Effects of temperature,swimming speed and body mass on standard and active metabolic rate in vendace (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coregonus albula</Emphasis>)

This study gives an integrated analysis of the effects of temperature, swimming speed and body mass on standard metabolism and aerobic swimming performance in vendace (Coregonus albula (L.)). The metabolic rate was investigated at 4, 8 and 15°C using one flow-through respirometer and two intermittent-flow swim tunnels. We found that the standard metabolic rate (SMR), which increased significantly with temperature, accounted for up to 2/3 of the total swimming costs at optimum speed (U _opt), although mean U _opt was high, ranging from 2.0 to 2.8 body lengths per second. Net swimming costs increased with swimming speed, but showed no clear trend with temperature. The influence of body mass on the metabolic rate varied with temperature and activity level resulting in scaling exponents (b) of 0.71–0.94. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to integrate the effects of temperature, speed and mass (AMR = 0.82M ^0.93 exp(0.07T) + 0.43M ^0.93 U ^2.03). The regression analysis showed that temperature affects standard but not net active metabolic costs in this species. Further, we conclude that a low speed exponent, high optimum speeds and high ratios of standard to activity costs suggest a remarkably efficient swimming performance in vendace.     

Trade-off between vegetative regeneration and sexual reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sargassum thunbergii</Emphasis>

An ecological demographic study was conducted from January to December 2009 at Changshan Island on the northern side of Shandong Peninsula, China. The study investigated stem regeneration and the resource trade-off between sexual reproduction and vegetative regeneration of the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii at the individual thallus level. Stem regeneration from the holdfast occurred year round but with significant seasonality, peaking in the early summer. Both percentage of fertile stems and reproductive effort were negatively correlated with stem regeneration in the middle and later periods of sexual reproduction. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients increased significantly with time. These observations suggested that an increase in resource allocation to sexual reproduction would lead to a decrease in allocation to vegetative regeneration during the reproductive period. Reproductive effort was lower and stem regeneration was higher in the wave-exposed location compared with the sheltered location, indicating that allocation of resources between sexual reproduction and vegetative regeneration varied with location. When reproductive tissues were removed, the number of new stems produced from holdfasts increased, and when new stems were removed, an increase in reproductive effort occurred. These results suggest that trade-off between sexual reproduction and vegetative regeneration occurs in S. thunbergii.     

Population dynamics of four understorey shrub species during a 7‐yr period in a primary beech forest

Abstract. Shrubs persist in the understorey layer of forests throughout their lives, while tall trees remain there only during the juvenile stage and then grow into the canopy layer. Thus demographic parameters (recruitment‐, mortality‐, and growth‐rates) of shrub species are expected to differ from those of tall tree species. We investigated aspects of the demography of four dominant deciduous‐shrub species (Viburnum furcatum, Lindera umbellata var. membranacea, Magnolia salicifolia, and Hydrangea paniculata) in Fagus crenata forests at the beginning and at the end of a 7‐yr period in a 1‐ha permanent plot. For each species, the number of stems changed little (within ± 10%) during the study period, while total basal area increased markedly (11.7–33.8%), because (1) new stems continuously recruited by vegetative growth replaced the substantial number of dead stems, and (2) vegetative stems grew vigorously, probably due to nutrient support from parents. The results indicate that these four understorey shrub species have high ability to maintain their population size in the shaded forest understorey. While in each species more than half of the dead stems were standing dead, a substantial proportion of the dead stems (9.0–38.5%) showed signs of mechanical damage, such as stem breakage and suppression by fallen branches or trees. Snow pressure that resulted in decumbent stems was also an important mortality agent for V. furcatum (20.7%) and L. umbellata var. membranacea (5.6%). Probability of damage was constant across all DBH‐classes for all study species. In each species, newly recruited stems and dead stems were spatially aggregated, largely due to habits of vegetative growth and mechanical damage, respectively. This study revealed that several demographic traits, resulting from recruitment by vegetative growth and death by mechanical damage, were shrub‐species specific and markedly different from those of tall tree species.     

Nitrogen fertilizer and gender effects on the secondary metabolism of yaupon,a caffeine-containing North American holly

Females and males of sexually dimorphic species have distinct resource demands due to differential allocation to reproduction. Sexual allocation theory predicts that functional traits will diverge between sexes to support these demands. However, such dimorphism may be masked by the impact of current reproduction on source-sink interactions between vegetative and reproductive organs. We ask whether natural selection has led to genetic dimorphism in homologous physiological traits between sexes of the dioecious willow shrub, Salix glauca. In a common garden experiment we compared physiological responses to drought stress by male and female ramets in the absence of confounding demands from reproductive structures. Ramets experienced similar pre-dawn leaf water status (Ψ_l) as parental genets in flower within the natural population, indicating that experimental dry-down mirrored environmental conditions in nature. Male and female ramets achieved similar instantaneous water use efficiency, based on the ratio of carbon gain to water loss, under wet and dry conditions. However, female ramets experienced greater water stress (i.e., more negative Ψ_l) than males under dry conditions. Lower Ψ_l for female ramets may partly reflect the maintenance of conductance under drought; males, in contrast, maintain Ψ_l under drought by reducing conductance. Differences between sexes in terms of conductance and leaf water status of the vegetative ramets were absent in a concomitant comparison of parental flowering plants. Our results show (1) genetic divergence in physiology between sexes of S. glauca occurs in the absence of gender-specific reproductive sinks, (2) males are the more physiologically plastic sex with respect to water use, and (3) paradoxically, divergence in water relations between sexes is not detectable at sexual maturity under natural conditions.     

Stem photosynthesis in a desert ephemeral,Eriogonum inflatum

Summary The gas exchange characteristics of photosynthetic tissues of leaves and stems of Eriogonum inflatum are described. Inflated stems were found to contain extraordinarily high internal CO₂ concentrations (to 14000 bar), but fixation of this internal CO₂ was 6–10 times slower than fixation of atmospheric CO₂ by these stems. Although the pool of CO₂ is a trivial source of CO₂ for stem photosynthesis, it may result in higher water-use efficiency of stem tissues. Leaf and stem photosynthetic activities were compared by means of CO₂ fixation in CO₂ response curves, light and temperature response curves in IRGA systems, and by means of O₂ exchange at CO₂ saturation in a leaf disc O₂ electrode system. On an area basis leaves contain about twice the chlorophyll and nitrogen as stems, and are capable of up to 4-times the absolute CO₂ and O₂ exchange rates. However, the stem shape is such that lighting of the shaded side leads to a substantial increase in overall stem photosynthesis on a projected area basis, to about half the leaf rate in air. Stem conductance is lower than leaf conductance under most conditions and is less sensitive to high temperature or high VPD. Under most conditions, the ratio C _i /C _a is lower in stems than in leaves and stems show greater water-use efficiency (higher ratio assimilation/transpiration) as a function of VPD. This potential advantage of stem photosynthesis in a water limited environment may be offset by the higher VPD conditions in the hotter, drier part of the year when stems are active after leaves have senesced. Stem and leaf photosynthesis were similarly affected by decreasing plant water potential.     

Anaerobic induced ethanol synthesis in the stems of greenhouse-grown conifer seedlings

Ethanol synthesis was induced in stem segments from greenhouse-grown conifer seedlings by placing them in a N₂ atmosphere at 30 °C for 24 h. Stems from ponderosa pine,Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., sugar pine,Pinus lambertiana Dougl., Pacific silver fir,Abies amabalis Dougl. ex Forbes, and lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud, produced the highest quantities of ethanol. This group also had the smallest and slowest growing stems. Within each of these species the amount of ethanol produced was inversely related to the stem volume. Stems from western hemlock,Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., grand fir, Abies grandis Dougl. ex Forbes, Douglas-fir,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and western redcedar,Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don, all produced equivalent but low ethanol concentrations. These species had the largest and fastest growing stems. In this group only grand fir exhibited an inverse relationship between ethanol concentrations and stem volume. The relative amounts of ethanol synthesized by stems from Douglas-fir, western hemlock and western redcedar seedlings were not the same as subsequently observed in logs from mature trees of the same species under field conditions. Differences in the anaerobic environments for the two stem types could have affected the quantities of ethanol produced. The observed high amounts of ethanol produced by the stems from pine species were discussed in terms of their ability to handle periods of anaerobic stress or hypoxia.     

Induction of stem elongation on in vitro chicory root explants under unfavourable photoperiodic conditions by gibberellin A3

Flowering stems are formed under long-day conditions on root explants of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) cultured in vitro while under short days, only vegetative growth is observed. Under short-day conditions (12 h), stem elongation is induced by treating newly formed shoot apices with GA₃ (1 l, 10^–3M). No flower buds were formed on the GA₃-induced stems. Long days seem to be indispensable for the induction of flower buds on the elongated stem.     

狭叶薰衣草的离体培养及挥发性成分的分析

为建立新疆狭叶薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia)的快速繁殖体系,以种子、茎、叶为外植体,对种子萌发、愈伤组织诱导、丛芽分化和生根的最适培养条件进行了研究;用水蒸气蒸馏法提取狭叶薰衣草挥发油,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定挥发油成分。结果表明,种子浸泡的适宜时间为6 h,切开种皮培养,出芽时间最少为6 d;诱导种子出芽的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA2 mg/L;以茎为外植体诱导愈伤组织效果较好,适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+2,4-D 1 mg/L;诱导分化丛芽的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 1 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L;生根的适宜培养基为1/2MS+NAA 1 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L;盆栽薰衣草和无菌苗薰衣草的挥发油主要成分相差较大,离体培养的薰衣草的主要挥发性成分有叶绿醇、丁香油烃、氧化石竹烯等。     

Genetic Diversity and Geographic Differentiation in the Threatened Species Dysosma pleiantha in China as Revealed by ISSR Analysis

Dysosma pleiantha, an important threatened medicinal plant species, is restricted in distribution to southeastern China. The species is capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually. In this study, inter-simple sequence repeat marker data were obtained and analyzed with respect to genetic variation and genetic structure. The extent of clonality, together with the clonal and sexual reproductive strategies, varied among sites, and the populations under harsh ecological conditions tended to have large clones with relatively low clonal diversity caused by vegetative reproduction. The ramets sharing the same genotype show a clumped distribution. Across all populations surveyed, average within-population diversity was remarkably low (e.g., 0.111 for Nei’s gene diversity), with populations from the nature reserves maintaining relatively high amounts of genetic diversity. Among all populations, high genetic differentiation (AMOVA: Φ_ST = 0.500; Nei’s genetic diversity: G _ST = 0.465, Bayesian analysis: Φ_B = 0.436) was detected, together with an isolation-by-distance pattern. Low seedling recruitment due to inbreeding, restricted gene flow, and genetic drift are proposed as determinant factors responsible for the low genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation observed.     

Fine‐scale asexual and sexual reproduction in Quercus crispula var. horikawae,a stunted shrub oak,on a mountain with deep snow in central Japan

Quercus crispula var. horikawae, a stunted shrub oak, occurs on mountains with deep snow on the Sea of Japan side of Japan. This oak generates patches of multiple creeping stems. It is unclear whether these patches are the result of asexual or sexual reproduction, or both. We therefore aimed to describe the clonal structure and gene flow in Q . crispula var. horikawae on Mount Nasu in central Japan by using nuclear microsatellites. Genotypes of 331 stems with no distinct connection with roots and creeping stems above the ground were determined using nine loci in two study plots, and 64 acorns from three mother genets in a plot were determined using eight loci. The results of the clonal identification indicated that the patches consisted of 51 genets; at least 85% of the stems may have been derived from asexual reproduction through sprouting and layering. The prominence of asexual reproduction may be a result of adaptation to the snowy environment. In contrast, 15% of the ramets in the study plots probably originate via sexual reproduction by seedling regeneration. Analyses of the spatial genetic structure and paternity showed that limited ability of the pollen and seeds to disperse might result in the spatial aggregations of closely related offspring at a relatively short distance (<10 m), and inbreeding, a factor that might reduce sexual reproduction, was not observed. Thus, sexual reproduction could be reduced by ecological rather than genetic factors, namely the hindrance of seedling regeneration by the dense coverage of dwarf bamboo (Sasa) on the forest floor.     

Gibberellin physiology of safflower: endogenous gibberellins and response to gibberellic acid

Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) were extracted from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stems and detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from which GA₁, GA₃, GA₁₉,, GA₂₀, GA₂₉, and probably, GA₄₄ were detected. The detection of these GAs suggests that the early 13-OH biosynthetic pathway is prevalent in safflower shoots. Deuterated GAs were used as internal standards and GA concentrations were determined in stems harvested at weekly intervals. GA₁ and GA₁₉ levels per stem increased but concentrations per gram dry weight decreased over time. GA₂₀ was only detected in young stem tissue.Gibberellic acid (GA₃) was also applied in field trials and both GA₃ and the GA biosynthetic inhibitor, paclobutrazol, were applied in growth chamber tests. GA₃ increased epidermal cell size, internode length, and increased internode cell number causing stem elongation. Conversely, paclobutrazol reduced stem height, internode and cell size, cell number and overall shoot weight. In field tests, GA₃ increased total stem weight, but decreased leaf weight, flower bud number and seed yield. Thus, GA₃ promoted vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive commitment. These studies collectively indicate a promotory role of GAs in the control of shoot growth in safflower, and are generally consistent with gibberellin studies of related crop plants. Author for correspondence     

Measurement of N2 fixation in maize (Zea mays L.)—ricebean (Vigna umbellata [Thunb.] Ohwi and Ohashi) intercrops

The yield of N in maize (Zea mays L.) and ricebean (Vigna umbellata [Thumb.] Ohwi and Ohashi) were compared on a Tropoqualf soil in North Thailand in 1984 and 1985. Both species were grown in field plots in monoculture or as intercrops at a constant planting density equivalent to 8 maize or 16 ricebean plants per m². The contribution of symbiotic N₂ fixation to ricebean growth was estimated from measurements of the natural abundance of¹⁵N (δ¹⁵N) in shoot nitrogen and from analysis of ureides in xylem sap vacuumextracted from detached stems. The natural abundance of¹⁵N in the intercropped ricebean was found to be considerably less than that in monoculture in both growing seasons. Using maize and a weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.) as non-fixing¹⁵N reference plants the proportions (P ¹⁵N) of ricebean shoot N derived from N₂ fixation ranged from 0.27 to 0.36 in monoculture ricebean up to 0.86 when grown in a 75% maize: 25% ricebean intercrop. When glasshouse-derived calibration curves were used to calculate plant proportional N₂ fixation (Pur) from the relative ureide contents of field collected xylem exudates, the contribution of N₂ fixation to ricebean N yields throughout the 1985 growing season were greater in intercrop than in monocrop even at the lowest maize:legume ratio (25∶75). Seasonal patterns of sap ureide abundance indicated that N₂ fixation was greatest at the time of ricebean podset. The averagePur andP ¹⁵N in ricebean during the first 90 days of growth showed identical rankings of monocrop and intercrop treatments in terms of N₂ fixation, although the two sets ofP values were different. Nonetheless, seasonal estimates of N₂ fixation during the entire 147 days of legume growth determined from ureide analyses indicated that equivalent amounts of N could be fixed by ricebean in a 75∶25 intercrop and in monoculture despite the former being planted at one-quarter the density.     

除草剂对黄河三角洲入侵植物互花米草的影响

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)作为我国危害最严重的外来入侵植物之一,严重威胁滨海湿地生态系统安全。筛选可高效灭除互花米草的除草剂,为互花米草防治提供技术支持。2017年7月在黄河三角洲潮间带对互花米草茎叶喷施不同除草剂,在施药当年和次年对互花米草生长状况和大型底栖动物密度进行跟踪调查。研究结果表明:1)高效氟吡甲禾灵对互花米草的灭除效果最好,既能杀死互花米草地上部分从而完全抑制有性繁殖,又可完全抑制次年的无性繁殖;2)氰氟草酯对互花米草的灭除效果也比较好,可以完全抑制互花米草的生长和结穗,但抑制根状茎无性繁殖能力的效果稍差,草甘膦可以完全抑制互花米草的有性繁殖,但无法抑制次年互花米草的无性繁殖;3)施用除草剂在短期内会毒害某些底栖动物,但在1年后底栖动物种群数量与对照处理无显著差异。除草剂对环境的影响程度与除草剂用量和施用时间息息相关,未来研究中,应在保证灭草效果的前提下,探索最佳用药时间和最低用量以最大限度地降低环境影响。     

Xylem structure and water transport in a twiner,a scrambler,and a shrub of Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae)

Summary Wood structure and function was investigated in different growth forms of temperate honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.). All three species had many narrow vessels and relatively few wide ones, with the measured K _h (flow rate/pressure gradient) approximately 24–55% of the theoretical K _h predicted by Poiseuille's law. Only the twiner, Lonicera japonica, had some vessels greater than 50 m in diameter. The twiner also had the narrowest stem xylem diameters, suggesting the greater maximum vessel diameter hydraulically compensated for narrow stems. Conversely, the free-standing shrub, L. maackii, had the greatest annual increments of xylem but the least percent conductive xylem implying that a great portion of the wood was involved with mechanical support. The scrambler, L, sempervirens had low maximum vessel diameter, high Huber values (= xylem area/leaf area), and low specific conductivities (= measured K _h/xylem area), much like the shrub. The greatest vessel frequency occurred in the scrambler (901 vessels · mm^-2), the highest thus far recorded in vines. The lowest Huber value and highest specific conductivity occurred in the twiner, suggesting little self-support but relatively efficient water conduction. LSC (= measured K _h/leaf area) and maximum vessel diameter of Lonicera vines were near the low end of the range for vines in general.     

Transport systems for carbonate in the extremely natronophilic cyanobacterium Euhalothece sp.

The effect of carbonate concentration, pH of the medium, and illumination intensity on the major physiological characteristics (growth rate and the intensities of CO₂ assimilation and oxygen photoproduction) of the natronophilic cyanobacterium Euhalothece sp. Z-M001 have been studied. It was established that the investigated microorganism has at least two transport systems (TS) for CO₂, which differ in both the pH optimum and substrate affinity: TS I has a pH_opt 9.4–9.5 and a K _{S 0.5} of 13–17 mM, whereas TS II has a pH_opt 9.9–10.2 and a K _{S 0.5} of 600–800 mM. The substrate affinity of these transport systems is several orders of magnitude lower than the substrate affinity of the transport systems of freshwater cyanobacteria. It is suggested that they are unique for extremely alkaliphilic cyanobacteria and reflect their adaptation to the seasonal cycles of the lake hydrochemistry.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of morel fruiting

The biotic and abiotic factors conditioning morel fruit body production are incompletely known. We examined spatial and temporal patterns of Morchella esculenta fruiting over five years in a wooded site in Missouri, USA. Fruiting onset was inversely correlated with spring air and soil temperatures, whereas abundance was positively correlated with rain events (>10 mm) during the 30 d preceding fruiting. The two years with the greatest fruiting had the shortest fruiting seasons (6–7 d). Fruiting season length was positively correlated with soil warming, suggesting that a narrow range of optimum soil temperatures favour the explosive production of fruit bodies. All woody stems of at least 1 cm diam were mapped and stem diameter and crown condition were noted. Morel fruit bodies were significantly closer to stems of Carya spp., Tilia americana and Ulmus americana than predicted by the frequencies of these woody species or their contribution to the total basal area on the site. Although intra-annual clustering of fruit bodies was often observed, inter-annual clustering was not. The spatial pattern of M. esculenta fruiting appears to be associated with vegetation pattern, whereas the onset and abundance of fruiting are determined by the interaction of spring temperatures with availability of supporting precipitation.     

Systematics and distribution of the New Zealand onychoteuthid fauna (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida), including a new species, Notonykia nesisi sp. nov.

Onychoteuthid squids are among the most common cephalopods found in New Zealand waters, and comprise a major portion of the regional diets of teuthophagous marine mammals. Although several recent publications have addressed aspects of various species’ biology and reproduction, the systematics of the group remains poorly understood. Herein the ontogenetic and adult morphologies of regionally occurring known species of the genera Moroteuthis, Onychoteuthis, and Notonykia are redescribed, and Notonykia nesisi sp. nov. is described for the first time. Ontogenetic and sexually dimorphic variation in characters and character states associated with body proportions, and beak, radula, tentacular hook, palatine tooth and gladius morphologies are also described and compared between local onychoteuthid taxa for the first time.     

Growth and reproduction of the alpine grasshopper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miramella alpina</Emphasis> feeding on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-enriched dwarf shrubs at treeline

The consequences for plant-insect interactions of atmospheric changes in alpine ecosystems are not well understood. Here, we tested the effects of elevated CO₂ on leaf quality in two dwarf shrub species (Vaccinium myrtillus and V. uliginosum) and the response of the alpine grasshopper (Miramella alpina) feeding on these plants in a field experiment at the alpine treeline (2,180 m a.s.l.) in Davos, Switzerland. Relative growth rates (RGR) of M. alpina nymphs were lower when they were feeding on V. myrtillus compared to V. uliginosum, and were affected by elevated CO₂ depending on plant species and nymph developmental stage. Changes in RGR correlated with CO₂-induced changes in leaf water, nitrogen, and starch concentrations. Elevated CO₂ resulted in reduced female adult weight irrespective of plant species, and prolonged development time on V. uliginosum only, but there were no significant differences in nymphal mortality. Newly molted adults of M. alpina produced lighter eggs and less secretion (serving as egg protection) under elevated CO₂. When grasshoppers had a choice among four different plant species grown either under ambient or elevated CO₂, V. myrtillus and V. uliginosum consumption increased under elevated CO₂ in females while it decreased in males compared to ambient CO₂-grown leaves. Our findings suggest that rising atmospheric CO₂ distinctly affects leaf chemistry in two important dwarf shrub species at the alpine treeline, leading to changes in feeding behavior, growth, and reproduction of the most important insect herbivore in this system. Changes in plant-grasshopper interactions might have significant long-term impacts on herbivore pressure, community dynamics and ecosystem stability in the alpine treeline ecotone.     

STEM AND LEAF GAS EXCHANGE OF TWO ARID LAND SHRUBS

Gas exchange studies were conducted on two shrub species found in cool shrub-steppe communities of the American West, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata Nutt.) and broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae [Pursh] Britt. and Rusby), with a goal of evaluating characteristics and relative contributions of green stem and leaf material to total shoot CO₂ exchange at different temperatures. Variations in tissue temperature exerted a pronounced effect on CO₂ exchange—net photosynthesis and dark respiration—of green stems and leaves of both species. Definite temperature optima of net photosynthesis were noted, and dark respiration rates consistently increased with increases in temperature. Green stems of both species exhibited sizable dark respiration rates, although stem rates at all temperatures were lower than corresponding leaf rates. Artemisia tridentata did not exhibit sizeable green stem net photosynthesis even under conditions of optimal temperature and water availability, and leaf net photosynthesis rates were much lower than those of G. sarothrae. However, A. tridentata in general possessed a greater leaf biomass than G. sarothrae. Green stems of G. sarothrae exhibited considerable rates of net photosynthesis under both optimal and sub-optimal temperature and water availability conditions. A higher optimum temperature of net photosynthesis was noted for stems than for leaves of G. sarothrae. The adaptive significance of these interspecific differences in CO₂ exchange characteristics is discussed.     

Isolation, identification and quantitation of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates, potential platform chemicals, in the leaves and stems of Miscanthus × giganteus using LC-ESI-MSn

Miscanthus × giganteus is a source of platform chemicals and bioethanol through fermentation. Cinnamates in leaves and stems were analysed by LC–ESI-MSⁿ. Free phenols were extracted and separated chromatographically. More than 20 hydroxycinnamates were identified by UV and LC–ESI-MSⁿ. Comparative LC–MS studies on the leaf extract showed isomers of O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA, 4-CQA and 5-CQA), O-feruloylquinic acid (3-FQA, 4-FQA and 5-FQA) and para-coumaroylquinic acid (3-pCoQA and 5-pCoQA). Excepting 3-pCoQA, all were also detected in stem. 5-CQA dominated in leaf; a mandelonitrile–caffeoylquinic acid dominated in stem. Three minor leaf components were distinguished by fragmentation patterns in a targetted MS² experiment as dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers. Others (M_r 516) were tentatively identified as hexosylcaffeoyl-quinates. Three positional isomers of O-caffeoylshikimic acid were minor components. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was also a major component in stem. This is the first report of the hydroxycinnamic acid profile of leaves and stems of M. × giganteus.