旋花科植物雄性细胞的细胞质DNA存在状况及其系统学意义

用DAPI荧光染色方法检测了旋花科4属4种植物——空心菜Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. 、茑萝 Qua- moclit pennata (Desr．)Boj．、月光花 Calonyction aculeatum(L．)House和日本菟丝子Cuscuta japonica Choisy 中生殖细胞和精细胞中细胞质DNA存在的状况。证明除日本菟丝子外,其余3种植物的雄性细胞中都 存在细胞质DNA。此外,在我们曾研究过的5种旋花科种植物的生殖细胞和精细胞中亦显示含有细胞质 DNA,因而可认为这是旋花科较普遍的特性,日本菟丝子精细胞中缺少细胞质DNA,可作为—个新的胚胎学证据,支持此属从旋花科分出独立为菟丝子科。     

Somatic hybridization in Petunia

Summary Two types of cytoplasmic hybrids were obtained by protoplast fusion. These contained either one or the other original parental nucleus and heteroplasmon, a mix of plasmons inducing cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility. In subsequent generations, following selfing, stable male sterile and male fertile lines segregated from single fertile cytoplasmic hybrid plants. These data demonstrated the existence of a heteroplasmic state in the somatic hybrids and the occurrence of cytoplasmic segregation of the heteroplasmon into homoplasmons following the first and the second meiotic cycles.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Division of Plant Genetics & Breeding, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 275-E, 1979 series     

玉米CMS材料线粒体DNA遗传多型性的研究

选用１１×４＝４４个探针／酶组合,５０个（１０ｍｅｒ）随机序列引物对２５种不同胞质来源的ＣＭＳ玉米,５种正常胞质玉米线粒体ＤＮＡ进行ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ研究。研究结果表明：（１）４５％的探针／酶组合可检测到玉米线粒体ＤＮＡ的多型性,共表现１５种ＲＦＬＰ类型,其中Ｓ组ＣＭＳ材料内有７种,正常胞质材料内有２种;８０％的随机引物可检测到ＲＡＰＤ。（２）基于ＲＦＬＰ资料的聚类分析结果,可将３０种胞质明确地划分为Ｔ、Ｃ、Ｓ、Ｎ４组,其结果与恢复专效性测定结果一致。其中ｐＨＪ２－７－１／ＢａｍＨＩ的ＲＦＬＰ类型可成为利用ＲＦＬＰ技术进行胞质分组的鉴定体系。（３）“双”型胞质线粒体ＤＮＡ常表现Ｓ＋Ｃ胞质的ＲＦＬＰ图谱。     

Allelic relationship of four male sterility genes and nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions in the expression of male sterility in pearl millet,Pennisetum americanum (L.) leeke

Summary Male sterility genes isolated in four inbred lines of pearl millet were found allelic. The differences between male fertile and male sterile phenotypes is mainly due to a single gene. Presence of a dominant gene (Ms) resulted in male fertility and double recessiveness (ms ms) in male sterility. However, genic male sterility (GMS) in Pennisetum is not a simply inherited case of monogenic recessive condition but is influenced by cytoplasmic and several nuclear factors. In a male sterile, the stage at which the male sterility gene is expressed during the development of the male gametophyte resulting in breakdown of the cells is influenced by cytoplasmic and other nuclear factors. Two types of cytoplasm, C-1 and C-2, are recognized. Presence of any two recessive male sterility alleles in C-1 led to breakdown of male development before differentiation of an archesporium in the anther (Arc-type); in C-2 cytoplasm, degeneration started during meiosis with fusion of meiocytes and syncyte formation (Syn-type), or at post-meiotic stages terminating in abortion of microspores before first pollen mitosis (PGM type). The triggering of activity of recessive male sterility genes in C-2 cytoplasm appeared to be regulated by two nuclear factors, R ₁ and R ₂ with duplicate gene action. Recessiveness for both the R factors in C-2 cytoplasm resulted in PGM-type expression. The action of R ₁ and R ₂ is specific to C-2 cytoplasm. Mutation of cytoplasm from C-1 to C-2 and C-2 to C-1 was observed.     

Mechanism of inhibition of cytoplasmic streaming by myrmicacin (Β-hydroxydecanoic acid) inChara andSpirogyra

Summary Myrmicacin (-hydroxydecanoic acid) applied externally inhibited the cytoplasmic streaming ofChara cells in acidic (pH 4.5) but not in neutral (pH 7.5) solution. Application by intracellular perfusion at neutral pH also did not inhibit the streaming. Other carboxylic acids could inhibit the streaming when given as an acidic external solution. Inhibition of the cytoplasmic streaming was concluded to occur due to acidification of the intracellular pH upon application of an acidic external medium of these carboxylic acids. The cytoplasmic streaming ofSpirogyra was also inhibited by myrmicacin and acetic acid in acidic solution.Abbreviations APW artificial pond water - CB cytochalasin B - DMGA 3.3-dimethylglutaric acid - DMSO dimethylsulfoxide - EGTA ethyleneglycol-bis-(\-aminoethyl ether)N - N tetraacetic acid - HEPES 2-hydroxyethylpiperazine - N ethanesulfonic acid - MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid - pH _i intracellular pH - Tris trishydroxyaminomethane     

鸡输卵管胞液中雌激素受体的性质研究

以乙酚(DES)刺激未成年的雌鸡,输卵管增长到0.6到1.0克,胞液中含有的雌激素受体为0.082微微克分子/毫克蛋白,此种受体表现有以下的特性。 1.专一地结合雌性激素。以雌二醇作配基时平衡解离常数是0.25×10~(-9)M~(-1);在输卵管胞液中该受体的结合位点是1356/细胞。 2.硫酸铵沉淀胞液中的雌激素受体已转变成为团聚状态,如在硫酸铵沉淀的过程中有钼酸钠存在则能明显地减少团聚,因此钼酸钠有防止胞液中受体团聚的作用。 3.胞液中雌激素受体进行DEAE—葡聚糖凝胶柱层析,不论有或无钼酸钠存在,均表现为一个单一的峰。     

小麦胞质突变型雄性不育系85EA与其保持系线粒体DNA的比较研究

８５ＥＡ是通过电子束辐照获得的胞质突变型小麦不育要用ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ技术对８５ＥＡ及春保持系的线粒体ＤＮＡ进行了比较研究。ＲＦＬＰ分析表明８５ＥＡ线粒体基因组中ｃｏｘⅡ基因的位置结构与保持系发生了变化；ＲＡＰＤ分析中引物ＯＰＤ－１５扩增产物在不育系和保持系间有明显差异，不育系的扩增产物比保持系多１条分子量为０．６ｋｂ的特展览 要带，用Ｔ－ｅａｓｙ ｖｅｃｔｏｒ克隆该不育系特异条带并命名为ＯＰＤ－     

Comparative performance of bread wheat and hexaploid triticale cytoplasms

Summary Thirteen wheat-like advanced-generation triticale x wheat derivatives, having tetraploid wheat cytoplasm from triticale, were reciprocally crossed with three improved bread wheats, and the resulting F₁s were evaluated for determining the comparative performance of the bread wheat and triticale cytoplasms for different traits. Significant reciprocal differences in the mean performance were observed for days to heading, days to maturity, spikes/plant, flag-leaf area, peduncle length, plant height, spike length, grains/spike, 1,000-grain weight, grain yield and grain protein content, and most of them were in favour of hexaploid wheat cytoplasm. However, this superiority of the hexaploid cytoplasm was not universal for a particular trait, implying that the differences in the performance of the evaluated reciprocal crosses depended not solely on the cytoplasmic background, but also on the interplay of the specific genotype with the cytoplasm.     

精子胞浆小滴的发现及研究进展

精子成熟是一个复杂的过程,精子从睾丸向附睾运行过程当中,精子表面的胞浆逐渐脱落,最终精子成熟。各种原因引起的精子表面胞浆滞留最终形成胞浆小滴。胞浆小滴在多种物种中均有发现,与男性不育相关。     

Evolution of cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters: Effect of paternal transmission

Eukaryotic organisms carry various genetic factors the so-called cytoplasmic genetic elements (CGEs), in their cytoplasm. Numerous examples are known in which CGEs possess the ability to control sex determination of their host organisms and cause sex ratio distortion (SRD). In general, CGEs are inherited maternally from female hosts, via egg cytoplasm to offspring. Thus, the elements tend to evolve abilities to avoid entrance into “dead-end” males. Previous theoretical studies have revealed that, as long as maternal transmission is perfect, CGEs evolve the highest levels of ability to cause SRD. However, it is recently reported that some CGEs transmit from male to offspring through infection to female in mating. This raises the question of how such a paternal contribution alters selective forces and SRD evolution. In the present study, the evolutionary process of SRD ability of CGEs was analyzed theoretically. The main finding is that paternal transmission results in evolution towards intermediate levels of SRD. Further, coexistence was observed of different CGEs inducing different levels of SRD. These results point to the importance of paternal transmission in the evolution of CGEs.     

精子胞浆小滴的发现及研究进展

精子成熟是一个复杂的过程,精子从睾丸向附睾运行过程当中,精子表面的胞浆逐渐脱落,最终精子成熟。各种原因引起的精子表面胞浆滞留最终形成胞浆小滴。胞浆小滴在多种物种中均有发现,与男性不育相关。     

洋葱细胞质雄性不育系70及其保持系71基因组DNA的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术,对洋葱细胞质雄性不育系70及其保持系71的基因组DNA的多态性进行分析。结果表明,在被检测的100条随机引物中,46条引物具有扩增产物,5条引物扩增出多态性条带。对这5条引物进行重复筛选和单株验证,只有G02扩增出的多态性片段,且表现稳定。推测该标记与育性有关。     

Cytoplasmic male sterility in Vicia faba L.

Summary In many higher plants, nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions lead to pollen abortion. In Vicia faba, cytoplasmic male sterility is unstable as the cytoplasm appears to shift from a sterile to a fertile state. In this report, five flower phenotypes are defined but the study is focussed on the progenies obtained from intermediate, semi-sterile plants with the same homozygous nuclear constitution during five successive generations. The results could be interpreted by quantitative modifications of at least four different kinds of cytoplasmic determinants.     

小麦细胞质雄性不育与不同核基因组及其染色体的关系

本文用１７个中国春小麦的缺体四体、９种不同的核基因组小麦与Ｇ、Ｓ￣ｕ、Ｍ￣ｏ、Ｄ￣２型细胞质中国春小麦杂交,探讨这４种异细胞质中国春小麦的育性与不同染色体、核基因组的关系。实验结果表明,某些染色体对这４种细胞质或某一细胞质类型的育性有影响;某些核基因组对这４种细胞质或某一细胞质类型的育性有较大的影响。