Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Salanki, J. & Herodek, S. (Eds.) (1989) Conservation and Management of Lakes .
Guthrie, M. (1989) Animals of the Surface Film .
Steffens, W. (1989) Principles of Fish Nutrition .
Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) (1989) Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region. Keys and Diagnoses Part 3. Adult Males .
Day, J.W. Jr, Hall, C.A.S., Kemp, W.M. & Alejandro Yanez-Arancibia, A. (1990) Estuarine Ecology .     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Sandgren, C.D. (Ed.) (1988) Growth and Reproductive Strategies of Freshwater Phytoplankton.
Savage, A.A. (1989) Adults of the aquatic Hemiptera Heteroptera. A key with ecological notes.
Persson, G. & Jansson, M. (Eds.) (1988) Phosphorus in Freshwater Ecosystems .
Brookes, A. (1988) Channelized Rivers. Perspectives for environmental management .     

Film Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Ritual: Three Portraits of Jewish Life . 1989. A film by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
Murray Avenue . 1987. A film by Sheila Chamovitz.     

Film Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Todos Santos: The Survivors . 1989. A film by Olivia Carrescia.
Oigame! Oigame! 1991. A video by Tanya L. Coen, John Payne , and Michael L. Higgins.     

Changes in distribution of an archaic moth, Micropterix calthella, in St Petersburg, Russia, between 1989 and 2005

Aim  This work aimed to assess changes in the number of suitable habitats and habitat occupancy by Micropterix calthella (L.) moths (Lepidoptera, Micropterigidae) in the city of St Petersburg between 1989 and 2005.
Location  The city of St Petersburg, Russia.
Methods  The study compares results of the survey conducted on 9–12 June 2005 with data collected in 1989 and is based on the assessment of the quality and occupancy of 103 habitats that were found potentially suitable for M. calthella in 1989. If habitats contained wet microsites with undisturbed litter and dense field layer vegetation with a high abundance of flowering Ranunculus sp., they were considered potentially suitable for M. calthella ; in these habitats, moths were searched for on flowers of Ranunculus – visually and/or by extensive sweep-netting.
Results  Both the number of habitats suitable for M. calthella and the number of habitats occupied by this species decreased since 1986 from 103 to 72 and from 58 to 34, respectively. The disappearance of habitats was primarily due to the building of residential blocks within the city (16 sites) and railway renovation (10 sites), while changes in habitat management, primarily in parks and recreation zones (five sites), were less important. The average distance from the city centre to the nearest population of M. calthella increased from 8.7 ± 1.5 to 12.9 ± 3.0 km (mean ± SE).
Main conclusion  The data for 2005 fit the prediction that M. calthella moths, which are unable to re-colonize potentially suitable habitats due to their low migratory ability, will disappear from the city. At the present rate of extinction, this process may take some 20–30 years to complete (or nearly complete).     

Modelling the impact of the regulation of estuarine drift‐netting on the declared rod catch of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in the River Usk

1. A novel method was used to determine if the statutory regulation of drift‐netting at the mouth of the River Usk in Wales was associated with a significant improvement in the stock and rod catch of salmon in the river upstream.
2. A linear regression model was constructed, in which the annual rod catch of salmon declared from the Usk between 1977 and 1988 was the dependent variable and the simultaneous annual catch declared from the nearby River Wye was the independent variable. The model was extrapolated to project the annual rod catches of salmon on the Usk, relative to the Wye, between 1989 and 1995.
3. The model accurately projected the actual rod catches declared from the Usk in 1989, 1990 and 1991. However, between 1992 and 1995 the declared catches deviated significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) from those projected by the model. The upsurge in rod catches declared after 1992 from the Usk, relative to the Wye was concomitant with the regulation of estuarine drift‐netting.
4. It was concluded that diminished estuarine exploitation had a beneficial impact on salmon angling success on the Usk. However, the utility of the model was restricted by inconsistencies in the methods used to generate the data, by changes in fishery management policies and by a lack of essential information on the interrelationships between catch, effort, stock and environmental conditions.     

Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Prochloron, a Mircobial Bnigma. Ed. by R. A. L ewin and L. C heng . 129pp. New York & London: Chapman & Hall. 1989. Price £42. ISBN 0 4120 1901 9
Economic and Medicinal Plant Research , Volume 3. Ed. by H. W agner , H. H ikino and N. R. F arnsworth .
Causes and Consequences of Variation in Growth Rate and Productivity of Higher Plants. Ed. by H. L ambers , M. L. C ambridge , H. K onings and T. L. P ons .
Envisioning Information. By E. R. T ufte .     

Changes in genetic structure of North American Bythotrephes populations following invasion from Lake Ladoga, Russia

1. We used allozyme electrophoresis to compare Bythotrephes longimanus (Crustacea: Onychopoda: Cercopagididae) from recently founded North American populations with those from native European populations, and to examine changes in genetic structure of North American populations over time.
2. The genetic structure of North American populations in 1996 was similar to that of European populations, because of the disappearance of founder effects which distinguished North American from European populations in 1989.
3. The Lake Ladoga, Russia population was more closely related to North American populations than to other European populations, consistent with non-genetic evidence implicating Lake Ladoga as the source of North American populations.
4. Our results provide additional evidence of the presence of an invasion corridor that allows Urasian and Ponto-Caspian species to be introduced into North American freshwater ecosystems, and show that founder effects can erode over time following establishment of invasive species.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
WWF Conservation Yearbook 1987/188 ed. by Peter Hulm, World Wildlife Fund,1989.
Kalahari Hyaenas The Comparative Behavioural Ecology of Two Species by M.G.L. Mills.     

Reviews of publications

Evolution and Extinction. Proceedings of a Joint Symposium of the Royal Society and the Linnean Society held on 9 and 10 November 1989 , organized and edited by W. G. Chaloner and A. Hallam.
On Stress, Disease and Evolution. A Unifying Theory , by Graham W. Boyd.
The Use of Plant Genetic Resources , edited by A. H. D. Brown, O. H. Frankel, D. R. Marshall and J. T. Williams.     

Life cycle, horizontal microdistribution and current resistance of Allogamus auricollis Trichoptera: Limnephilidae in an Austrian mountain brook

SUMMARY. 1. The life history, horizontal distribution at the sediment surface and the effect of water flow on the microdistribution of Allogamus auricollis (Pictet, 1834), a case-bearing caddisfly, was investigated in a mountain brook near Lunz, Lower Austria.
2. The average head-width increment per moult was proportionately constant at c . 48%; therefore Dyar's rule was applicable.
3. Allogamus auricollis has a 1-year life cycle with first and second instars most abundant in October. It overwinters primarily as third and fourth instars; pupae were observed in August.
4. Horizontal distribution patterns were investigated by means of bimonthly samples taken along the stream profile. All instars were most abundant near the banks: 86.5% of the total catch 1987–88 were collected 0–1.5 m from the banks.
5. Current speeds were measured at the sites of 2191 larvae (including all instars) and eighty-six pupae. Larvae were most abundant at current speeds of 0–5 cm s⁻¹ (i.e. 86.6% of the total catch 1987–88).
6. Laboratory data on different stages of resistance to drift in A. auricollis (Waringer, 1989) were tested for their application to field conditions. 90% of the total catch 1987–88 preferred areas at the substrate surface where they could remain fully retracted within their cases, unattached, even when the large lateral case surface area was directed towards the water flow. This was also true at times of high discharge where the size of these areas was considerably reduced.     

Phenology and the influence of meteorological parameters on the catching success of light-trapping for Trichoptera

SUMMARY. 1. Adult Trichoptera were caught for 1 year (February 1989-March 1990) on the banks of the Danube at Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Lower Austria, using a Jermy-type light trap. The blacklight tube of the trap was in operation all night, and the samples were taken at daily intervals. From a total of 33,465 specimens caught, the most abundant species were Psychomyia pusilla Fabr. (Psychomyidae), the three hydropsychids Hydropsyche pellucidula Curtis. Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum Mal. and Hydropsyche contubernalis McL., and the leptocerid Ceraclea dissimilis Steph.
2. The total catch included fifty-three of the 284 Austrian species from thirteen families. One female of the parthenogenetic Apatania muliebris McL. was the second specimen ever collected in Austria.
3. The phenology of seventeen species was studied in detail, all of them summer species. Two types of flying seasons were observed: short flight periods of 3 months or less (seven species) and prolonged periods lasting 4–7 months (ten species).
4. In nine species the sex ratio was significantly different from 1:1.
5. The influence of precipitation, wind speed and night air temperature (maximum, mean and minimum) on catching success was tested. Only the effect of air temperature was significant with maximum night air temperature having a highly significant (P<0,001) correlation with flight activity. No specimens were caught at maximum temperatures below 6.8°C, and catching success was highest on warmest nights.     

Mayaness at Its Most Complex

Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D.: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 7th and 8th October 1989 . Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson , eds.
The Ceramics of Tikal: Vessels from the Burials, Caches, and Problematical Deposits . T. Patrick Culbert .     

Extracellular enzyme activity associated with suspended matter in the River Rhine

SUMMARY. 1. Spatial and temporal variations in exoenzymatic proteolysis and alkaline phosphatase activity in the River Rhine were measured fluorometrically using L-leucyi (ß-naphthylamide and methylumbelliferyl phosphate (MUFP), respectively, as test substances.
2. Extracellular proteolytic activity measured in the lower 150-km reach of the river during 1988 followed the changes in the concentration of particulate nitrogen associated with the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms. Alkaline phosphatase activity was not related to the concentration of particulate phosphate and correlated weakly with particulate nitrogen and phytoplankton concentrations.
3. Seasonal observations (1989) in the lower River Rhine and transport studies in a 660-km-long reach of the river (1990) indicated that the variations in the exoenzyme activities were unrelated (or not closely related) to fluctuating bacterial numbers. Exoproteolytic activity correlated well with thymidine incorporation and algal density, confirming indications in the literature that the exoenzyme activity is related to the overall metabolic rate of the bacterial populations.
4. The exoproteolytic activities in the Rhine are similar to the highest observed in eutrophic freshwaters, indicating a rapid turnover of proteins in the river. Bacterial phosphatase activities, measured with MUFP, were similar to those in the few marine and inland waters studied so far. However, phosphate-limited algal blooms, such as reported for the plume of the Rhine in the North Sea, are likely to contribute substantially to hydrolysis of natural organic phosphates.     

Landscape approaches to the analysis of aquatic ecosystems

1. In the mid-1970s, Hynes (1975) wrote eloquently about the complex interactions between aquatic and terrestrial systems. Central theories in stream ecology developed thereafter have dealt with the longitudinal flow of energy, materials and organisms in streams, and, with the exception of the flood pulse concept (Junk, Bayley & Sparks, 1989), have largely ignored areas outside the riparian zone. The structure of the upland and activities occurring there play a more important part than previously recognized in regulating community structure and ecosystem processes in streams.
2. These new perspectives are made possible by developments in hierarchy theory, patch dynamics, and the refinement of tools used to quantify spatial and temporal heterogeneity.
3. Geographical information systems (GIS), image processing technology and spatial statistical techniques allow quantitative assessment of lateral, longitudinal and vertical components of the landscape that interact at several spatial and temporal scales to influence streams. When GIS is used in concert with geostatistics, multivariate statistics, or landscape models, complex relationships can be elucidated and predicted.
4. To a certain extent, the tools discussed above have only automated functions that were previously performed manually. This suite of tools has improved the ability of aquatic ecologists to examine relationships and test theories over larger, more heterogeneous regions than were previously possible.
5. At the local, state and federal level, management and regulatory frameworks are currently being re-evaluated to incorporate this new perspective in resource management and policy decision making.
6. We will discuss current and future trends in technologies and tools used for aquatic ecosystem research, and the use of techniques as they are applied in these regional assessments are also discussed.     

Landscape approaches to the analysis of aquatic ecosystems

1. In the mid-1970s, Hynes (1975) wrote eloquently about the complex interactions between aquatic and terrestrial systems. Central theories in stream ecology developed thereafter have dealt with the longitudinal flow of energy, materials and organisms in streams, and, with the exception of the flood pulse concept (Junk, Bayley & Sparks, 1989), have largely ignored areas outside the riparian zone. The structure of the upland and activities occurring there play a more important part than previously recognized in regulating community structure and ecosystem processes in streams.
2. These new perspectives are made possible by developments in hierarchy theory, patch dynamics, and the refinement of tools used to quantify spatial and temporal heterogeneity.
3. Geographical information systems (GIS), image processing technology and spatial statistical techniques allow quantitative assessment of lateral, longitudinal and vertical components of the landscape that interact at several spatial and temporal scales to influence streams. When GIS is used in concert with geostatistics, multivariate statistics, or landscape models, complex relationships can be elucidated and predicted.
4. To a certain extent, the tools discussed above have only automated functions that were previously performed manually. This suite of tools has improved the ability of aquatic ecologists to examine relationships and test theories over larger, more heterogeneous regions than were previously possible.
5. At the local, state and federal level, management and regulatory frameworks are currently being re-evaluated to incorporate this new perspective in resource management and policy decision making.
6. We will discuss current and future trends in technologies and tools used for aquatic ecosystem research, and the use of techniques as they are applied in these regional assessments are also discussed.     

The growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in mild winters and summer droughts in upland Wales

SUMMARY. 1. We compared the observed annual growth of 0- and I-group trout in nine Welsh upland streams, with growth predicted from temperature assuming that this was the only limiting factor.
2. Autumn weights of second year fish were 51–67% of predicted ( G _max) values in 1988, but only 30–40% in 1989 and 1990 when drought occurred. Though initial weights of fry were unknown, simulations suggested that first year growth was also less than G _max, but with no obvious effect of drought.
3. To evaluate the possible effects of future climate change, we simulated stream temperature regimes 1.5–4.5°C above those of a recent year with temperatures similar to the long-term average. Growth was set at 60% G _max for both 0- and I-group, or at 40% for I-group to represent the effect of drought. As winter temperature increased, time to hatching and emergence decreased, for example by 56 and 49 days respectively for a rise of 3°C. 0-group growth was slightly enhanced at up to + 3°C but retarded at + 4.5°C. Simulations of I-group growth suggested that warmer winters could enhance trout growth while warmer summers would only increase growth if there were no adverse effects of drought.
4. We discuss many uncertainties in these simulations, which nevertheless suggest the magnitude of possible effects of climate change.     

Continuous drift samples of macroinvertebrates in a large river, the Danube in Austria

SUMMARY 1. A new method is described for sampling the drift in large rivers continuously and automatically, using equipment based on the marine, continuous plankton sampler of Hardy (1936).
2. Between April and November 1989, about 790 h were sampled continuously, equivalent to a water volume of 2937m³ and the total catch was 527 drifting macroinvertebrates, in forty-nine taxa. Twenty-five of these taxa are recorded in the drift for the first time and twenty-eight of the drifting taxa were present in benthos samples from the Danube.
3. Total drift density varied between 12 and 31 animals per 100m³ of water sampled throughout the year, with a maximum of 31 animals in May, The composition of major faunal groups showed a significant seasonal pattern, with Oligochaeta and Diptera predominant in spring, Crustacea and Insecta in summer and only Crustacea in autumn. The overall density of the macrozoobenthos from October 1986 to December 1987 was about 19360 animals m⁻² and the proportion of total benthos animals, drifting at any instant in time, ranged from 0.0026 to 0.0064%.
4. The relationship between drift density day⁻¹ and mean daily discharge was described by a power-function. Total mean drift rate of macroinvertebrates in the Danube was estimated to be 13 600 000 animals per 24 h and the mean drift distance was estimated to vary between about 4 and 31 m, dependent on the animal group and the water velocity.
5. No obvious consistent diel pattern could be established from the continuous samples, and no marked diel rhythm could be detected for Oligochaeta, Diptera larvae and Crustacea.     

Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this articles:
Sinclair, J. B. (Herausgeber) , Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 2nd edition.
Bach, W., J. Pankrath, S. H. Schneider (Herausgeber), Food-Climate Inter-actions.
Palti, J. , Cultural Practices and Infectious Crop Diseases.
Finck, A. , Fertilizers and Fertilization.
Turner, P. D. , Oil palm diseases and disorders.
Watkins, G. M. (ed.) , Compendium of cotton diseases.
Webster, H. S., Jr. , Plant Protection.
Robinson, D. G., and H. Quader (Ed.) , Cell Walls '81.
Progress in Botany (Fortschritte der Botanik) . Morphology — Physiology — Genetics — Taxonomy — Geobotany.
Maggenti, A. , General Nematology.
Chapeville, F., and A. L. Haenni (Ed.) , Chemical Recognition in Biology.
Rhodes-Roberts, M., und F. A. Skinner , Bacteria and Plants.
Michel, H,-G., und H. Umgelter , Pflanzenschutz im Garten.     

Book reviews

Serruya, C. (Ed.) (1978) Lake Kinneret .
Reay, P.J. (1979) Aquaculture .
Neff, J.M. (1979) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment. Sources, Fates and Biological Effects .
Thorp J.H. and Gibbons J.W. (Eds) (1978) Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic Systems .
Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, Ph.D. (1979) The River Volga and its Life .
Welcomme, R.L. (1979) Fisheries Ecology of Floodplain Rivers .
Heller, H. (Ed.) (1978) Verhandlungen, Gesellschaft für Ökologie, Kiel 1977 .
Elliott J.M. & Mann K.H. (1979) A key to the British freshwater leeches with notes on their life cycles and ecology .
Merritt R.W. & Cummins K.W. (Eds) (1978) An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America .