kar交配法转移YACs至新宿主的研究

利用改进的ｋａｒ交配法,将一个含有３４０ｋｂ人基因组ＤＮＡ的ＹＡＧ片段的供体酵母菌株ＹＡＣ２３与受体菌株ＹＬＢ５０４进行交本,以选择平板对所形成的侯选ＹＡＣ导入菌进行筛选,经ＰＣＲ分析,候选ＹＡＣ导入菌在４０４ｂｐ处有一个扩增带,即具有受体菌株的交配型（ＭＡＴα）。地一步用脉冲电沪进行核型鉴定。     

栗疫病菌的营养体亲和性基因和dsRNAs对病毒传播的影响

研究了栗疫病菌（Ｃｒｐｈｏｎｅｃｔｒｉａｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃａ（Ｍｕｒｒ）．Ｂａｒｒ）营养体亲和性基因及ｄｓＲＮＡ病毒对菌株间病毒特征与传播影响,试验选用已知４个ＶＣ基因座位的１５个ＶＣ基因型菌株和３种ｄｓＲＮＡ病毒,通过含病毒菌株与野生型菌株的配对培养,将病毒逐个转入不同ＶＣ基因型菌株,将不同ＶＣ基因型的含病毒菌株与具特定ＶＣ基因差异的野生型菌株配对培养,根据培养两周后野生型菌株培养性状的改变与否     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的电穿孔及其工程菌的构建

本文对苏芸金芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｂｔ)和蜡状芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｃｅｒｅｕｓ,Ｂｃ)等部分菌株的电穿孔转化进行了研究 ,主要从电穿孔的供体质粒和受体菌株等方面讨论了各种因素对该方法的影响。同时利用电穿孔方法对部分Ｂｔ的高效野生株进行遗传改良 ,希望获得含有ｃｒｙ1Ａｃ和ｃｒｙ1Ｃ高效基因组合的对鳞翅目棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾都有效的广谱工程株。利用质粒 ｐＳＢ1 40 2 (ｃｒｙ1Ｃ) ,ｐＡＭＹ(ｃｒｙ1Ａｃ) ,ｐＮＱ1 2 2 (Ｃｍｒ)对所有的供试菌株进行电穿孔转化 ,不同菌株表现出不同的转…     

土曲霉（Aspergillus terreus）产生洛伐他汀（lovastatin）的研究

从土曲霉Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ　ｔｅｒｒｅｕｓ ＣＡ９５１发酵液中,分离出一种白色针状晶体,经质谱、紫外光谱、红外光 谱和核磁共振谱分析,与文献报道的洛伐他汀（ｌｏｖａｓｔａｔｉｎ）基本一致。 Ａ．ｔｅｒｒｅｕｓ　 ＣＡ９５１经亚硝基胍诱变,选出 编号为ＣＡＮ １８７的突变株,其产生洛伐他汀的能力比ＣＡ９５１高６６％。摇瓶发酵实验研究了不同碳源、氮源和 水质对 ＣＡＮ１８７ 菌株产生洛伐他汀的影响,并进行了 ５００Ｌ发酵罐实验,发酵单位达９００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右。     

粟酒裂殖酵母染色体DNA的脉冲电泳分析

采用等高锁状均质电场（ＣＨＥＦ）凝胶电泳技术,对来自中国微生物菌种保藏委员会普通微生物中心的粟酒裂殖酵母菌株ＡＳ２．２１４进行染色体ＤＮＡ分析。ＣＨＥＦ电泳结果显示菌株ＡＳ２．２１４的４条染色体ＤＮＡ的分子大小分别约为５９００ｋｂ、３２００ｋｂ、２５００ｋｂ和５５０ｋｂ,基因组大小约为１２０００ｋｂ。供试菌株ＡＳ２．２１４第Ｉ条染色体ＤＮＡ为５９００ｋｂ与已研究报道的菌株９７２ｈ＾－和ＨＭ２４８（     

中国蜜环菌生物种与北美种的交配关系

将中国三个未知蜜环菌生物种Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ的３８个代表菌株与北美蜜环菌Ａ．ｓｉｎａｐｉｎａ、Ａ．ｃａｌｖｅｅｓｃｅｎｓ、Ａ．ｎａｂｓｎｏｎａ、Ａ．ｇｅｍｉｎａ、Ａ．ｏｓｔｏｙａｅ、ＮＡＢＳＸ等六个种的２２个代表菌株进行了配对试验,结果表明中国生物种Ａ与北美种Ａ．ｓｉｎａｐｉｎａ互交可育,属于同一种。中国生物种Ｃ与任一北美种都互交不育不存在部分可育现象,为亚洲特有种,中国生物种Ｄ与欧美的Ａ．ｏｓｔｏｙａｅ     

海南省潜伏香蕉果实的炭疽菌对特克多的抗药性

对来自海南省１３个地区的６７个Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍ ｍｕｓａｅ（Ｂｅｒｋ．＆Ｃｕｒｔ．）Ａｒｘ菌株进行抗药性检测,所测菌株均表现出敏感,即未产生特克多抗药性。室内采用高浓度特克多和９０－９５％致死剂量紫外光进行抗性诱导,获得的抗性菌株均能在１０００μｇ／ｍｌ。特克多的ＰＤＡ培养基上生长,但ＥＣ５０值相差很大,最高达１３０μｇ／ｍｌ,而最低为０．８７μｇ／ｍｌ。抗性菌株对多菌灵和甲基托布津均     

反向间接胶乳凝集试验法检测粪便A型产气荚膜梭菌肠毒素的结果及评价

本文以１０种５２株供试菌分别与７个不同年龄组的健康人粪便混合,共配成３６４份模拟标本,采用反向间接胶乳凝集（ＲＰＬＡ）试验法与生物学试验法（小鼠致死试验、豚鼠皮肤血管透性因子试验,Ｖｅｒｏ细胞毒性试验）检测各标本中的Ａ型产气荚膜梭菌肠毒素（简称Ｃｐ－Ｅｎｔ）。除产气荚膜梭菌之外的其他菌种培养液２３８份标本（３４株）,ＲＰＬＡ与生物学试验结果完全一致,均为阴性。产气荚膜梭菌１２６份标本（１８株）中有７０份标本的ＲＰＬＡ同生物学诸法完全一致地检出了Ｃｐ－Ｅｎｔ．有１株７份标本（ＣｐＮＣＴＣ８７９７）的ＲＰＬＡ为阳性,而各生物学试验却均为阴性,该菌株经ＰＣＲ检查证明确为肠毒素原性产气荚膜梭菌,表明ＲＰＬＡ比生物学试验法更灵敏。有５株（ＣｐＮＣＴｃ８２３８,ＣｐＮＣＴＣ１０６１１,ＣｐＮＣＴＣ１０６１４,ＣｐＮＣＴＣ１０６１２,ＣｐＬ－５２）３５份标本ＲＰＬＡ与各生物学试验结果均为阴性,但经ＰＣＲ检吉证明该５株菌均为肠毒素原性产气荚膜梭菌,后经超声波破碎菌体提取物对其中部分菌株进行试验的结果仍然显示了ＲＰＬＡ与生物学法的一致性。有２株（ＣｐＮＣＴＣ８６８６,ＣｐＮＣＴＣ８４４９）１４份标本的所有结果均为阴性,ＰＣＲ     

普通结瘤基因探针鉴定根瘤菌的研究

普通结瘤基因（ｎｏｄＡＢＣ）是所有根瘤菌所特有的、最为保守的基因,用苜蓿根瘤菌结瘤基因（ｎｏｄＡＢＣ）和豌豆根瘤菌的（ｎｏｄＣ）基因片段为探钉,与５２株包括常见土壤细菌、已知根瘤菌、根瘤未知分离物的总ＤＮＡ进行斑点杂交,探索用普通结瘤基因（ｎｏｄＡＢＣ）或（ｎｏｄＣ）探针鉴定根瘤菌的可能性。结果,未找到合适实验条件,使来自这两个种的结瘤基因只能与根瘤菌菌株杂交,而不与土壤细菌的菌株杂交。但在高温条件下,两种探针都专一性的和种内菌株杂交。此结果表明：在一定的实验条件下,普通结瘤基因探针用做根瘤菌的鉴定,只能     

阿维菌素高产菌株的选育及阿维菌素B1的鉴定

自阿维链霉菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ ａｖｅｒｍｉｔｉｌｉｓ ＡＴＣＣ３１２７２）中分离出了３种不同类型的菌株,其中只有产灰色了的菌株能产生阿维菌素（Ａｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎｓ）,摇瓶发醇单位约１００μｇ／ｍＬ。从其菌丝体中提取纯化了阿维菌素Ｂ１晶体,其紫外吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱、核磁共振谱Ｈ－ＮＭＲ和＾１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ）和质与国外报道的一致。Ｓａ－７６菌株又经２次亚硝基胍诱变,筛选出发酵单位２０００     

Prevalence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase in Rhizobium spp

This is the first report documenting the presence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase in Rhizobium. This enzyme, previously found in free-living bacteria, yeast and fungi, degrades ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene in higher plants. Thirteen different rhizobial strains were examined by Southern hybridization, Western blots and ACC deaminase enzyme assay. Five of them tested positive for ACC deaminase. Induction of the expression of ACC deaminase was examined in one of the positively tested strains, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 128C53K. This rhizobial ACC deaminase had a trace basal level of expression without ACC, but could be induced by a concentration of ACC as low as 1 μM. The more ACC added to this Rhizobium the higher the expression level of the ACC deaminase. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evidence of high Ca uptake by cyanobacteria forming intracellular CaCO3 and impact on their growth

Several species of cyanobacteria biomineralizing intracellular amorphous calcium carbonates (ACC) were recently discovered. However, the mechanisms involved in this biomineralization process and the determinants discriminating species forming intracellular ACC from those not forming intracellular ACC remain unknown. Recently, it was hypothesized that the intensity of Ca uptake (i.e., how much Ca was scavenged from the extracellular solution) might be a major parameter controlling the capability of a cyanobacterium to form intracellular ACC. Here, we tested this hypothesis by systematically measuring the Ca uptake by a set of 52 cyanobacterial strains cultured in the same growth medium. The results evidenced a dichotomy among cyanobacteria regarding Ca sequestration capabilities, with all strains forming intracellular ACC incorporating significantly more calcium than strains not forming ACC. Moreover, Ca provided at a concentration of 50 μM in BG‐11 was shown to be limiting for the growth of some of the strains forming intracellular ACC, suggesting an overlooked quantitative role of Ca for these strains. All cyanobacteria forming intracellular ACC contained at least one gene coding for a mechanosensitive channel, which might be involved in Ca influx, as well as at least one gene coding for a Ca²⁺/H⁺ exchanger and membrane proteins of the UPF0016 family, which might be involved in active Ca transport either from the cytosol to the extracellular solution or the cytosol toward an intracellular compartment. Overall, massive Ca sequestration may have an indirect role by allowing the formation of intracellular ACC. The latter may be beneficial to the growth of the cells as a storage of inorganic C and/or a buffer of intracellular pH. Moreover, high Ca scavenging by cyanobacteria biomineralizing intracellular ACC, a trait shared with endolithic cyanobacteria, suggests that these cyanobacteria should be considered as potentially significant geochemical reservoirs of Ca.     

Determination of 1-aminocycopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to assess the effects of ACC deaminase-containing bacteria on roots of canola seedlings

Previously, it was proposed that plant growth-promoting bacteria that possess the enzyme, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, can reduce the amount of ethylene produced by a plant and thereby promote root elongation. To test this model, canola seeds were imbibed in the presence of the chemical ethylene inhibitor, 2-aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), various strains of plant growth-promoting bacteria, and a psychrophilic bacterium containing an ACC deaminase gene on a broad host range plasmid. The extent of root elongation and levels of ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene, were measured in the canola seedling roots. A modification of the Waters AccQ.Tag Amino Acid Analysis Method was used to quantify ACC in the root extracts. It was found that, in the presence of the ethylene inhibitor, AVG, or any one of several ACC deaminase-containing strains of bacteria, the growth of canola seedling roots was enhanced and the ACC levels in these roots were lowered.     

Methods for isolating and characterizing ACC deaminase-containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

One of the major mechanisms utilized by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to facilitate plant growth and development is the lowering of ethylene levels by deamination of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) the immediate precursor of ethylene in plants. The enzyme catalysing this reaction, ACC deaminase, hydrolyses ACC to α -ketobutyrate and ammonia. Several bacterial strains that can utilize ACC as a sole source of nitrogen have been isolated from rhizosphere soil samples. All of these strains are considered to be PGPR based on the ability to promote canola seedling root elongation under gnotobiotic conditions. The treatment of plant seeds or roots with these bacteria reduces the amount of ACC in plants, thereby lowering the concentration of ethylene. Here, a rapid procedure for the isolation of ACC deaminase-containing bacteria, a root elongation assay for evaluating the effects of selected bacteria on root growth, and a method of assessing bacterial ACC deaminase activity are described in detail. This should allow researchers to readily isolate new PGPR strains adapted to specific environments.     

海州香薷（Elsholtzia splendens）根际铜抗性细菌的筛选及生物多样性

摘要：【目的】重金属耐性植物海州香薷根际铜抗性细菌的筛选及生物多样性研究将有助于了解微生物－超富集植物相互关系和植物修复机理、开发微生物－香薷重金属修复新技术。【方法】采用稀释平板涂布法从海州香薷根际筛选铜抗性菌株,测定菌株溶磷和产生吲哚乙酸、铁载体、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）脱氨酶的特性,采用16S rDNA限制性酶切多态性分析（amplified rDNA restriction analysis, ARDRA）研究铜抗性细菌的遗传多样性,根据16S rDNA相似性对产ACC脱氨酶的菌株进行了     

The carboxyltransferase activity of the apicoplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase of Toxoplasma gondii is the target of aryloxyphenoxypropionate inhibitors

Inhibition of growth of the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii by aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides has been correlated with the inhibition of its acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) by these compounds. Here, full-length and C-terminal fragments of T. gondii apicoplast ACC as well as C-terminal fragments of the cytosolic ACC were expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant proteins that were soluble showed the expected enzymatic activities. Yeast gene-replacement strains depending for growth on the expressed T. gondii ACC were derived by complementation of a yeast ACC1 null mutation. In vitro and in vivo tests with aryloxyphenoxypropionates showed that the carboxyltransferase domain of the apicoplast T. gondii ACC is the target for this class of inhibitors. The cytosolic T. gondii ACC is resistant to aryloxyphenoxypropionates. Both T. gondii isozymes are resistant to cyclohexanediones, another class of inhibitors targeting the ACC of grass plastids.     

芽孢杆菌对桉树幼苗的促生效果及其ACC脱氨酶活性的研究

【目的】筛选出能显著促进桉树幼苗生长的芽孢杆菌菌株,探究酶活性与桉树幼苗生长的相关性,初步揭示芽孢杆菌对桉树幼苗的促生机制。【方法】以分离自广东广州、阳江桉树林地土壤的32个芽孢杆菌菌株为研究对象,测定桉树幼苗接种盆栽试验以及菌株ACC脱氨酶活性与幼苗N、P养分。【结果】接种菌株2306、2403、2301能够显著促进桉树幼苗高生长和生物量积累,尤以菌株2306的促生效果最佳,其苗高、生物量分别比对照增加53.1%和190.2%。【结论】芽孢杆菌的ACC脱氨酶活性与桉树幼苗高生长相关极显著,与生物量相关显著;而且上述3个菌株均能提高桉树幼苗的N、P含量。研究结果将进一步丰富桉树促生菌资源,促进桉树微生物肥料的开发。     

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Deaminase Genes in Rhizobia from Southern Saskatchewan

A collection of 233 rhizobia strains from 30 different sites across Saskatchewan, Canada was assayed for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity, with 27 of the strains displaying activity. When all 27 strains were characterized based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, it was noted that 26 strains are close to Rhizobium leguminosarum and one strain is close to Rhizobium gallicum. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to rapidly isolate ACC deaminase structural genes from the above-mentioned 27 strains; 17 of them have 99% identities with the previously characterized ACC deaminase structural gene (acdS) from R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 128C53K, whereas the other ten strains are 84% identical (864~866/1,020 bp) compared to the acdS from strain 128C53K. Southern hybridization showed that each strain has only one ACC deaminase gene. Using inverse PCR, the region upstream of the ACC deaminase structural genes was characterized for all 27 strains, and 17 of these strains were shown to encode a leucine-responsive regulatory protein. The results are discussed in the context of a previously proposed model for the regulation of bacterial ACC deaminase in R. leguminosarum 128C53K. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Isolation and characterization of ACC deaminase-producing fluorescent pseudomonads, to alleviate salinity stress on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth

Salinity stress is of great importance in arid and semi-arid areas of the world due to its impact in reducing crop yield. Under salinity stress, the amount of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a precursor for ethylene production in plants, increases. Here, we conducted research under the hypothesis that isolated ACC deaminase-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida can alleviate the stressful effects of salinity on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth. The experiments were conducted in the Soil and Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. Seven experimental stages were conducted to isolate and characterize ACC deaminase-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens strains and to determine factors enhancing their growth and, consequently, their effects on the germination of canola seeds. Under salinity stress, in 14% of the isolates, ACC deaminase activity was observed, indicating that they were able to utilize ACC as the sole N-source. Bacterial strains differed in their ability to synthesize auxin and hydrogen cyanide compounds, as well as in their ACC deaminase activity. Under salinity stress, the rate of germinating seeds inoculated with the strains of ACC deaminase-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida, and seedling growth was significantly higher. These results indicate the significance of soil biological activities, including the activities of plant growth-promoting bacteria, in the alleviation of soil stresses such as salinity on plant growth.     

Selection of ACC deaminase positive,thermohalotolerant and drought tolerance enhancing plant growth-promoting bacteria from rhizospheres of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba grown in arid regions

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) expressing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity are widely acknowledged to have a role in mitigation of abiotic stress caused by extreme environmental conditions. Consequently, several studies have focused on the isolation of ACC deaminase positive PGPBs. However, the application of such strains in drought-prone arid regions has remained grossly under-exploited. In order to be used in arid agroecosystems, PGPBs need to have the dual capability: to express ACC deaminase and to have the ability to tolerate increased temperature and salt concentration. Conspicuously, to date, very few studies have reported about isolation and characterization of PGPBs with this kind of dual capability. Here we report the isolation of bacterial strains from rhizosphere(s) of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, a commercial crop from arid regions of Rajasthan, India, and their characterization for ACC deaminase activity and thermohalotolerance. Isolates found positive for desired traits were subsequently assessed for plant growth promotion under simulated drought conditions. Our finding showed that although the bacterial diversity within the rhizosphere of C. tetragonoloba grown in the arid region is quite poor, multiple isolates are ACC deaminase positive. Four isolates were found to be ACC deaminase positive, thermohalotolerant, and successfully enhanced drought tolerance. These isolates were identified as strains belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Stenotrophomonas based on 16S rRNA sequence homology.