从木薯嫩叶直接诱导初生体细胞胚胎发生和芽的形成

以木薯（ＭａｎｉｈｏｔｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔａＣｒａｎｔｚ）品种“南植１８８”的嫩叶为外植体,用１０～８０ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ能直接诱导初生体细胞胚胎发生和芽的形成。与用４ｍｇ／Ｌ２,４Ｄ诱导木薯嫩叶产生初生体细胞胚及其植株再生相比,ＮＡＡ具有以下特点：它不仅能直接诱导初生体细胞胚发生,而且能直接诱导芽的形成;而２,４Ｄ只能诱导体细胞胚胎发生而不能诱导芽的形成。ＮＡＡ诱导初生体细胞胚较快,在培养９～１３ｄ后就能见到初生体细胞胚的形成,在培养１０～１４ｄ就能见到芽的形成;而２,４Ｄ所诱导的体细胞胚至少在培养１５ｄ后才能见到。ＮＡＡ诱导的初生体细胞胚的植株再生频率可高达４８％;而２,４Ｄ所诱导的体细胞胚的再生频率只有４．１％。实验结果还证实,在供试的另外１６个木薯品种中,有１２个品种能够直接从嫩叶诱导初生体细胞胚胎发生或芽的形成。     

扁蓿豆体细胞胚的诱导和植株再生

扁蓿豆实生苗的根、下胚轴、子叶、叶片和叶柄外植体,在含２,４—Ｄ２—０．２５ｍｇＬ－１与ＫＴ０．２５－２ｍｇＬ－１及２,４—Ｄ０．５ｍｇＬ－１与ＺＴ０．５ｍｇＬ－１或ＢＡＰ０．５ｍｇＬ－１与ＮＡＡ０．０５ｍｇＬ－１的ＭＳ琼脂培养基上均可产生愈伤组织．愈伤组织在含２,４—Ｄ０．５—０．１ｍｇＬ－１与ＫＴ０．５—０．１ｍｇＬ－１或ＢＡＰ０．２５＋ＮＡＡ０．０５ｍｇＬ－１的ＭＳ培养基上可诱导分化出体细胞胚．体细胞胚在无激素的培养基上发育成完整植株．用海藻酸钠包襄体细胞胚制成人工种子,其发芽率和植株转换率分别为９５％和５３％．     

香根草不同处植体诿导体细胞胚胎发生和器官发生

以禾本科植物香根草（Ｖｅｔｉｖｅｒｉａ ｚｉｚａｎｉｏｉｄｅｓ）的嫩叶鞘基部切段为外植体,再取其试管苗的基部切段诱导体细胞胚胎发生和芽的器官发生。结果表明生长素是诱导外植体脱分化和形成体细胞胚的关键因子,而芽的形成则源于体细胞胚的萌发,它们是由ＮＡＡ或低浓度的２,４－Ｄ所诱导的。通过研究建立了有效的香根草循环诱导再生体系和试管苗繁殖体系,为进一步研究香根草的生物技术奠定了良好的基础。     

影响木薯次生胚状体发生及植株再生因素的研究

研究了在外植体的不同发育阶段中,碳源以及不同的生长激素配比对木薯次生胚状体诱导及植株再生的影响。结果表明：以固体成熟培养基上生长１５ｄ的胚状体子叶为外植体,次生胚状体的产量最高,达２９．３个成熟胚状体／１个外植体。在次生胚状体的诱导阶段,以麦芽糖（４０ｇ／Ｌ）代替蔗糖作碳源,能同时提高次生胚状体的产量（３２．５个胚次体／１个外植体）及植株再生频率（７４．３％）。２,４－Ｄ与ＰＰ３３３;（０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ）配合能提高植株再生频率到７７．６％。２,４－Ｄ与ＢＡＰ（２ｍｇ／Ｌ）或激动素（２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）配合则大大降低了胚状体诱导及植株再生频率。     

可乐茄叶肉原生质体培养再生植株

本文报道茄属果树可乐茄（ＳｏｌａｎｕｍｑｕｉｔｏｅｎｓｅＬａｍ．）叶肉原生质体的分离、培养及植株再生。幼嫩叶片原生质体经酶游离、纯化后,以１×１０４个／ｍｌ密度培养于稍加改良Ｋ８ｐ（附加２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇＬ（－１）、ＮＡＡ１．０ｍｇＬ（－１）和ＢＡ０．５ｍｇＬ（－１））的培养基中,三天后开始分裂,一周分裂３—４次。一个月形成小细胞团,植板率为０．１—０．２％,小细胞团转培养于ＭＳ＋２,４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇＬ（－１）上增殖后进行分化。原生质体来源愈伤组织在ＩＡＡ（０．１—１．０ｍｇＬ（－１））与ＢＡ或ＺＴ组合的培养基中能诱导器官发生,芽分化率最高可达４２．９％;但ＩＡＡ、ＢＡ、ＺＴ三者一起使用未见任何器官分化。小芽在ＭＳ＋ＩＡＡ０．２ｍｇＬ（－１）中生根成植株。可乐茄叶肉原生质体的植株再生,可应用于育种和茄属植物遗传工程研究。     

外源激素对金钱松胚外植体愈伤组织的诱导及其器官发生的调节作用

金钱松胚外植体在培养过程中由于外源激素的种类和配比的不同而存在着几种发育途径：直接从胚外植体表面分化不定芽;先诱导愈伤组织,再从愈伤组织分化不定芽;还可由愈伤组织分化出胚状体。激素ＢＡ对外植体不定芽的诱导起着关键作用。激素２,４－Ｄ则诱导愈伤组织,ＢＡ与２,４－Ｄ配比恰当诱导的愈伤组织分化出体细胞胚状体。　ＬＰ’附加低浓度的ＢＡ或ＫＴ（＜０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）促进不定芽茎的伸长;　ＬＰ’附加浓度的ＩＢＡ（＜０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）诱导不定根的发生。愈伤组织在基本培养基浓度为　×ＬＰ’或１×ＬＰ’的分化培养基上不定芽诱导率相似。     

马尾松成熟合子胚的体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

采用马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｍ ａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ Ｌａｍ ｂ．）成熟合子胚为起始外植体,在含２,４－Ｄ １０ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,ＫＴ和ＢＡ 各４ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ的ＤＣＲ培养基上得到胚发生培养物。将白色半透明的愈伤组织（含早期原胚）在含２,４－Ｄ１．０ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,ＫＴ和ＢＡ 各０．４ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ的ＤＣＲ培养基上保持并增殖。在附加９０００ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ肌醇的ＤＣＲ高渗培养基上得到粗壮的后期原胚。ＡＢＡ 和活性炭同时使用能促进子叶胚的形成,最高频率为３５．１％ 。在无激素培养基上,成熟体细胞胚萌发并进一步形成完整小植株     

在1／3海水培养基上筛选豆瓣菜耐盐变异体

系统地研究了豆瓣菜（ＮａｓｔｕｒｔｉｕｍｏｆｆｉｃａｉｎａｌｅＲ．Ｂｒ）茎段外植体对６－ＢＡ,ＮＡＡ和２,４－Ｄ的反应,确定了ＭＳ培养基附加６－ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,２,４－Ｄ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ为豆瓣菜愈伤组织诱导,继代培养基;ＭＳ培养基附加６－ＢＡ４．０ｍｇ／Ｌ为芽再生培养基;ＭＳ基本培养基为植株的生根的扦插繁殖培养基,将３２５个豆瓣菜茎切段外植体接种到含１／３海水的愈伤组织诱导培养基上,１７块外植体     

一种新型的棉花体细胞胚胎发生的快速诱导法

用异常苗的茎段和叶片进行培养,可快速高效诱导获得棉花体细胞胚胎发生,激素组膈及其浓度配比影响异常苗的直接胚胎发生,在附加有０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ ＩＡＡ和０．１ｍｇ／ＬＺＴ的改良ＭＳ培养基上,异常苗不仅体细胞胚胎发生率高,而且形成的体细胞胚数目多,用异常苗作外植体获得胚性愈伤组织仅需要时间１０ｄ,获得成熟胚需要２０－３０ｄ,获得再生植株需要６０ｄ,大大短于常规方法获得胚性愈伤组织、体细胞胚和再生植株的时间     

香雪兰外植体形态学极性决定的体细胞胚胎发生

在含有２ｍｇ／ＬＩＡＡ和３ｍｇ／ＬＢＡＰ的改良Ｎ６培养基上,香雪兰（ＦｒｅｓｉａｒｅｆｒａｃｔａＫｌａｔ）花序外植体经直接体细胞胚胎发生途径再生出新的植株。在这一形态发生过程中,一个引人注意的现象是,所有的体细胞胚都出现在花序轴切段的原形态学下端（称为胚发生端,ＥＥ）,而在形态学上端（称为非胚胎发生端,ＮＥＥ）无体细胞胚形成。这一形态发生的极性与地心引力的方向和外植体在培养基上的放置位置无关。在培养的早期,仅于胚发生端观察到了起始细胞的分裂。ＳＤＳ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果表明,在培养了１ｄ的外植体的胚发生端出现了两个特殊的多肽成分,而在非胚发生端则未检测到这两种多肽。高效液相色谱分析表明,培养前外植体切段两端的内源激素（ＩＡＡ）的含量无显著差别。但经过一段时间的培养,胚发生端的ＩＡＡ含量明显高于非胚发生端的ＩＡＡ含量,表明内源激素在体细胞胚胎发生的诱导过程中起着关键的作用。在香雪兰体细胞胚胎发生诱导的过程中,由于花序轴切段两端在分子水平和生理水平上均存在差异,使这一系统有可能成为研究体细胞胚胎发生机理的有用实验材料。     

Direct Primary Somatic Embryogenesis and Shoot Formation from Immature Leaves of Manihot esculenta

Primary somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis in vitro could be directly induced from immature leaves of cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) with higher concentration ( 10 to 80 mg/L) of NAA. Compared with 4 mg/L 2,4-D on the induction and regeneration system, NAA showed some advantageous characteristics, that is, NAA could direcfiy induce both primary somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis, whereas 2,4-D could only induce somatic embryogenesis. NAA induced somatic embryogenesis much quicker, producing visible somatic embryos within 9 to 13 days and shoot (tips) within 10 to 14 days, than 2,4-D, which would induce visible somatic embryos after 15 days. Plant regeneration from the NAA-induced somatic embryos was as high as 48%, but was only 4.1% from that of 2,4-D. The test also showed that primary somatic embryogenesis or shoot organogenesis could be induced directly from immature leaves in 12 out of 16 cassava varieties.     

A rapid protocol for somatic embryogenesis from immature leaflets of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was developed in two groundnut varieties. Somatic embryogenesis was induced from immature leaflets on MS medium with different concentrations of the auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in combination with 0.5 mg/l of the cytokinin BA. The highest frequency of somatic embryo formation occurred on MS medium fortified with 20 mg 2,4-D per l. Of the two auxins tested individually 2,4-D was more effective for induction of embryogenesis as well as production of embryos. Embryo development and maturation was achieved on MS medium supplemented with N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) (0.5–2.0 mg/l) and 2,4-D (0.5 mg/l). Plant conversion frequency from somatic embryos was highest in presence of 2.0 mg BA per l and 0.5 mg NAA per l. The frequency of embryogenesis and plant regeneration was higher in the VRI-2 cultivar than in the other cultivar tested. Regenerated plants were transferred to soil, grown to maturity, and produced viable seeds.     

百合体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

以切花百合(Lilium)品种‘黄天霸’(‘Manissa’)花器官为外植体诱导体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生。结果表明,不同花器官、不同激素配比对愈伤组织形成均具有显著影响。花丝为最佳外植体,激素对愈伤组织诱导的影响效应为NAA>6-BA>2,4-D,最适培养基为MS+1.0 mg.L-1NAA+0.2 mg.L-16-BA;激素诱导体细胞胚胎发生的影响效应为2,4-D>KT>6-BA,最佳培养基配方为MS+1.0 mg.L-12,4-D+0.2 mg.L-1KT+1.0 mg.L-16-BA;MS培养基添加IBA可促进体细胞胚萌发成苗,体细胞胚芽成苗的最佳培养基为MS+0.2 mg.L-16-BA+1.0 mg.L-1IBA。     

木薯体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生研究

对木薯体细胞胚胎发生的影响因素进行了优化研究。结果表明,基因型对木薯体细胞胚胎发生影响很大,在供试的六个品种中,“华南 8 号”的体细胞胚胎发生率和产胚量最高,分别为 65% 和19个;侧芽茎尖为最佳外植体,体细胞胚胎发生的最佳培养基为MS +0.5mg/L CuSO4 + 4 mg/L 2,4-D。同时,对木薯体细胞胚再生成完整植株的主要影响因素作了分析,建立了一个高效的植株再生体系。     

In vitro somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of cassava

An efficient and reproducible plant regeneration system, initiated in somatic tissues, has been devised for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Somatic embryogenesis has been induced from shoot tips and immature leaves of in vitro shoot cultures of 15 cassava genotypes. Somatic embryos developed directly on the explants when cultured on a medium containing 4–16 mg/l 2,4-D. Differences were observed with respect to the embryogenic capacity of the explants of different varieties. Secondary embryogenesis has been induced by subculture on solid or liquid induction medium. Long term cultures were established and maintained for up to 18 months by repeated subculture of the proliferating somatic embryos. Plantlets developed from primary and secondary embryos in the presence of 0.1 mg/l BAP, 1mg/l GA₃, and 0.01 mg/l 2,4-D. Regenerated plants were transferred to the field, and were grown to maturity.     

Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis on Holostemma ada-kodien,a rare medicinal plant

Plant regeneration through indirect somatic embryogenesis has been established on Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. Type of auxin significantly influenced somatic embryogenesis. Friable callus, developed from leaf, internode and root explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.0 mg l^–1), was most effective for the induction of somatic embryos. Subculture of the friable callus developed on 2,4-D (1.0 mg l^–1) onto solid or liquid 1/2 MS medium with 0.1 or 0.5 mg l 2,4-D turned the callus embryogenic. Suspension cultures were superior to static cultures (solid medium) for the induction of somatic embryos. Transfer of embryogenic callus to liquid 1/2 or 1/4 MS medium with lower levels of 2,4-D (0.05–0.1 mg l^–1) induced the highest number of somatic embryos. An average of 40 embryos were obtained from 10 mg callus. Fifty per cent embryos exhibited maturation and conversion upon transfer to 1/10 MS basal solid medium. Plantlets were established in field conditions and 90 per cent survived.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis through cell suspension cultures of horsegram [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrotyloma uniflorum</Emphasis> (Lam.) verdc.]

Summary In vitro regeneration of plants via somatic embryogenesis through cell suspension culture was achieved in horsegram. Embryogenic calluses were induced on leaf segments on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 9.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Differentiation of somatic embryos occurred when the embryogenic calluses were transferred to liquid MS medium containing 2,4-D. Maximum frequency (33.2%) of somatic embryos was observed on MS medium supplemented with 7.9 μM 2,4-D. Cotyledonary-torpedo-shaped embryos were transferred to liquid MS medium without growth regulators for maturation and germination. About 5% of the embryos germinated into plants, which grew further on solid MS medium. The plants were hardened and established in soil. Effects of various auxins, cytokinins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and other additives on induction and germination of somatic embryos were also studied. A medium supplemented with 7.9 μM 2,4-D, 3.0% sucrose, 40 mg l⁻¹ L-glutamine, and 1.0 μM abscisic acid was effective to achieve a high frequency of somatic embryo induction, maturation, and further development.     

新疆雪莲体细胞胚胎发生

通过体细胞胚胎发生途径实现了新疆雪莲（Saussurea involucrata Kar．et Kir．）的植株再生。选用新疆雪莲子叶为外植体,接种于MS＋0．5mg·L^-12,4-D＋0．05—1mg·L^-1BA的固体培养基上,进行愈伤组织的诱导。从第1次继代培养的愈伤组织中挑选出黄绿色、颗粒状、质地致密的腔陛愈伤组织,转移到含0．05—0．1mg·L^-1 2,4-D的MS液体培养基中进行悬浮培养,20天后可分化产生大量球形胚。继代过程中相继加入PEG和GA3,可以促进体细胞胚的分化和生长。体细胞胚在含有5mg·L^-1 GA3的MS固体培养基上,可发育成完整的植株。     

Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Cenchrus ciliaris genotypes from immature inflorescence explants

An efficient, highly reproducible system for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was developed for Cenchrus ciliaris genotypes IG-3108 and IG-74. Explants such as seeds, shoot tip segments and immature inflorescences were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0–5.0 mg dm^?3 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg dm^?3 N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) for induction of callus. Callus could be successfully induced from all the three explants of both the genotypes. But the high frequency of embryogenic callus could be induced only from immature inflorescence explants. Somatic embryos were formed from nodular, hard and compact embryogenic calli when 2,4-D concentration was gradually reduced and BA concentration increased. Histological studies of somatic embryos indicated the presence of shoot apical meristem with leaf primordia. Ultrastructural details of globular and scutellar somatic embryos further validated successful induction and progression of somatic embryogenesis. Shoots were differentiated upon germination of somatic embryos on MS medium containing 2,4-D (0.25 mg dm^?3) and BA or kinetin (1–5 mg dm^?3). Roots were induced on ½ MS medium containing charcoal (0.8 %), and the regenerated plants transferred to pots and established in the soil showed normal growth and fertility.     

提高木薯循环培养的次生体胚再生植株频率研究

用木薯成熟体胚子叶作外植体诱导次生体胚,接种7d或15d后分别在诱导培养基或成熟培养基中加入AgNO3,可明显提高植株再生频率。前者可使体胚再生植株频率由对照的40．5％提高到58．1％;后者可使植株再生频率由对照的36．1％提高到61．3％。用ABA进行上述处理,效果更加显著。诱导期处理,可使植株再生频率由对照的40．5％提高到72．6％;成熟期处理,植株再生频率由对照的36．1％提高到81．3％。若诱导7d后,将2,4－D浓度由4．0mgL-1降至2．0mgL-1,并加AgNO3,继续诱导15d,转到附加0．25mgL-1ABA的成熟培养基中培养至30d,能极显著地促进体胚的发育和成熟,使植株再生频率达到一个相当高的水平,最高达95％,平均每个外植体产生的植株数达39．6个,分别相当于对照的2．38倍和2．46倍。