Cyclin D1与细胞周期调控

细胞周期是细胞生命活动中一个最重要的过程,其关键是G1 期的启动.细胞周期蛋白(Cyclin)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDKs)和CDK抑制因子(CKIs)是参与钿胞周期调控的主要因子.Cyclin D1是调控细胞周期G1期的关键蛋白,是一个比其他Cyclins更加敏感的指标,对细胞周期调控至关重要.综述Cyclin D1的结构和功能及其在肿瘤组织中的表达特征,初步分析Cyclin D在昆虫细胞周期调控的研究.     

Terminal Myeloid Differentiation is Uncoupled from Cell Cycle Arrest

It has been assumed that terminal myeloid differentiation and cell cycle arrest are coupled processes, and that prohibiting cell cycle arrest blocks differentiation. Previously we have shown that, using the murine M1 myeloid leukemic cell line, deregulated expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc results in cells that cannot be induced to undergo terminal differentiation and continued to proliferate. It has also been shown that ectopic expression of Egr-1 abrogated the c-Myc block in terminal myeloid differentiation, yet there was no accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In this study we conclusively demonstrate that M1Myc/Egr-1 cells terminally differentiate while still actively cycling and synthesizing DNA, concluding that the terminal myeloid differentiation program is uncoupled from growth arrest. How deregulated expression/activation of proto-oncogenes that promote cell cycle progression interferes with differentiation and how differentiation is regulated independently of cell cycle control are discussed, as well as the implications with regard to differentiation therapy.     

Cellular Ras and Cyclin D1 Are Required during Different Cell Cycle Periods in Cycling NIH 3T3 Cells

Novel techniques were used to determine when in the cell cycle of proliferating NIH 3T3 cells cellular Ras and cyclin D1 are required. For comparison, in quiescent cells, all four of the inhibitors of cell cycle progression tested (anti-Ras, anti-cyclin D1, serum removal, and cycloheximide) became ineffective at essentially the same point in G1 phase, approximately 4 h prior to the beginning of DNA synthesis. To extend these studies to cycling cells, a time-lapse approach was used to determine the approximate cell cycle position of individual cells in an asynchronous culture at the time of inhibitor treatment and then to determine the effects of the inhibitor upon recipient cells. With this approach, anti-Ras antibody efficiently inhibited entry into S phase only when introduced into cells prior to the preceding mitosis, several hours before the beginning of S phase. Anti-cyclin D1, on the other hand, was an efficient inhibitor when introduced up until just before the initiation of DNA synthesis. Cycloheximide treatment, like anti-cyclin D1 microinjection, was inhibitory throughout G1 phase (which lasts a total of 4 to 5 h in these cells). Finally, serum removal blocked entry into S phase only during the first hour following mitosis. Kinetic analysis and a novel dual-labeling technique were used to confirm the differences in cell cycle requirements for Ras, cyclin D1, and cycloheximide. These studies demonstrate a fundamental difference in mitogenic signal transduction between quiescent and cycling NIH 3T3 cells and reveal a sequence of signaling events required for cell cycle progression in proliferating NIH 3T3 cells.     

Role of DNA Methylation in Cell Cycle Arrest Induced by Cr (VI) in Two Cell Lines

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(IV)], a well-known industrial waste product and an environmental pollutant, is recognized as a human carcinogen. But its mechanisms of carcinogenicity remain unclear, and recent studies suggest that DNA methylation may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of Cr(IV). The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of Cr(IV) on cell cycle progress, global DNA methylation, and DNA methylation of p16 gene. A human B lymphoblastoid cell line and a human lung cell line A549 were exposed to 5–15 µM potassium dichromate or 1.25–5 µg/cm² lead chromate for 2–24 hours. Cell cycle was arrested at G₁ phase by both compounds in 24 hours exposure group, but global hypomethylation occurred earlier than cell cycle arrest, and the hypomethylation status maintained for more than 20 hours. The mRNA expression of p16 was significantly up-regulated by Cr(IV), especially by potassium dichromate, and the mRNA expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4 and CDK6) was significantly down-regulated. But protein expression analysis showed very little change of p16 gene. Both qualitative and quantitative results showed that DNA methylation status of p16 remained unchanged. Collectively, our data suggested that global hypomethylation was possibly responsible for Cr(IV) - induced G₁ phase arrest,but DNA methylation might not be related to up-regulation of p16 gene by Cr(IV).     

Cell Cycle Arrest of Proliferating Neuronal Cells by Serum Deprivation Can Result in Either Apoptosis or Differentiation

Abstract: Apoptotic cell death plays a critical role in the development of the nervous system. The death of mature nondividing neurons that fail to receive appropriate input from the target field has been extensively studied. However, the mechanisms mediating the extensive cell death occurring in areas of the developing brain where proliferating neuroblasts differentiate into mature nondividing neurons have not been analyzed. We show here that the cell cycle arrest of a proliferating cell of neuronal origin by removal of serum results in either apoptotic cell death or differentiation to a mature nondividing neuronal cell. The proportion of cells undergoing death or differentiation is influenced in opposite directions by treatment of the cells with cyclic AMP and retinoic acid. This suggests that following the withdrawal of signals stimulating neuroblast cell division, neuronal cells either can cease to suppress a constitutive suicide pathway and hence die by apoptosis or, alternatively, can differentiate into a mature neuronal cell. Regulation of the balance between apoptosis and neuronal differentiation could therefore play a critical role in controlling the numbers of mature neurons that form.     

Ubiquitin B在HSP90抑制剂17-AAG诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞周期阻滞中的作用

目的 研究Ubiquitin B（Ubb）在热休克蛋白90（HSP90）抑制剂17-AAG诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞周期阻滞中的作用及机制.方法 不同浓度17-AAG处理HeLa细胞后,流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布,荧光分光光度法检测细胞蛋白酶体活性变化;Ubb siRNA 转染HeLa细胞后,Real Time PCR法检测Ubb干扰效应,Western 印迹检测细胞周期相关蛋白的表达改变.结果 17-AAG可以诱导HeLa细胞阻滞于G2/M期,同时显著增强细胞内糜蛋白酶样蛋白酶体活性,并且两者的变化均呈现剂量依赖性;干扰HeLa细胞内Ubb后,可以逆转17-AAG引起的G2/M期阻滞;17-AAG可明显下调HeLa细胞周期相关蛋白Cdk1和Hec1的表达,并且这一变化也是Ubb依赖的.结论 Ubb在17-AAG诱导的HeLa细胞周期阻滞中发挥重要作用,Ubb和HSP90抑制剂17-AAG在功能上相互关联,可能成为宫颈癌治疗的新靶点.     

Role of Baculovirus IE2 and Its RING Finger in Cell Cycle Arrest

The ie2 gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) is known to transactivate transient expression from viral promoters in a host cell-specific manner. We report that transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda (SF-21) cells with ie2 was sufficient to arrest the cell cycle, resulting in the accumulation of enlarged cells with abnormally high DNA contents. By 72 h posttransfection, more than 50% of ie2-transfected cells had DNA contents greater than 4N. There was no evidence of mitotic spindle formation in these cells, and expression of ie2 appeared to block cell cycle progression in S phase. Several ie2 mutants were analyzed to further define the region of IE2 responsible for arresting the cell cycle. Analysis of these mutants showed that deletion of the RING finger motif eliminated the ability of IE2 to arrest the cell cycle but did not affect its ability to transactivate the ie1 promoter. Moreover, mutation of a single conserved cysteine (C251) of the RING finger motif abolished the ability of IE2 to block cell cycle progression but had no apparent effect on its trans-regulatory activity. In contrast, a mutant of IE2 containing a deletion of residues 94 to 173 was able to block cell division but lacked trans-regulatory activity. Thus, the ability of IE2 to arrest the cell cycle depended on the integrity of the RING finger motif and was distinct from and independent of its ability to trans-activate the ie1 promoter. IE2 also arrested the division of cells derived from other insect species, Trichoplusia ni (TN-368 and BTI-TN-5B1-4) and Helicoverpa zea (Hz-AM1).     

A Role for the MEK/MAPK Pathway in PMA-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest: Modulation of Megakaryocytic Differentiation of K562 Cells

In vitromegakaryocytic differentiation of the pluripotent K562 human leukemia cell line is induced by PMA. Treatment of K562 cells with PMA results in growth arrest, polyploidy, morphological changes, and increased cell–cell and cell–substrate adhesion. These PMA-induced changes in K562 cells are preceded by a rapid rise in the activity of MEK (MAP kinase/extracellular regulated kinases) that leads to a sustained activation of ERK2 (extracellular regulated kinase; MAPK). Blockade of MEK1 activation by PD098059, a recently described specific MEK inhibitor [D. T. Dudleyet al.(1995).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA92, 7686–7689], reverses both the growth arrest and the morphological changes of K562 cells induced by PMA treatment. These changes are not associated with a disruption of PMA-induced down-regulation of BCR-ABL kinase or early integrin signaling events but are associated with a block of the cell-surface expression of the gpIIb/IIIa (CD41) integrin, a cell marker of megakaryocytic differentiation. These results demonstrate that the PMA-induced signaling cascade initiated by protein kinase C activation requires the activity of the MEK/ERK signaling complex to regulate cell cycle arrest, thus regulating the program that leads to the cell-surface expression of markers associated with megakaryocytic differentiation.     

p53蛋白参与NGF诱导的PC12细胞周期阻滞

通过观察不同营养状况下NGF诱导PC12细胞发生周期阻滞过程中p53蛋白水平的变化,探讨p53在PC12细胞周期阻滞中可能的作用机制．用流式细胞术检测细胞周期;Western blot检测p53和p21^WAF1/CIP蛋白水平．结果显示1％FBS(Fatal Bovine Serum)和50ug／L NGF(Nerve Growth Factor)均可诱导PC12细胞发生细胞周期阻滞．在10％FBS 50ug／L NGF处理的细胞中,p53和p21^WAF1/CIP1均增高,而使用MEK抑制剂U0126(10umol／L)可以抑制这一增高．在1％FBS处理的细胞中,p53水平增高,p21^WAF1/CIP1却未见明显增高;进而加入50ug／L NGF作用1h后,p53显著降低,6h后再次升高,并持续至24h．可见p53在50ug／L NGF和1％FBS诱导的细胞周期阻滞中均发挥作用,但作用机制可能不同．     

c-Myc or Cyclin D1 Mimics Estrogen Effects on Cyclin E-Cdk2 Activation and Cell Cycle Reentry

Estrogen-induced progression through G₁ phase of the cell cycle is preceded by increased expression of the G₁-phase regulatory proteins c-Myc and cyclin D1. To investigate the potential contribution of these proteins to estrogen action, we derived clonal MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines in which c-Myc or cyclin D1 was expressed under the control of the metal-inducible metallothionein promoter. Inducible expression of either c-Myc or cyclin D1 was sufficient for S-phase entry in cells previously arrested in G₁ phase by pretreatment with ICI 182780, a potent estrogen antagonist. c-Myc expression was not accompanied by increased cyclin D1 expression or Cdk4 activation, nor was cyclin D1 induction accompanied by increases in c-Myc. Expression of c-Myc or cyclin D1 was sufficient to activate cyclin E-Cdk2 by promoting the formation of high-molecular-weight complexes lacking the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, as has been described, following estrogen treatment. Interestingly, this was accompanied by an association between active cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes and hyperphosphorylated p130, identifying a previously undefined role for p130 in estrogen action. These data provide evidence for distinct c-Myc and cyclin D1 pathways in estrogen-induced mitogenesis which converge on or prior to the formation of active cyclin E-Cdk2-p130 complexes and loss of inactive cyclin E-Cdk2-p21 complexes, indicating a physiologically relevant role for the cyclin E binding motifs shared by p130 and p21.     

Methamphetamine Alters the Normal Progression by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest in Astrocytes

Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent psychostimulant with a high addictive capacity, which induces many deleterious effects on the brain. Chronic MA abuse leads to cognitive dysfunction and motor impairment. MA affects many cells in the brain, but the effects on astrocytes of repeated MA exposure is not well understood. In this report, we used Gene chip array to analyze the changes in the gene expression profile of primary human astrocytes treated with MA for 3 days. Range of genes were found to be differentially regulated, with a large number of genes significantly downregulated, including NEK2, TTK, TOP2A, and CCNE2. Gene ontology and pathway analysis showed a highly significant clustering of genes involved in cell cycle progression and DNA replication. Further pathway analysis showed that the genes downregulated by multiple MA treatment were critical for G2/M phase progression and G1/S transition. Cell cycle analysis of SVG astrocytes showed a significant reduction in the percentage of cell in the G2/M phase with a concomitant increase in G1 percentage. This was consistent with the gene array and validation data, which showed that repeated MA treatment downregulated the genes associated with cell cycle regulation. This is a novel finding, which explains the effect of MA treatment on astrocytes and has clear implication in neuroinflammation among the drug abusers.