POSTOPERATIVE-POSTANESTHETIC RECOVERY ROOMS—A Report on Three Years of Experience

An analysis of the three-year experience of the recovery room at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital emphasized the importance of this phase of postoperative care. Closer observation and supervision of the patient is provided during a critical period, and specialized nursing care is constantly available. Supportive and corrective therapy can be carried out immediately by the cooperative efforts of the anesthesiologist and surgeon, who are close by. The completely equipped and properly staffed recovery room is the best assurance for reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality.     

The nurse's role in immediate postoperative care.

From the time that a patient leaves the care of the anaesthetist after an operation until he wakes in the ward his physiological state should be continuously and expertly supervised. Postoperative nurses are provided only when the operating theatre has a recovery room. A survey among consultants and nurses in one region showed that many surgical units did not have recovery rooms and that inexperienced ward nurses were often sent to collect patients. The survey showed that most nurses were competent to care for unconscious patients so long as an emergency did not arise. In many hospitals the facilities for the safe nursing of postoperative patients were totally inadequate. The very least that is needed is good communications with the anaesthetist, adequate lighting, and a source of oxygen and suction. Because of the shortage of nurses likely to have to care for postanaesthetic patients early on and to train them accordingly. Nevertheless, recovery nurses, whose sole responsibility is to care for a patient until be has recovered from anaesthesia, should be appointed for all busy surgical units.     

DOES YOUR HOSPITAL NEED A RECOVERY ROOM?

In a survey made to estimate the need for a special room in which patients could recover from anesthesia after operation, it was found that of 475 cases in which this service might have been used, it would have been desirable in 296; that recovery room care would probably have relieved ward nurses of the duty of special care during their busiest hours; that recovery room care was indicated in a high percentage of cases in which certain anesthetics were employed, and that the need for recovery room care appeared to increase in proportion to the amount of pre-sedation given.     

老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素分析及防范措施

目的:分析老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素,并探讨相关防范措施。方法:选取2018年7月-2020年6月期间我院收治的200例老年骨科全麻患者,收集患者的临床资料。根据其术后麻醉恢复室是否出现谵妄分为观察组(术后发生谵妄)和对照组(术后未发生谵妄),分析术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素。结果:200例老年骨科全麻患者中,发生术后谵妄的患者83例,发生率为41.50%(83/200)。单因素分析结果显示,老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄与年龄、合并其它基础疾病、吸烟史、术前血糖、术前血红蛋白、术前红细胞压积、手术类型、术中失血量、电解质紊乱有关(P<0.05),而与性别、体质量指数(BMI)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、术前总蛋白、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分、血钾、手术时间无关(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄>75岁、合并其它基础疾病、术前血红蛋白<12g/dl、术中失血量≥200 mL、电解质紊乱均为老年骨科全麻患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:引起老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的危险因素较多,包括年龄、合并其它基础疾病、术前血红蛋白、术中失血量、电解质紊乱等,临床应采取必要的防范措施,合理制定手术方案,以降低患者术后谵妄的发生率。     

Comparative effect of intraoperative propacetamol versus placebo on morphine consumption after elective reduction mammoplasty under remifentanil-based anesthesia: a randomized control trial [ISRCTN71723173]

BACKGROUND: Postoperative administration of paracetamol or its prodrug propacetamol has been shown to decrease pain with a morphine sparing effect. However, the effect of propacetamol administered intra-operatively on post-operative pain and early postoperative morphine consumption has not been clearly evaluated. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of analgesic protocols in the management of post-operative pain, a standardized anesthesia protocol without long-acting opioids is crucial. Thus, for ethical reasons, the surgical procedure under general anesthesia with remifentanil as the only intraoperative analgesic must be associated with a moderate predictable postoperative pain. METHODS: We were interested in determining the postoperative effect of propacetamol administered intraoperatively after intraoperative remifentanil. Thirty-six adult women undergoing mammoplasty with remifentanil-based anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive propacetamol 2 g or placebo one hour before the end of surgery. After remifentanil interruption and tracheal extubation in recovery room, pain was assessed and intravenous titrated morphine was given. The primary end-point was the cumulative dose of morphine administered in the recovery room. The secondary end-points were the pain score after tracheal extubation and one hour after, the delay for obtaining a Simplified Numerical Pain Scale (SNPS) less than 4, and the incidence of morphine side effects in the recovery room.For intergroup comparisons, categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared test and continuous variables were compared using the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. A p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: In recovery room, morphine consumption was lower in the propacetamol group than in the placebo group (p = 0.01). Pain scores were similar in both groups after tracheal extubation and lower in the propacetamol group (p = 0.003) one hour after tracheal extubation. The time to reach a SNPS < 4 was significantly shorter in the propacetamol group (p = 0.02). The incidence of morphine related side effects did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative propacetamol administration with remifentanil based-anesthesia improved significantly early postoperative pain by sparing morphine and shortening the delay to achieve pain relief.     

1300眼超声乳化吸除白内障及人工晶体植入术的围手术期护理

目的:寻求白内障超声乳化吸除术及人工晶体植入患者的围手术期护理对策,探讨此病种的有效临床护理措施,为患者提供更好的护理服务.方法:研究选择我院2011年5月-2011年7月收治的行白内障超声乳化吸除术及人工晶体植入的患者1300眼.将1300眼采用随机抽样的方法分为两组,对照组采用常规护理,实验组在常规护理的基础上采取有针对性的科学护理措施,辅助个性化的心理护理等.对两组别的患者术后恢复状况进行统计分析,主要考察患者术后并发症的发生状况,项目为术后眼红、眼压升高、感染及角膜水肿.结果:对两组患者的术后恢复状况进行统计分析,结果显示:实验组的650眼术后恢复状况好于对照组,2眼发生眼红,2眼眼压升高,1眼患者出现轻微的感染,1眼角膜水肿;对照组术后眼红患者为7例,术眼眼压升高的患者为10例,16例患者发生轻微感染,发生角膜水肿为5眼.从数据中可以看出,实验组并发症发生情况的发生明显少于对照组.两组间存在统计学差异(P＜0.05),有统计学意义.结论:本研究结果显示,对行白内障超声乳化吸除术及人工晶体植入的患者进行围手术期的科学护理,关注患者的心理状况,为患者提供人性化的护理服务,不仅可以促进患者的预后,还可以保证患者的住院安全,提高患者的生命质量.     

Locally administered ketorolac and bupivacaine for control of postoperative pain in breast augmentation patients

With recent developments in the field of analgesia, the question arises whether there is a role for placing local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or both into the breast implant pocket. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of locally administered intraoperative ketorolac and bupivacaine with epinephrine at reducing pain in the postoperative period. The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. One hundred consecutive retropectoral breast augmentation patients were enrolled, and informed consent was obtained. A standard anesthetic protocol and surgical procedure were followed. Normal saline, ketorolac alone (30 mg), bupivacaine alone (150 mg), or ketorolac and bupivacaine (30 mg and 150 mg respectively) were placed into the implant pocket before implant insertion. All patients completed the study. The power of this study to detect a 20 percent difference with respect to the primary outcome was 0.90 and confidence intervals of 95 percent were used to determine significance. The primary outcome was pain as measured by the visual analogue pain scale. The secondary outcome was time spent in the recovery room. Intraoperative placement of ketorolac combined with bupivacaine reduced pain in the postoperative period. It did not appear that anesthesiologist, anesthesia time, surgeon, operating room time, difficulty of dissection, breast incision, or implant size had a significant effect on postoperative pain. There was a trend that the ketorolac and bupivacaine patients spent less time in the recovery room and used fewer analgesics postoperatively than the other patients. There were no hematomas requiring reoperation and no complications. Locally administered intraoperative ketorolac and bupivacaine with epinephrine significantly reduced pain in the postoperative period.     

快速康复外科在老年结肠癌围手术期护理中的应用

目的:探讨快速康复外科(fast-track surgery,FTS)在老年结肠癌围手术期护理中应用的临床效果。方法:将92例年龄大于65岁的结肠癌患者随机分为FTS组与对照组,分别给予FTS护理措施和传统护理措施,比较2组患者术后恢复情况、营养状况、并发症发生情况等。结果:与传统护理措施相比较,FTS护理组术后患者胃肠道功能恢复时间明显缩短,术后营养状况恢复较快,术后并发症发生率明显降低。FTS护理组老年患者的住院时间和住院费用均较对照组显著降低。结论:FTS应用于老年患者结肠癌围手术期的护理是安全、有效的。其加快了老年患者的术后康复、减轻了患者的痛苦,降低术后并发症的发生,值得推广应用。     

Use of cerebral state index to predict long-term unconsciousness in patients after elective craniotomy with delay recovery

Background  

The major difficulty in postoperative care in patients after craniotomy is to distinguish the intracranial deficits from the residual effect of general anesthesia. In present study, we used cerebral state index (CSI) monitoring in patients after craniotomy with delayed recovery, and evaluated the prediction probability of CSI for long-term postoperative unconsciousness.     

基于数学优化的手术室调度研究

手术室是医院的重要医疗资源,通过有效流程优化及使用麻醉恢复室,其运转效率不断提高,但是仍然不能满足患者和临床科室日益增长的医疗服务需求,仍然存在手术室过度利用和利用不足的情况。人工手术资源调度一定程度提高手术资源利用效率,而借助计算机系统的数学协同优化的手术资源调度,能弥补人工调度的不足,实现系统资源匹配与动态实时优化,有效减少手术患者住院等待时间、提高手术资源利用效率。     

地佐辛用于剖宫产术后静脉镇痛300例临床效果评价

目的：观察地佐辛用于剖宫产术后静脉镇痛的疗效。方法：将我院行剖宫产的正常足月产妇300例随机分成A、B两组。分别给予芬太尼＋托烷司琼和芬太尼＋托烷司琼＋地佐辛进行术后静脉镇痛,比较两组的镇痛效果,分别记录静息／咳嗽出室时、术后6h、12h、24h的VSA评分并进行比较,采用Bromage评分评价患者运动阻滞恢复情况,同时记录患者术后肛门排气时间以及不良反应等。结果：A组产妇出室时、术后6h、12h、24h小时静息VSA评分均高于B组,（P〈0．01）;咳嗽时各点VSA评分A组高于B组,（P〈0．05）,差异有统计学意义;A组产妇术后恢复至Bromage0级平均用时（5．9±2．4）h,B组恢复至Bromage0级平均用时（5．1±2．1）h,（P〈0．01）,差异有统计学意义;A组产妇术后出现头晕嗜睡、尿潴留、恶心呕吐等不良反应明显高于B垂凡fP〈001）薯异有鲚．计晕啬义．缟诊．抽．杜辛用干产科采詹镳痛诗粟士手术詹蕺去惦宣时闻特日东露后府掂小     

Efficacy of promethazine suppositories dispensed to outpatient surgical patients.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting frequently complicate outpatient anesthesia and surgery. The duration of treatment for this complication must occasionally extend beyond discharge from the hospital. In this study, we evaluated the commonly used anti-emetic promethazine for its efficacy in the post-discharge period. Adult outpatient surgical patients who had excessive postoperative nausea and vomiting in the recovery room, or who were at risk for postoperative nausea and vomiting following discharge were given two promethazine suppositories (25 mg) for home use. All patients were contacted by our recovery room nurses on the first business day after their surgery and questioned as to their use of the suppositories and, if used, their efficacy. We found that 55 percent of patients given promethazine suppositories for home use had nausea and vomiting in the post-discharge period. Of the patients given promethazine, 89 percent used the suppositories. All of these patients reported improvement in their symptoms following use of the suppositories. None reported adverse effects from the promethazine suppositories. In conclusion, we found promethazine suppositories to be an inexpensive and efficacious treatment for nausea and vomiting in adult outpatient surgical patients following discharge from the hospital. Side-effects were minimal, and our patients voiced no complaints about this mode of therapy. We recommend this therapy for treatment of nausea and vomiting after hospital discharge following adult outpatient surgery.     

Application of fast track surgery in routine nursing for patient with colorectal cancer

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of fast track surgery (FTS) in perioperative nursing of colorectal cancer surgery. Background: In recent years, many complicated surgery began to develop in the direction of low invasion and short hospital time, which provides an unprecedented opportunity for the development of fast track surgery (FTS). Methods: According to different nursing measures, 156 cases of colorectal cancer patients treated in our hospital were divided into FTS nursing group (86 cases) and traditional nursing group (70 cases). FTS nursing care and traditional nursing care were respectively employed to analyze and compare postoperative recovery and complications of the two groups. Results: FTS nursing group was significantly shorter than the traditional care group in terms of the first postoperative exhaust time, the first defecation time, the first eating time, ambulation time and postoperative hospital time, with statistical significance (P < .05); compared with the conventional nursing group, FTS group significantly had lower incidence of postoperative intestinal obstruction, lower limb vein thrombus formation and gastrointestinal discomfort, with statistical significance (P < .05); FTS group has less situations of nausea and vomiting, incision infection, pulmonary infection, urinary tract infection and anastomotic leakage compared to the conventional nursing group. Conclusion: FTS nursing can effectively promote the postoperative recovery of intestinal function for patients with colorectal cancer and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, which will relieve postoperative pain and shorten the length of stay, giving patients increased rehabilitation quality.     

自控镇痛技术在老年患者术后康复治疗中的护理体会

目的探讨老年患者术后应用自控镇痛技术对康复治疗的临床护理。方法将304例患者随机分成两组,治疗组给予术后自控镇痛,对照组给予阿片类或吗啡类止痛,分别对镇痛效果、胃肠道恢复时间、尿潴留发生率、睡眠情绪满意率几方面进行对比。结果两组间在镇痛评分（VAS）和睡眠情绪满意率存在统计学差异（P〈0.05）;而术后胃肠道恢复时间、尿潴留发生率两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论良好的自控镇痛技术能提高老年患者术后镇痛质量和睡眠情绪满意度。何丽娟,汪凤梅,余丽花     

氟比洛芬酯用于小儿斜视手术的临床研究

目的观察氟比洛芬酯用于小儿斜视手术术后镇痛的有效性和安全性。方法将60例择期行斜视手术的息儿随机分为两组,每组30例。所有患儿均采用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼靶控输注（TCI）全凭静脉麻醉方法。诱导采用丙泊酚效应室靶浓度为3μg／ml,瑞芬太尼血浆靶控浓度为3ng／ml,达预设浓度后静注维库溴铵0．1mg／kg,气管插管后行机械通气;麻醉维持为丙泊酚2～4μg／ml,瑞芬太尼3～4ng／ml,必要时追加维库溴铵。镇痛组于手术结束前15min缓慢静脉注射氟比洛芬酯1mg／kg（用生理盐水稀释至5m1）,对照组于麻醉拔管后缓慢静注生理盐水5ml,两组注射时间均为2rain。记录苏醒时间、拔管时间、恢复室停留时间,观察有无恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、躁动及呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生。观察术后1、2、4、8、12、24h的镇痛评分,同时记录各时点的平均动脉血压、心率、血氧饱和度。结果对照组患儿术后1、2、4、6、8h的MAP、HR值均较镇痛组高（P〈0．05）;两组术后12、24h的MAP、HR值比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组患儿术后各时点Spoz比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对照组患儿的苏醒时间和拔管时间均较镇痛组延长（P〈0．05）。但两组患儿恢复室停留时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对照组患儿术后1、2、4、6、8h的VAS值均较镇痛组高（P〈0．05）;两组术后12、24h的VAS值比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对照组患儿术后躁动明显较镇痛组多（P〈0．05）。镇痛组患儿出现恶心、呕吐各1例,而对照组出现恶心2例,呕吐3例,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论氟比洛芬酯起效快,镇痛作用时间长,血流动力学稳定,苏醒期平稳,不抑制中枢,不影响患儿的麻醉苏醒,提高了患儿术后的舒适度。氟比洛芬酯用于小儿斜视手术安全、有效。     

Anti-inflammatory response after infusion of p55 soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein for severe sepsis

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of Lenercept , a recombinant soluble TNF receptor p55 fused to an immunoglobulin heavy chain IgG1, on the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in sepsis. DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of a subgroup of patients enrolled in a multicenter phase III, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of Lenercept in severe sepsis. SETTING: Surgical and medical intensive care units, and postoperative recovery room of a tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 57 patients were enrolled in the multicenter study in our center. Intervention: Septic patients were randomly assigned to receive either Lenercept 0.125 mg/kg or placebo. The patients were followed for up to 28 days after randomization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Circulating levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, TNFsR75 and IL-1Ra were measured before and after treatment. The two groups were comparable with regard to age, gender and diagnosis distribution. The total level of TNF-alpha increased significantly in treated patients, compared to patients receiving placebo. The levels of the other inflammatory mediators did not differ between the two groups CONCLUSIONS: Lenercept -treated patients experienced a protracted TNF-alpha half-life, leading to higher total TNF-alpha levels throughout the study. However, the treatment had no effects on anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, peripheral inflammatory processes might not have been significantly modified by the treatment. This might account for the lack of efficacy this treatment in septic patients     

Myocardial ischemia--association with perioperative cardiac morbidity.

The development of ambulatory electrocardiographic recorders and analysers and the application of transesophageal echocardiography in the mid-1980''s enabled investigators to quantify and describe the occurrence of silent as well as symptomatic ischemia in the perioperative period. Several technical advances which have recently occurred in ECG monitoring include the use of miniaturized digital computing equipment to store and analyze data. In addition, real time ST-segment analysis has become widely available on multicomponent monitors in both the operating room and intensive care units. The incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia depends on the patient population, the surgical procedure, and the monitoring technique used. Several studies in the early 1990''s have shown that cardiac morbidity in patients undergoing major, noncardiac surgery is best predicted by postoperative myocardial ischemia, rather than tradition preoperative clinical predictors. Long duration postoperative ischemia may be the factor most significantly associated with adverse cardiac outcome. Postoperative pain, physiological and emotional stress may all combine to cause tachycardia, hypertension, increase in cardiac output, and fluid shifts which, in high risk patients, might result in subendocardial ischemia and eventual myocardial infarction. If postoperative myocardial ischemia is the cause of late postoperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, then treatment of postoperative myocardial ischemia should reduce morbidity. In addition, reducing pain and stress and avoiding postoperative hypoxemia might prevent postoperative myocardial ischemia and minimize the need for extensive preoperative cardiac evaluation.     

心脏手术风险评估欧洲系统在OPCAB术后ICU中的应用

现在对于不停跳冠脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)的患者术后的预测的模型有很多种,这些模型大多用于预测术后死亡率、术后并发症,手术方式的选择、手术资源的应用价值的评估等。心脏手术风险评估欧洲系统(Euro SCORE)也是其中一种,它对于现代OPCAB术后死亡率的预测比较合理。但是随着手术外科的发展,Euro SCORE模型在中、低危组过高估计术后的死亡率,而在高危组又过低估计术后死亡率。此外,Euro SCORE模型也应用于预测术后并发症、住院费用多少、在ICU住院时间及机械通气时间,得到广泛应用,并在世界范围内得到推广,包括欧美等国家。最近在中国,也开始对心脏手术风险评估欧洲系统大量了的数据研究,并发展到对其他手术术后的预测及治疗。