一种带有可视化筛选标记的桉树基因编辑载体构建及验证研究

桉树作为世界三大速生树种之一,在经济、生态、药用等方面有着较高的价值。由于桉树遗传杂合性高,许多主要的经济性状由多基因共同调控,常规基因编辑手段无法满足对桉树目标基因编辑与转化后高效筛选的要求。通过mCherry荧光蛋白作为筛选标记可极大地减少转化后的鉴定工作量。本研究以尾巨桉为材料,构建含有35S启动子启动mCherry标记基因的CRISPR/Cas9载体,对桉树基因组进行高效的可视化编辑。利用mCherry荧光蛋白作为筛选标记,筛选阳性转化后代,并提取含荧光标记的不定芽基因组进行PCR鉴定分析。结果表明,成功构建了编辑载体PHEE401-35S-mCherry,转化尾巨桉愈伤后,在580 nm的光源下有明显的红色荧光,且经PCR鉴定可扩增得到与35S-mCherry条带大小一致的目的片段。本研究为开展桉树基因编辑提供了一种可视化筛选技术方法。     

简单高效的根癌农杆菌介导的水稻基因转化方法

本文在研究影响农杆菌介导的水稻转化的主要因素基础上,建立了一套简单、高效的水稻转基因系统。将水稻成熟胚来源的愈伤组织用农杆菌EHA101／pHQ9,EHA101／pHQ10,EHA101／pHQT3感染后,筛选抗性愈伤,经分化获得转化株。抗性愈伤的平均得率为约100个愈伤／g愈伤外植体,抗性愈伤的分化频率平均高达85％。转基因植株的GUS染色、Southern杂交结果表明,T-DNA上的外源基因已整合进转基因植物的基因组中。转基因植株T1代对潮霉素的抗性表明,多数转基因株系符合孟德尔分离比3：1。该系统的建立将有助于应用T—DNA标签法和基因打靶法进行水稻功能基因组的研究。     

简单高效的根癌农杆菌介导的水稻基因转化方法

本文在研究影响农杆菌介导的水稻转化的主要因素基础上,建立了一套简单、高效的水稻转基因系统。将水稻成熟胚来源的愈伤组织用农杆菌EHA101/pHQ9,EHA 101/pHQ 10,EHA 101/pHQ T3感染后,筛选抗性愈伤,经分化获得转化株。抗性愈伤的平均得率为约100个愈伤/g愈伤外植体,抗性愈伤的分化频率平均高达85%。转基因植株的GUS染色、Southern杂交结果表明,T-DNA上的外源基因已整合进转基因植物的基因组中。转基因植株T1代对潮霉素的抗性表明,多数转基因株系符合孟德尔分离比3∶1。该系统的建立将有助于应用T-DNA标签法和基因打靶法进行水稻功能基因组的研究。     

基于Nanoluc技术和荧光分析技术建立蛋白质水解靶向嵌合体筛选方法及评价

目的 为了从一系列旨在降解靶蛋白的化合物中筛选出高效的蛋白质水解靶向嵌合体（PROTAC），本文建立了一个稳定的高通量PROTAC筛选方法。方法 Nanoluc荧光素酶有LgBiT和HiBiT两个亚基组成，通过将HiBiT标签与mCherry（红色荧光蛋白）、目的蛋白、Halo标签融合表达，LgBiT与GFP （绿色荧光蛋白）融合表达，利用GFP与mCherry的共定位情况可直观评价Nanoluc荧光素酶的组装情况，而通过监测Nanoluc的活性可以指示目的蛋白的含量。利用慢病毒包装系统构建稳定过表达GFP-LgBiT和HiBiT-mCherry-Target-Halo的细胞系，使用可募集Halo标签融合蛋白被Cul2-Rbx1-Elo BCVHL复合体降解的Halo PROTAC3诱导HiBiT-mCherry-Target-Halo降解，进一步利用蛋白质免疫印迹（Westernblot）、Nanoluc荧光素酶活性分析系统和流式细胞术分别评价Halo PROTAC3诱导底物降解的效率。结果 Halo PROTAC3高效降解HiBiT-mCherry-Target-Halo，并呈现浓...     

Transgeni根癌农杆菌介导的小麦转基因植株再生(英文)

根癌农杆菌菌株Ａｇｌ Ⅰ的Ｔｉ 质粒ｐＵＮＮ－２ 带有Ｕｂｉ１ 启动子驱动的ｎｐｔ Ⅱ基因。７ 种基因型小麦幼胚或胚性愈伤组织用于农杆菌介导的转化实验。经过不同浓度巴龙霉素的筛选,３ 种基因型小麦产生抗性愈伤组织并再生植株。再生植株经ＰＣＲ 和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交鉴定为转基因植株,转化频率（ 再生转基因植株的小麦愈伤组织数／ 用于转化实验的愈伤组织数） 为３．７％ ～５ ．９％ 。小麦基因型及转化材料的起始生理状态是影响ＴＤＮＡ转移的重要因素。     

用于植物基因研究的mCherry表达载体构建及定位表达

荧光蛋白在生物学研究中具有广泛的应用和重要的作用,其中红色荧光蛋白mCherry因其颜色和良好的特性,对于植物基因研究具有重要的使用价值,本研究将mCherry基因构建到pBI121植物表达载体系统中,构建了pBI121MCS-mCherry载体。利用基因枪转化法转入洋葱表皮进行表达验证,显微镜观察结果显示整个洋葱细胞具有红色荧光,证明该载体能够在植物细胞中表达红色荧光蛋白。利用双酶切连接法将转录因子BpMYB4基因构建到该载体上,得到融合表达载体pBI121MCS-mCherry-BpMYB4,在洋葱表皮中表达,结果显示细胞核具有红色荧光,证明该载体能够准确表达融合蛋白,进行亚细胞定位。同时融合基因时不再需要中间载体,构建简便,引入的KpnⅠ酶切位点,增加了可选择性。因此该载体可用于植物基因表达定位及转基因植株筛选研究中,为今后的白桦基因组学研究提供了材料。     

转AtNHX1基因玉米的产生及其耐盐性分析

以玉米(ZeamaysL.)骨干自交系DH4866、齐319和鲁原16106的胚性愈伤组织为材料,采用农杆菌介导法将AtNHX1和hpt基因转入玉米培养细胞,经筛选获得了抗潮霉素的愈伤组织并再生植株。经PCR检测和Southernblot验证,确定了22.8%的再生植株为转基因植株。农杆菌液浓度、愈伤组织基因型及共培养时间对转化率均有明显影响。外源基因在转基因植株后代中的分离呈多样性,在部分株系中表现出孟德尔遗传规律。耐盐筛选表明,一些转基因植株及其后代具有很好的耐盐性,部分株系可在0.8%-1.0%NaCl溶液浇灌下萌发和生长。Northern杂交表明,植株耐盐性提高与AtNHX1基因的转录水平相一致。     

转AtNHX1基因玉米的产生及其耐盐性分析

以玉米(Zea mays L.)骨干自交系DH4866、齐319和鲁原16106的胚性愈伤组织为材料,采用农杆菌介导法将AtNHX1和hpt因转入玉米培养细胞,经筛选获得了抗潮霉素的愈伤组织并再生植株.经PCR检测和Southernblot验证,确定了22.8%的再生植株为转基因植株.农杆菌液浓度、愈伤组织基因型及共培养时间对转化率均有明显影响.外源基因在转基因植株后代中的分离呈多样性,在部分株系中表现出孟德尔遗传规律.耐盐筛选表明,一些转基因植株及其后代具有很好的耐盐性,部分株系可在0.8%-1.0%NaCl溶液浇灌下萌发和生长.Northern杂交表明,植株耐盐性提高与AtNHX1基因的转录水平相一致.     

半夏凝集素基因(pta)导入水稻及其表达的初步研究

半夏凝集素基因是一种有重要价值的抗虫基因。利用RACE—PCR技术克隆出半夏凝集素(pta)基因,并将它构建到载体pCAMBIA1305中形成双元载体(含pta基因和hpt基因)。利用农杆菌介导法将pta基因转入粳稻品种鄂宜105、中花12和籼稻品种E优532成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织中。通过PCR检测,从117株To代再生植株中筛选出36株(其中鄂宜105、中花12、E优532分别为19株、7株、10株)转基因植株。对这些转基因后代植株进行Southern blot分析和RT—PCR分析表明：pta基因已经整合到受体细胞基因组中,并在转录水平上得到了有效表达。通过对转基因后代的遗传分析,成功地从T1代表现为1：2：1盂德尔分离的分离群体中筛选出7个独立转基因水稻纯系(其中包括4个鄂宜105、1个中花12和2个E优532转基因纯系)。对这7个独立转基因水稻E代纯系进行褐飞虱生物抗性鉴定和田间隔离喂养实验,结果显示,这些转基因纯系对褐飞虱的存活率和发育进度均有显著的抑制作用。同时,实验结果还表明2～5mg/L的2,4—D是愈伤组织诱导和生长的必需条件,而且受体的基因型对愈伤组织诱导率和转化频率均有显著影响,在同等条件下,粳稻品种的愈伤组织诱导率和转化频率均高于籼稻种。     

甘蔗转基因甘露糖筛选系统的建立

以甘露糖作为筛选底物,对甘蔗品种新台糖22号进行临界筛选浓度测定,获得愈伤组织的继代、分化、生根的临界筛选浓度。而后应用含有甘露糖筛选标记基因pmi及绿色荧光蛋白报告基因GFP的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法对新台糖22号的愈伤组织进行遗传转化。用所测定的临界筛选浓度先后进行继代、分化、生根筛选培养,获得抗性植株。对获得的抗性植株分别进行pmi基因和GFP基因的PCR检测,以及GFP显微镜荧光检测,结果证实已成功建立了高效的甘蔗转基因甘露糖筛选系统。     

A non-destructive screenable marker,OsFAST, for identifying transgenic rice seeds

The production of transgenic plants has contributed greatly to plant research. Previously, an improved method for screening transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seeds using the FAST (Fluorescence-Accumulating-Seed Technology) method and FAST marker was reported. Arabidopsis seeds containing the FAST marker may be visually screened using a fluorescence stereomicroscope or blue LED handy-type instrument. Although the FAST method was originally designed for Arabidopsis screens, this study endeavors to adapt this method for the screening of other plants. Here, an optimized technology, designated the OsFAST method, is presented as a useful tool for screening transgenic rice seeds. The OsFAST method is based on the expression of the OsFAST-G marker under the control of a seed-embryo-specific promoter, similar to the Arabidopsis FAST-G marker. The OsFAST method provides a simple and non-destructive method for identifying transgenic rice seeds. It is proposed that the FAST method is adaptable to various plant species and will enable a deeper analysis of the floral-dip method.Key words: Oryza sativa, oleosin, seed, green fluorescent protein, transformation, screenable markerThe production of transgenic plants has significantly enhanced many areas of plant science research. Antibiotic/herbicide-resistance genes are traditionally used as screenable markers for the selection of transgenic plants. However, this approach does have disadvantages. First, antibiotics or herbicides occasionally inhibit the growth of transgenic plants, regardless of the incorporation of antibiotic- or herbicide-resistance genes¹ into the transgenic plants. Second, the identification of resistant transgenic plants requires that the seed population be sown onto plates containing antibiotics or herbicides. Third, the selection process is slow and labor intensive, often involving the screening of vast numbers of potentially transgenic seeds on selective plates.To overcome these disadvantages, an improved approach for selecting transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, designated the FAST (Fluorescence-Accumulating-Seed Technology) method, was developed. This method employs the use of a fluorescent protein that is expressed in seeds and used as a visual screenable marker for the identification of transgenic seeds. The seed-specific protein oleosin, a family of oil-body-membrane proteins,² has an important role as a size regulator of oil bodies.³ AtOLE1, the most abundant oleosin, functions in the freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis seeds.⁴ A plasmid containing an AtOLE1-GFP fusion gene controlled by the AtOLE1 promoter was constructed and designated the FAST-G (Fluorescence-Accumulating-Seed Technology with OLE1-GFP) marker. Interestingly, Arabidopsis seeds containing the FAST-G marker emitted clear fluorescence under a fluorescence stereomicroscope or blue LED handy-type instrument. The transgenic seeds were visually identified by the seed fluorescence without the use of antibiotics or herbicides, thus indicating that the FAST method offers a nondestructive approach. The FAST marker permits the identification of homozygous seeds among the T2 population with a false discovery rate of less than 1% as a co-dominant screenable marker. In contrast to conventional methods using antibiotics or herbicides, the FAST method reduces the amount of time required to acquire homozygous transgenic plants from 7.5 months to 4 months. The fluorescence of the FAST-G marker was limited to a specific organ (i.e., in seeds) and a specific time (i.e., during dormancy), desirable characteristics of selectable and/or screenable markers. Furthermore, the FAST marker does not require sterile seeding and the handling of large numbers of plants.     

Bifunctional protein conferring enhanced green fluorescence and puromycin resistance

A new genetic marker was created in which sequences from enhanced green fluorescent protein were fused to those of puromycin N-acetyl transferase. The resulting fusion protein (EGFP-puro) conferred both green fluorescence and resistance to puromycin when expressed in mammalian cells. The utility of EGFP-puro as a selectable/screenable marker was demonstrated by the ease with which a recombinant guinea pig cytomegalovirus containing EGFP-puro was isolated by a combination of puromycin selection and screening for green fluorescence. We conclude that EGFP-puro is a compact and versatile marker that should prove useful for recombinant virus and transgenic cell line construction, particularly in applications in which coding capacity is limited.     

Endosomal proteases facilitate the fusion of endosomes with vacuoles at the final step of the endocytotic pathway

The mechanism by which plasma membrane proteins are transported to vacuoles for degradation has not been well characterized in plants. To clarify how plasma membrane proteins are degraded, we monitored the endocytotic pathway in tobacco suspension-cultured BY-2 cells with a fluorescent endocytosis marker, FM4-64. Because of the efficient and rapid delivery of endosomes to the vacuoles, endosomes were scarcely detectable. Interestingly, we found that E-64d, an inhibitor of papain family proteases, caused the accumulation of a large number of endosomes in the cells under the sucrose-starved condition. This result indicates that E-64d attenuates the fusion of endosomes with vacuoles. We identified two papain homologues, which are localized in the endosomes, with a biotinylated inhibitor. We designated them as endosome-localized papains (ENPs). Immunofluorescent analysis revealed that vacuolar sorting receptor, a marker of prevacuolar compartment (PVC), was localized in the endosomes. This result and their acidic nature show that the endosomes correspond to PVC. These results suggest that ENPs facilitate the final step in the vacuolar trafficking pathway under the sucrose-starved condition. We further examined the effects of E-64d on two transgenic Arabidopsis plants that constitutively express a fusion protein composed of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a plasma membrane protein (GFP-PIP2a or GFP-LTI6b). GFP fluorescence was observed on the plasma membrane of root cells in these transgenic plants. Treatment with E-64d induced the accumulation of GFP-fluorescent endosomes and inhibited the degradation of these fusion proteins. No GFP fluorescence was observed in vacuoles in E-64d-treated transgenic plants. Taken together, these results suggest that endosomal proteases are required for the fusion of endosomes with vacuoles at the final step in the endocytotic pathway for degradation of plasma membrane proteins in plants.     

A rapid and non‐destructive screenable marker,FAST, for identifying transformed seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana

The creation of transgenic plants has contributed extensively to the advancement of plant science. Establishing homozygous transgenic lines is time‐consuming and laborious, and using antibiotics or herbicides to select transformed plants may adversely affect the growth of some transgenic plants. Here we describe a novel technology, which we have named FAST (fluorescence‐accumulating seed technology), that overcomes these difficulties. Although this technology was designed for use in Arabidopsis thaliana, it may be adapted for use in other plants. The technology is based on the expression of a fluorescent co‐dominant screenable marker FAST, under the control of a seed‐specific promoter, on the oil body membrane. The FAST marker harbors a fusion gene encoding either GFP or RFP with an oil body membrane protein that is prominent in seeds. The marker protein was only expressed in a specific organ (i.e. in dry seeds) and at a specific time (i.e. during dormancy), which are desirable features of selectable and/or screenable markers. This technique provides an immediate and non‐destructive method for identifying transformed dry seeds. It identified the heterozygous transformed seeds among the T₁ population and the homozygous seeds among the T₂ population with a false‐discovery rate of <1%. The FAST marker reduces the length of time required to produce homozygous transgenic lines from 7.5 to 4 months. Furthermore, it does not require sterilization, clean‐bench protocols or the handling of large numbers of plants. This technology should greatly facilitate the generation of transgenic Arabidopsis plants.     

利用子房滴注法获得无载体骨架序列和选择标记的转基因玉米

转基因植物中的载体骨架序列和选择标记基因是引起生物安全性争论的根本原因, 最直接、最有效的解决方法是在转化过程中不使用载体骨架序列和选择标记基因。本研究建立并优化了玉米子房滴注转化法, 其操作要点是将DNA转化溶液直接滴加在完全去除花柱的子房上。利用子房滴注法将无载体骨架序列和选择标记的线性GFP基因表达框转化玉米。PCR结果表明: 适合子房滴注法转化的玉米品种为9818, 最佳转化时间为授粉后18~20 h, 在此条件下得到最高的PCR阳性率, 为3.01%; Southern blotting结果表明外源基因的整合方式简单(1~2条杂交带); RT-PCR结果表明转基因植株中GFP基因能够在RNA水平上正常表达; 在转基因植株的根和幼胚中观察到GFP表达。     

一种拟南芥基因高效编辑体系研究

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统操作简单易行,无需引入外源基因,生物安全性高。但怎样快速筛选获得不含外源转化元件的基因编辑后代是一个关键技术问题。本研究创造性的将拟南芥种皮特异性启动子At2S3与荧光筛选标记基因mCherry组装进植物基因组定点编辑CRISPR载体pHDE中,以拟南芥as1为靶基因,构建一种通过荧光标记筛选、实现转化后代中Cas9 Free的基因高效编辑体系。结果表明,通过同源重组方法构建的带有筛选标记的CRISPR载体与设计相符,外源插入片段正确。挑选转化后种皮上带有红色荧光标记的阳性种子培育得到T₁代植株,经PCR验证,成功获得as1定点敲除的纯合突变植株,纯合子比率达到40%;挑选T₁代纯合突变上不带荧光的种子,培育得到的T₂代植株中,PCR检测不到Cas9片段,实现了编辑后代的Cas9 Free。本研究构建的一种带有可视化筛选标记的基因高效编辑体系,成功实现编辑后代中无外源插入的Cas9等转化元件,生物安全性高,为基因组定点编辑技术在植物遗传资源改良中的高效利用提供了借鉴与参考。     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated sorghum transformation using a mannose selection system

A dual-marker plasmid containing the selectable marker gene, manA, and the reporter gene, sgfp, was used to transform immature sorghum embryos by employing an Agrobacterium-mediated system. Both genes were under the control of the ubi1 promoter in a binary vector pPZP201. The Escherichia coli phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene, pmi, was used as the selectable marker gene and mannose was used as the selective agent. The sgfp gene encoding green fluorescence protein (GFP) was the reporter gene and served as a visual screening marker. A total of 167 transgenic plants were obtained from nine different embryogenic callus lines grown on a selection medium containing 1%-2% mannose. Embryoids and shoots regenerated via embryogenesis, that showed strong GFP fluorescence, were selected from two sorghum genotypes: C401, an inbred line, and Pioneer 8505, a commercial hybrid. The GFP accumulation in transgenic plants was observed with a dissecting stereomicroscope. The integration and expression of the manA gene was confirmed by Southern blot and Western blot analyses, and the feasibility of manA selection was demonstrated by the chlorophenol red (CPR) assay. Our results indicated that transgenes segregated in the Mendelian fashion in the T1 generation. The conversion of mannose to a metabolizable fructose carbon source is beneficial to plants. In addition, except in soybean and a few legumes, no endogenous PMI activity has been detected in plant species, indicating that PMI is useful in the transformation of sorghum. In addition, PMI has no sequence homology to known allergens. Optimization of this selection system for sorghum transformation provides an efficient way to produce transgenic plants without using antibiotic or herbicidal agents as selectable markers, and our results showed that the transformation efficiency reached 2.88% for Pioneer 8505 and 3.30% for C401, both values higher than in previously published reports.     

转新城疫病毒融合蛋白基因水稻植株的获得

以编码新城疫病毒融合蛋白(NDV—F)基因为外源基因,与玉米泛素蛋白(Ubi)启动子和农杆菌胭脂碱合成酶基因(NOS)终止子构建成嵌合基因,构建了适宜于农杆菌介导转化水稻的表达质粒pUNDV;并以潮霉素磷酸转移酶(HPT)基因作选择标记基因、β-半乳糖苷酸酶(GUS)基因作报告基因,借助于农杆菌介导转化水稻,获得了多株转基因植株。PCR分析和GUS活性检测结果证实含有NDV—F基冈的T—DNA已整合到水稻基因组中,为研制廉价的转基因水稻新城疫基因工程疫苗奠定了基础。     

Selection of transgenic Xenopus laevis using antibiotic resistance

We previously established lines of transgenic Xenopus laevis expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or GFP fusion proteins in the rod photoreceptors of their retinas under control of the X. laevis opsin promoter, which permits easy identification of transgenic animals by fluorescence microscopy. However, GFP tags can alter the properties of fusion partners, and in many circumstances a second selectable marker would be useful. The transgene constructs we used also encode a gene that confers resistance to the antibiotic G418 in cultured mammalian cells. In this study, we show that F2 transgenic offspring of these animals are more resistant to G418 toxicity than their non-transgenic siblings, as are primary transgenic X. laevis. G418 resistance can be used as a selectable marker in transgenic X. laevis, and possibly other aquatic transgenic animals.     

Excision of selectable marker gene from transgenic tobacco using the GM-gene-deletor system regulated by a heat-inducible promoter

To excise a selectable marker gene from transgenic plants, a new binary expression vector based on the 'genetically modified (GM)-gene-deletor' system was constructed. In this vector, the gene coding for FLP site-specific recombinase under the control of a heat shock-inducible promoter HSP18.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and isopentenyltransferase gene (ipt), as a selectable marker gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter, were flanked by two loxP/FRT fusion sequences as recombination sites in direct orientation. Histochemical staining for GUS activity showed that, upon induction by heat shock, all exogenous DNA, including the selectable marker gene ipt, beta-glucuronidase (gusA) gene and the FLP recombinase gene, between two loxP/FRT sites was eliminated efficiently from primary transgenic tobacco plants. Molecular analysis further confirmed that excision of the marker gene (ipt) was heritable and stable. Our approach provides a reliable strategy for auto-excising a selectable marker gene from calli, shoots or other tissues of transgenic plants after transformation and producing marker-free transgenic plants.