mainly those of early‐ and intermediate successional positions, presented low seedling survival rates under shade. Myroxylon peruiferum was the most shade tolerant species, while 5. granuloso‐leprosum, C. speciosa, P. gonoacantha, F. guaranitica, T. micrantha, and 5. parahyba were the most shade intolerant. These latter species showed little or no survival under the shade conditions. 相似文献
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Marijn Bauters Oscar Vercleyen Bernard Vanlauwe Johan Six Bernard Bonyoma Henri Badjoko Wannes Hubau Alison Hoyt Mathieu Boudin Hans Verbeeck Pascal Boeckx 《Biotropica》2019,51(3):319-329
On the African continent, the population is expected to expand fourfold in the next century, which will increasingly impact the global carbon cycle and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, it is of vital importance to understand how carbon stocks and community assembly recover after slash‐and‐burn events in tropical second growth forests. We inventoried a chronosequence of 15 1‐ha plots in lowland tropical forest of the central Congo Basin and evaluated changes in aboveground and soil organic carbon stocks and in tree species diversity, functional composition, and community‐weighted functional traits with succession. We aimed to track long‐term recovery trajectories of species and carbon stocks in secondary forests, comparing 5 to 200 + year old secondary forest with reference primary forest. Along the successional gradient, the functional composition followed a trajectory from resource acquisition to resource conservation, except for nitrogen‐related leaf traits. Despite a fast, initial recovery of species diversity and functional composition, there were still important structural and carbon stock differences between old growth secondary and pristine forest, which suggests that a full recovery of secondary forests might take much longer than currently shown. As such, the aboveground carbon stocks of 200 + year old forest were only 57% of those in the pristine reference forest, which suggests a slow recovery of aboveground carbon stocks, although more research is needed to confirm this observation. The results of this study highlight the need for more in‐depth studies on forest recovery in Central Africa, to gain insight into the processes that control biodiversity and carbon stock recovery. 相似文献
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We examined the functional relationship between chlorophyll concentrations and light spectral absorption in 16 species of woody, vine and herbaceous plants in northern Japan. Leaves of each species from under forest shade and in more open sites were measured for chlorophyll, specific leaf area (SLA) and spectral absorption. In all species, SLA increased and the Chl a : b ratio declined in shade- vs open-grown leaves indicating an adaptive adjustment to forest shade in these leaf characters. However, the expected increase in the ratio of 680 to 700 nm absorption in shade leaves did not occur in all species. Light absorption at 680 relative to 700 nm was lower in the shade leaves of Acer japonicum. Kalopanax pictus, Panax japonicus and Petasites japonicus even with a reduced Chl a : b , a commonly accepted indicator of shade adaptation. Therefore, spectral measurements in these species failed to support Chl concentrations that were expected to confer an improvement in the absorption of red light (<680nm) deficient relative to far-red light (>700 nm) in the forest shade. Compared with other species, the absorption pattern of these four 'non-conforming' species is associated with a higher ratio of shade:open leaves in reflectance spectra in the 600–750 nm range. This suggests an increased reflectance in shade leaves caused by changes in leaf surface properties which are not immediately apparent. We conclude that adaptive spectral absorption cannot always be inferred from changes in specific leaf area and chlorophyll a and b concentrations. 相似文献