中国翼手目研究进展

蝙蝠在中国的种类丰富,共有7科30属120种.本文主要从蝙蝠种类、生态学、生理和生化、遗传学和分子生物学5个方面对中国翼手目的研究现状和进展作了论述,分析了存在的问题,并对研究方向进行了展望.     

Recent Progress in Understanding Early Tetrapods

This paper reviews significant discoveries and interpretationsmade for Paleozoic tetrapods over the past twenty-five years.In that span twelve significant, new localities have been found,including the oldest ever at about 370 million years in age.About 60 new genera have been described; five providing importantinsight into the early evolution of land vertebrates. The numberof exceptionally well known taxa with multiple, excellentlypreserved specimens has doubled to eight from four. The veryearliest tetrapods have been discovered to have been polydactylous,the ear region to have had a complicated early evolution andthe specialized tooth type found in Recent amphibians has beenfound in a group of Lower Permian temnospondyl amphibians, indicatingan evolutionary relationship. Perhaps the most significant advancein understanding the evolution of early tetrapods is that thebasal amniote groups have become better characterized and astart has been made in providing a defensible hypothesis fortheir relationships. The ascendancy of cladistics, functionalmorphology and plate tectonics has changed the way paleontologistsview fossils resulting in more defensible phylogenies and behavioraland biogeographical scenarios. These approaches to understandinghave, perhaps, had a more profound impact than any of the newfossil discoveries.     

我国蛋白质生物化学与基因组的研究近况

自20世纪90年代早期迄今,随着生命科学的飞速进展,我国在蛋白质生物化学与基因组研究领域取得了一些令人注目的成果,其中少数具有突破性意义。在蛋白质生物化学研究方面,蛋白质组技术获得重大改进,多反应监测(multiple monitoring-base multiplexed absolute quantitation,MRM)质谱可同时对几百个蛋白质进行靶标式分析,极大地促进了疾病标志物的鉴定。质谱法已成为群体蛋白质组学(population proteomics)研究靶向鉴定的优选途径。在世界上首次阐明了人源γ-分泌酶复合物(γ-secretase complex,γ-SSC)和人源葡萄糖转运蛋白1(glucose transporter 1,GLUT 1)的三维结构。虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ(Huwentoxin-Ⅰ,HWTX-Ⅰ)结构-功能的系统研究,华南三地区人血型糖蛋白变种的筛查和鉴定,皆显现了重要进展。对某些蛋白质与朊病毒病、阿尔茨海默病、冠心病、肝病和衰老等的密切关系,开拓了新的探索;在基因组研究方面,如期完成我国承担的1%"人类基因组计划",开展了我国一些生物种属的基因组分析,包括栽培最广泛的亚种Indica稻米、棉花、海南袖珍猪和山西白猪、中国旱獭3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)的部分互补脱氧核糖核酸(complementary deoxyribonucleic acid,c DNA)等。用4种小分子化学物质,从小鼠皮肤细胞成功创建诱导型多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,i PSC),操作简化,安全性强,颇有创新。此外,对阐明某些基因与心脑血管病、高血压、全身性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)、肺腺癌、人巨细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)感染以及某些类型白血病等的关联,也进行了有益的探讨。     

Phenotypic Plasticity in Embryonic Development of Reptiles:Recent Research and Research Opportunities in China

Adaptive developmental plasticity can enable an organism to modify its phenotype rapidly, in response to local(and perhaps, unpredictable) conditions, by altering reaction norms during development. Previous studies on this topic have been dominated by western scientists, employing western study systems and approaches. Recently, the expansion of Chinese ecological research has seen a broadening of studies taxonomically(phylogenetically). Here, we briefly summarize research that has been conducted on developmental plasticity in Chinese reptiles over the past two decades, and suggest productive directions for future studies in this field. There are exciting research opportunities in this field in China, and we call for increased collaboration between western and eastern scientists to elucidate the role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary responses of organisms to environmental changes. As human activities increase the intensity and frequency of such changes, the need to understand responses of biological systems becomes an increasingly urgent priority.     

Early Early Man in North America and where to look for Him: Geomorphic Contexts

Abstract

There has long been a controversy concerning Man’s antiquity in the New World. Our oldest unquestioned sites are those of the Clovis Complex which date to 11,000-12,000 B.P. In this paper, an attempt is made to set up a testing program that might lead to the discovery of Pre-Clovis (Early Early Man) sites within the contiquous 48 states, should they exist. It is believed that the derived concepts also have application in other parts of the world. Rigorous standards are given for the “best site situation” necessary to solve the problem for everyone’s satisfaction. The methodology involves outlining a list of possible archaeo-geomorphic contexts in which to seek ancient sites, with the idea of determining if any of them are more likely to produce the best site situation than others. Nine archaeo-geomorphic contexts are discussed and evaluated. These include surface sites and the following subsurface sites: underwater, coastal, volcanic, eolian, slope, cave, alluvial, and depression or basin sites. It is concluded, by the process of elimination, that the latter seem to be our best bet to meet the aforementioned rigorous standards. A testing program is suggested on the High Plains where many basins occur, and where some of our better early sites have been found. How we should test is discussed in terms of locating basins, choosing basins to test, and testing procedures. Subsidiary benefits are seen resulting from this program even if the problem of Man’s antiquity should not be determined by this method of research.     

Early Upper Paleolithic Man and Late Middle Paleolithic Tools

The appearance of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Europe, the Near East, and Africa must represent either an in situ evolution of Neandertals or a migration. Those who suggest the latter claim a sudden replacement of Neandertals by anatomically modern Homo sapiens. However, the "evidence" actually cited claims only the sudden replacement of Middle by Upper Paleolithic industries. We criticize the migration explanation on two grounds. (1) There is no "sudden replacement" of Middle Paleolithic by Upper Paleolithic industries, but rather a gradual change in the frequencies of already present tools. Numerous sites in these areas exhibit transitional industries. (2) Concomitantly, there is no morphological evidence indicating a "sudden replacement" of hominids. There is no absolute association between anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Upper Paleolithic industries. Instead, the evidence clearly shows that early anatomically modern Homo sapiens is a late Middle Paleolithic local phenomenon .     

植物内生菌研究新进展

虽然早在 10 0多年前人们就已发现在健康植物组织的内部也有微生物存在,这类微生物在文献中后来被称为植物内生菌（ｅｎｄｏｐｈｙｔｅ）,但由于内生菌生活在没有外在感染症状的健康植物组织内部,其存在和作用长期以来一直为人们所忽视。自 2 0世纪 30年代发现造成畜牧业重大损失的牲畜中毒是由于食用了感染内生真菌的牧草,内生菌的研究才得以广泛深入地开展起来［1］。植物内生菌几乎存在于所有目前已研究过的植物中,分布广,种类多。研究表明,感染内生菌的植物宿主往往具有生长快速、抗逆境、抗病害、抗动物危害等优势,比未感染植…     

Evaluation of the Role of Uniparental Disomy in Early Embryolethality of Man

We carried out systematic studies of the contribution of uniparental disomy for eight human chromosomes, 2, 9, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 21, to the etiology of embryolethality. Most of these chromosomes have regions with orthologous imprinted genes syntenic with those on mouse chromosomes, the disturbed expression of which is related to embryolethality in mice. Screening of uniparental disomy in spontaneous abortuses of 5–16 weeks of pregnancy was performed by evaluation of the pattern of inheritance of alleles of polymorphic microsatellite loci located in the studied chromosomes. A total of 100 human embryos with cytogenetically determined normal karyotype were studied, in which arrest at the early stages of intrauterine development was determined by ultrasound examination of pregnant women. During this study, 13 embryos were discarded due to revealed karyotype anomalies or nonpaternity. No cases of uniparental disomy were found among the 87 studied abortuses for any of chromosomes studied. The analysis of the results of this study and four other studies concerning the search for uniparental disomy in dead embryos and fetuses did not reveal its elevated frequency in spontaneous abortuses as compared to the theoretically expected value based on evaluation of the probable combination of meiotic errors in human gametes. The data we obtained suggest that, first, uniparental disomies for human chromosomes that have regions with orthologous imprinted genes syntenic with mouse chromosomes do not contribute noticeably to the death of human embryos at the early developmental stages and, second, the mechanisms underlying embryolethality as a result of disturbed expression of imprinted loci differ markedly in evolutionarily remote mammals.     

抗真菌蛋白研究进展

对几种抗真菌蛋白 :病程相关蛋白、防卫素、核糖体失活蛋白、几丁质连接蛋白、蛋白酶抑制剂等的类型、特征、抗菌菌机理进行了阐述 ,着重讨论了病程相关蛋白和核糖体失活蛋白的最新研究进展 ,并且讨论了抗真菌蛋白在植物真菌病害综合防治中的应用前景。     

Early Behavioral Research on Populations

Research on populations of rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Baltimorebeginning in 1943 suggested the hypothesis that aggressive behaviorcould regulate the numbers in a city block where food and shelterwere adequate. A program of experiments using wild rats or laboratorymice justified publication of the aggressive behavior hypothesisin 1949. Continued research by Davis, Calhoun, Christian andgraduate students showed that the number of rats in a city blockreturned towards an asymptote after a reduction in number, andthat the introduction of alien rats was followed by a decline.Communication about the level of population was achieved bysignals (visual, olfactory, auditory and tactile) that determinedsocial status. Rates of reproduction declined and rates of mortalityincreased as the population increased. Various physiologicalmechanisms were explored but the mechanisms of communicationwere little studied before 1955.