外源NO对缺镁胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和离子平衡的影响

研究了在缺镁胁迫下,外源NO对缺镁玉米幼苗生长、根系活力和离子含量的影响。结果表明,缺镁胁迫使玉米幼苗株高、根长和干鲜重下降,根系活力降低,N元素在地上部和根部分配失调,新叶和老叶中Mg2＋、Cu2＋、Fe3＋、Mn2＋等离子含量下降,Ca2＋、K＋、Zn2＋等离子含量上升。根中Mg2＋离子含量下降,Ca2＋、K＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Fe3＋、Mn2＋等离子含量上升。用100μmol·L-1一氧化氮供体硝普钠（SNP）处理后,玉米幼苗株高、根长、干重和鲜重均提高,根系活力增强,改善了N代谢,新叶中Ca2＋、K＋和Zn2＋等离子含量下降,Mg2＋、Cu2＋、Fe3＋和Mn2＋等离子含量提高,老叶中Mg2＋、Ca2＋、K＋和Zn2＋等离子含量下降,Cu2＋、Fe3＋和Mn2＋等离子含量提高,根中Mg2＋、Ca2＋、K＋、Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Fe3＋和Mn2＋离子含量均下降。实验结果表明,NO保护玉米幼苗免受缺镁胁迫的影响。     

Growth,carbohydrates and associated invertase and amylase activities in castor bean and maize as affected by metribuzin and NaCl

Growth parameters (leaf area, length of shoot and root, water content and dry matter accumulation), contents of reducing sugars and saccharose as well as activities of α- and β-amylases of castor bean and maize seedlings and adult plants supplemented with 0.5 μg g^?1 and 2.5 μg g^?1 of metribuzin either alone or in combination with 50 μg g^?1 NaCl, were increased significantly whereas at high concentrations (5 and 10 μg g^?1) of herbicide, an opposite response was apparent. On the other hand, polysaccharide content and invertase activity of castor bean and maize seedlings and adult plants were significantly decreased in response to low concentrations (0.5 and 2.5 μg g^?1) of metribuzin and increased significantly at high concentrations (5 and 10 μg g^?1) of the herbicide either alone or in combination with 50 μg g^?1 NaCl. Total carbohydrate contents of castor bean and maize seedlings and whole plants treated with herbicide either alone or in combination with NaCl did not change significantly. Growth parameters, carbohydrate fractions contents and activities of enzymes in both castor bean and maize seedlings and whole plants treated with herbicide alone were consistently higher than those values detected in plants treated with herbicide in combination with NaCl.     

铜污染对三叶草幼苗生长及活性氧代谢影响的研究

通过水培实验研究了重金属铜(Cu)污染对三叶草(Trifolium pratense)幼苗生长及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明,低浓度Cu污染(<10mg·L^-1)对三叶草幼苗生长无明显抑制现象,甚至促进幼苗生长,植株干重、鲜重和叶片可溶性蛋白及叶绿素含量均略微升高,丙二醛(MDA)水平降低,活性氧清除系统内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均略微升高,保护酶系统仍保持平衡.但随Cu浓度(10～100mg·L^-1)增加则显示出一定的负效应,三叶草幼苗与对照组相比,植株矮小,须根短且数目少,植株干重、鲜重和可溶性蛋白含量均明显减少,叶片发黄,叶片色素含量下降,并随Cu浓度的增加而变化更显著。同时,随Cu浓度增加,叶片细胞膜透性增大,电导率显著升高,MDA水平上升,且活性氧清除系统遭到破坏,保护酶系统失衡,SOD和CAT活性显著下降,分别降低了26．7％和71．3％,而POD活性却明显上升,比对照升高了10．6倍。     

Effect of Morpholine Systemic Fungicides on the Chloroplast Pigments of Wheat and Maize

Abstract

The growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of wheat and maize seedlings as influenced by a soil drench of 250 μM of tridemorph or fenpropimorph, were studied. It was found that the length of the shoot, primary leaf, and root, as well as the leaf area were significantly reduced in the fungicide treated seedlings. Although the dry matter percentage was higher in the treated seedlings as compared to the control, the fresh or dry weight per shoot remained lower in the fungicide treated seedlings. The chloroplast pigments in the treated seedlings of both crops were unaffected, suggesting that the fungicides had no significant effect on the chlorophyll or carotenoid biosynthesis.     

水稻幼苗根对羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合镉胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)复合镉(Cd)胁迫对植物生长生理的影响,采用液体培养方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为受试作物,测定了0~12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH、10μmol·L-1Cd单一和复合处理水稻幼苗21天后根生长、氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性及根中Cd含量的变化。结果表明:(1)MWCNTs-COOH单一处理,根长、根鲜重均低于对照,并表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当其浓度达到12.0 mg·L^-1时,较对照分别下降了9.3%和15.2%,且低于10μmol·L^-1Cd单一处理;而复合处理组水稻幼苗根长、根鲜重、干重皆低于对应的单一处理;(2)MWCNTs-COOH单一胁迫下,水稻根的超氧自由基(O2-·)明显积累,并伴随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,3.0和6.0mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH处理下,SOD、POD活性最高;(3)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd胁迫下,水稻根的SOD、POD活性大均低于单一处理组,而丙二醛(MDA)及羰基化蛋白含量均显著高于单一处理;(4)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd后,水稻幼苗根尖细胞死亡加剧,其中,10μmol·L-1Cd与12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH复合处理的根尖根冠区细胞伊文斯蓝染色最深;(5)1.5~6.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd处理水稻幼苗后,其根中Cd含量呈上升趋势,且在6.0 mg·L^-1浓度处理时达到最大值303.30μg·g-1;高浓度MWCNTs-COOH及其与Cd的复合均对水稻根产生毒性效应。     

陶瓷工业污染区污染元素在8种树种中的积累与分布

选取8种抗性较强的1年生树苗栽植于广东省佛山市陶瓷工业污染区,1.5年后对它们的生长参数、干物质量和污染元素含量进行测量,评价不同树种和器官对污染元素的积累能力.结果表明,试验地的S、Cu和Pb污染风险较大,Ni、Zn、Mn和Cr污染风险较小.单株干物质量的种间差异较大,约为198 ～3248 g,平均为1187 g;...     

Guanosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate changes during germination of Hordeum vulgare

Guanosine 3′: 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) isolated from barley seeds and seedlings was purified using neutral alumina and anion-exchange column chromatography, then descending paper chromatography, and finally estimated by means of radioimmunoassay. The putative compound was identified on cellulose chromatography in three solvent systems.During the early phase of the germination, the cGMP content decreased steadily from 30 fmol/g of dry seeds to undetectable amounts in seeds after 18 h of germination. The process of seedling growth was associated with the increase of cGMP concentration. Nine-day-old seedlings contained 147 and 200 fmol/g of fresh weight in the roots and in the coleoptiles plus leaves, respectively.     

Fresh and dry wei ghts of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae): A functional description of biomass accumulation

The fresh and dry weights of each life stage of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) were determined using grouped samples. The eggs, larvae and protonymphs averaged 0.637, 0.625 and 1.013 μg fresh weight, respectively. Male and female deutonymphs averaged 1.209 and 2.715 μg, while male and female adults averaged 1.633 and 7.035 μg fresh weight, respectively. The dry matter content of M. tanajoa across all life stages for both sexes averaged 31%. The accumulation of biomass in male and female M. tanajoa is adequately described by logistic growth functions (with 87 and 98% explained variation, respectively). Maximum growth rates of 0.026 and 0.598 μg dry matter per day for males and females, respectively, were estimated using these fitted functions.     

Influence of S-ethyl Dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) on the Fatty Acid Composition of Wheat Leaf Galactolipids

Winter wheat (Triticum sativum L. cv. Nisu) was grown in sand which contained 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) per kg air dry sand. The galactolipids of leaves of 21-day-old seedlings were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography. The fatty acids of the mono- and digalactosyl diglycerides were analysed by gas liquid capillary chromatography. The major fatty acids of the wheat leaf galactolipids were palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, vaccenic, linoleic and linolenic acids (in the monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction of untreated plants 22.5, 2.4, 3.1, 5.2, 2.5, 51.1 and 1526.6 μg and in the digalactosyl diglyceride fraction 108.8, 2.3, 10.4, 9.9, 8.2, 42.3 and 1120.7 μg/g leaf fresh weight, respectively). Total fatty acid content of the mono- and digalactosyl diglyceride fractions was decreased by 85 and 87%, respectively, at 1 mg EPTC/kg sand, while decrease in the fresh weight of the leaves was 79%. The content of linoleic and linolenic acids/g fresh weight of the leaves was decreased in the monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction by 27 and 43%, respectively, while the content of all other fatty acids was increased. In the digalactosyl diglyceride fraction the content of both linoleic and linolenic acids/g leaf fresh weight was decreased by 55%. The content of palmitic and vaccenic acids was also decreased, whereas the content of other fatty acids remained at the level of the untreated samples. The general quality of the fatty acids in the mono- and digalactosyl diglyceride fractions was altered slightly by EPTC.     

甲壳素对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响

研究在苹果连作土壤中添加甲壳素对苹果幼苗生长、土壤酶及土壤真菌群落结构的影响,探讨甲壳素缓解苹果连作障碍的可能性,为防控苹果连作障碍提供依据。盆栽条件下,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,在苹果连作土壤中分别添加0,0.5,1.0和2.5g/kg的甲壳素,测定了连作土壤中添加不同量的甲壳素后,幼苗生物量、根系保护酶活性、土壤主要酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶等)活性以及土壤中真菌群落结构的变化。9月份结果表明,与对照相比,1.0 g/kg的甲壳素处理连作土,可显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干鲜重,分别比对照增加了36.8%、82.1%和100.8%;甲壳素处理能增加幼苗根系保护酶活性,其中1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理SOD、POD和CAT活性最高,其次为0.5 g/kg,而2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理显著抑制了幼苗根系保护酶活性。1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理可提高土壤中细菌/真菌值,并且提高了土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,分别比对照提高了8.6%、40.5%、81.1%、15.3%、18.7%和49.8%,2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理则降低土壤酶活性或者使土壤酶活性与对照相当。根据T-RFLP的图谱中OUT的数量、种类及丰度,分别计算了不同处理土壤的真菌多样性,发现1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理的连作土具有最高的多样性、均匀度和丰富度指数,分别比对照增加了52.2%、8.0%和87.1%。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,不同剂量甲壳素处理的连作土壤中真菌被PC2分成了两部分,其中0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg的甲壳素添加量分布在PC2的负方向上,而CK和2.5g/kg的甲壳素处理分布在PC2的正方向上,这说明添加不同量的甲壳素对连作土壤真菌群落多样性有显著影响,添加量太多或者太少均会造成土壤真菌多样性下降,只有适量的甲壳素可提高真菌群落结构多样性。实验结果表明1.0 g/kg的甲壳素可提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善连作土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。     

铜胁迫对玉米幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响

本文研究了铜(Cu)胁迫下玉米(Zea mays)幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的变化。研究结果表明, 5~20 μmol.L-1 Cu处理10天明显抑制玉米幼苗根系生长, 并减少玉米幼苗的干物重, 以及增加玉米幼苗地上部和根系含Cu量; 玉米幼苗吸收的Cu大部分积累在根系, 在地上部分布较少。Cu处理还降低玉米叶片的叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm、ETR、qP和qy值。在10天的Cu处理期间, 根系中SOD、POD、CAT和GR活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势。而叶片中的SOD、POD、CAT和GR活性在处理前期不受Cu胁迫的显著影响, 处理后期则因Cu胁迫而增强。实验表明抗氧化酶在抵御过量Cu引起的氧化胁迫中发挥了一定的作用。     

铬对烟草组培苗生长和某些生理指标的影响

以烟草无菌苗为材料,在培养基中添加0、50、100、150、200、300μmol.L-1浓度的重金属铬离子,进行组织培养,35d后分析植株生长和相关生理变化。结果表明,低浓度(50μmol.L-1)铬对烟草组培苗生长有促进作用,株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、SOD活性呈现上升趋势;高浓度铬处理则抑制生长,株高、鲜重、叶绿素、蛋白质含量、SOD活性都下降,相反,POD活性、MDA含量和细胞膜透性显著增加。     

玉米幼苗冷袭敏感性的初步研究

对玉米种子萌发过程中低温冷袭(3.0℃)下幼苗电导率、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖、蔗糖含量、植株浸出液中K⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺含量以及株高、干重、鲜重和残留种子干物质重量的研究结果表明,冷袭处理植株较对照植株的高度、干重和鲜重的生长率均随叶龄和天龄的增加而降低,可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量均随叶龄和天龄的增加而呈下降趋势;而相对电导率和植株浸出液中的K⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺含量则呈上升趋势,从而说明玉米幼苗从异养向自养转变的过程中,抵御冷袭的能力是逐渐降低的,也就是说对冷袭的敏感性是逐渐增大的。从冷袭处理植株与对照植株之间各项指标的差值来看,均在15天龄或17天龄最大,说明此时期既离乳期,玉米幼苗对冷袭的敏感性最大。     

Effects of weak 16 3/2 Hz magnetic fields on growth parameters of young sunflower and wheat seedlings

Previous studies on effects of magnetic fields on plants focussed on the power frequencies (50-60 Hz), but in Austria and Germany electric railways are powered by a frequency of 16 2/3) Hz. In the present study, sunflower and wheat seedlings were exposed to 16 2/3 Hz sinusoidal 20 muT (rms) vertical magnetic fields. Seeds were germinated in a germination roll and grown for 12 days under continued exposure. Seven series with sunflower and six series with wheat were done over 2 years. Sunflower seedlings exposed to experimental magnetic field showed small, but significant increases in total fresh weights, shoot fresh weights, and root fresh weights, whereas dry weights and germination rates remained unaffected. Experimentally treated wheat exhibited marginally (but significantly) higher root fresh and dry weights, total fresh weights, and higher germination rates.     

Promotion of Hypocotyl Elongation in Watermelc Seedlings by 6-Benzyladenine

Hypocotyl elongation under white fluorescent light was aboutdoubled in dwarf watermelon (Citrullus lanatus0 (Thunb.) Matsu.and Nakai) seedlings treated with 0.1 to 0.3 µg apicaland 3 x 10–6 to 10.3 M root applications of 6-benzyladenine(BA). BA-enhancement of growth occurred primarily during thefirst 48 h after treatment. Increased hypocotyl length in BA-treatedseedlings was attributed more to longer cells than to an increasein cell number. Early hypocotyl growth of normal seedlings wasalso significantly enhanced by BA although final hypocotyl lengthwas not substantially affected. Benzyladenine caused expansion of cotyledons and, at higherdoses, lateral expansion of hypocotyls. BA-induced increasesin fresh weight of cotyledons and hypocotyls were accompaniedby an increase in dry weight of hypocotyls at the expense ofroots which had less dry matter than untreated seedlings.     

重金属对盐生草光合生理生长特性的影响

以盐生草幼苗为试验材料,分别设置0(CK)、50、100、200、400μg?g-1的Ni2+、Cu2+处理,研究重金属Ni2+和Cu2+对盐生草光合生理特性的影响.结果表明:盐生草叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度Gs、蒸腾速率Tr、PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、非光化学猝灭系数qN及生长指标(株高、地上部干重和鲜重)在50μg?g-1的Ni2+处理时均达到最大值,后随Ni2+浓度继续增加,其叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率ΦPSⅡ、光化学猝灭系数qP、qN及各项生长指标逐步下降并低于对照水平,而细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)较对照呈增加趋势.在50μg?g-1的Cu2+处理时,盐生草叶片光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ci、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP、qN及各项生长指标均达峰值;在100μg?g-1Cu2+处理时,光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qN及各项生长指标较对照仍有增加,而后随Cu2+浓度继续增加,其叶绿素a、叶绿素b、各光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及生长指标均逐步降低并低于对照.可见,盐生草Pn在Ni2+胁迫下的下降主要是由非气孔限制所致,而Cu2+胁迫下的下降主要是由气孔限制所致;低浓度Ni2+和Cu2+对盐生草生长具有一定促进作用,过高浓度Ni2+和Cu2+则会通过抑制盐生草叶片叶绿素合成,影响其光合作用,从而抑制植株生长.     

Evaluation of copper-induced stress on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings at the molecular and population levels by use of various biomarkers

Heavy-metal contamination is an important environmental problem in the world. It is known that high concentrations of heavy metals cause toxic damage to cells and tissues. In this study the effects of copper (Cu(2+)) contamination were determined at the molecular and population levels in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings exposed to various concentrations of the metal ion. Inhibition of root growth, reduction in dry weight and total soluble protein content in the roots of eggplant seedlings were observed with increasing Cu(2+) concentrations. In ecotoxicology, analysis by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) has been applied as a suitable biomarker assay for plants. For the RAPD analyses, nine RAPD primers were found to produce unique polymorphic band patterns and were subsequently used to produce a total of 80 and 168 bands in the roots of untreated and treated eggplant seedlings, respectively. The changes in RAPD profiles after Cu(2+) contamination were considered as variations, i.e. as gain and/or loss of bands compared with control seedlings. These results suggest that changes in genomic template stability could be detected with RAPD profiles and this result could be compared with the growth, dry weight and total soluble protein content of the seedlings grown at various Cu(2+) concentrations. The measurements of parameters at the molecular and population levels are fundamental to accumulate valuable information and to understand clearly the effect of a contaminant on an organism in ecotoxicology.     

缺氮和复氮对菘蓝幼苗生长及氮代谢的影响

对基质育苗后水培的菘蓝进行缺氮与复氮处理,分析其生长情况及氮代谢产物含量的变化,探讨缺氮和复氮对菘蓝幼苗生长及氮代谢的影响,以提高菘蓝产量和品质以及栽培过程中的氮素利用效率。结果显示:(1)正常供氮条件下,菘蓝幼苗的叶绿素含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、硝态氮含量、靛玉红含量为最高,而其株高、主根直径、根的鲜重与干重、叶的鲜重与干重、根系活力均最小。(2)缺氮处理增加了菘蓝幼苗的主根直径和根干重,提高其根系活力和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,促进游离氨基酸在叶中的积累;但降低了GS的活性,也降低了叶中硝态氮、可溶性蛋白、靛玉红及根中游离氨基酸的含量;缺氮对叶中靛蓝的含量无明显影响。(3)复氮处理增加了菘蓝幼苗的株高、主根长、根鲜重、叶鲜重、叶干重,提高了其根系活力,降低了NR和GS的活性;与对照相比,复氮降低了叶中硝态氮含量,提高了叶中可溶性蛋白、靛蓝及根中游离氨基酸的含量,但对叶中游离氨基酸和靛玉红含量影响较小。研究表明,缺氮后再复氮有利于菘蓝幼苗叶的生长,同时有利于增加其叶内靛蓝含量,从而提高其产量和品质。     

Growth responses of Vigna radiata seeds to laser irradiation in the UV-A region

We have investigated the effect of pulsed nitrogen laser radiation (337.1 nm) on morphological characteristics and biochemical contents in seedlings from treated greengram ( Vigna radiata L.) seeds, which were germinated and grown in Petri dishes for a week. The shoot and root lengths, and fresh and dry weights of the seedlings were maximum with the 30 min exposure, while protein was maximum with 20 min, RNA and DNA contents with 5 min exposure time. Chlorophyll content was not affected by the irradiation.     

Glucose and δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Stimulate the Dark Chlorophyll Synthesis of Rice Seedlings

This research was to examine if rice (Oryza sativa L.), a monocotyledon of angiosperm, was able to synthesize chlorophyll (Chl) in complete darkness. Five-cm-tall etiolated seedlings of rice were used as starting materials and treated with or without various concentrations of glucose and/or δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in the dark. Leaves harvested at the indicated time were determined for their contents of Chl, protoporphyrin Ⅸ(Proto), Mg-protoporphyrin Ⅸ(Mg-Proto) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide). The mole percentage of porphyrin was calculated. The Chl content in the etiolated rice seedlings slightly increased from about 2.5 μg/g to 7.5 μg/g within 12 d in the dark, but the total Chl of dark-grown rice increased from 0.36 μg/g to 3.6 μg/g. While the mole percentages of Proto, Mg-Proto and Pchlide in the dark-grown seedlings without any treatment were about 65%, 27.5% and 7.5% at the beginning, respectively, those in the light-grown seedlings were about 42.5%, 35% and 22.5%, respectively. The mole percentage of porphyrin of etiolated seedlings resumed its normal ratio within 2 d after treatment with glucose. While the Chl content of etiolated seedlings grown in culture solution with 3% and 6% glucose increased 2.5 and 4.0 folds, respectively, those with 3% and 6% glucose and 1 mmol/L ALA increased 22 and 24 folds, respectively. It is concluded that angiosperm might be able to synthesize a small amount of Chl in complete darkness, that either glucose or ALA could stimulate dark Chl synthesis in angiosperm, and that a combination of glucose and ALA exhibited an additional effect. It is still unknown and remains to be further explored what is the mechanism of the effect of glucose and ALA on the Chl synthesis of rice in the dark. Key words: angiosperm; rice; dark chlorophyll synthesis; glucose; δ-aminolevulinic acid; protoporphyrin Ⅸ; Mg-protoporphyrin Ⅸ; protochlorophyllide