植物次生代谢基因工程

植物次生代谢基因工程,是利用基因工程技术对植物次生代谢途径的遗传特性进行改造,进而改变植物次生代谢产物。植物次生代谢基因工程的出现是人类对次生代谢途径的深入了解和分子生物学向纵深发展的结果,同时它又促进了次生代谢分子生物学的发展。调控因子的应用和多基因的协同转化为植物次生代谢基因工程拓宽了思路。从次生代谢图谱、植物基因工程策略和植物转基因方法等方面对植物次生代谢的基因工程研究进展做一简要概述。     

水稻抗稻瘟病基因资源与分子育种策略

稻瘟病是水稻主要病害之一。利用抗病品种是防治稻瘟病最经济、有效和安全的措施。近年来,随着植物先天免疫机制、抗病分子生物学以及水稻和稻瘟菌基因组学研究的不断深入,一系列参与病原菌识别和防卫信号传导与应答,以及外源抗菌蛋白、病原菌激发子等抗病相关基因陆续被鉴定和克隆,为提高水稻抗稻瘟病能力提供了一些新的基因资源、育种策略和技术。本文概述了国内外近年来克隆的主要抗稻瘟病基因资源及其在分子育种研究中应用的进展,提出了通过转基因手段整合不同防卫反应关键调控基因的抗稻瘟病聚合育种策略。     

抗病毒植物基因工程的研究进展

病毒病害一直是农业生产的一大问题,分子生物学的发展,特别是基因工程的发展为防治病毒病带来了希望。就目前的情况看,有效的抗基因主要来源于病毒本身,如外壳蛋白基因、卫星RNA基因、正义RNA序列,反义RNA序列等。除此之外,一些其它的策略也被采用,如核酶(Ribozyme)策略等。人们也正在试图从植物本身分离抗病毒基因和探索新的抗病毒策略,这一切都有助于推动抗病毒植物基因工程的发展。本     

植物抗病反应的信号传导网络

植物由抗病基因介导的防卫过程存在一系列生理生化和分子生物学反应,这些反应从病原菌侵染点开始的超敏反应(HR)并延伸到远处组织的系统抗性或获得性抗性(SAR),受制于一种信号传导网络的调控。这个信号系统由抗病蛋白和病原菌非毒性蛋白在一种配体-受体的互作模式下激发,并由信号分子H2O2,NO和系统信号分子SA,JA和乙烯和通过关键调控基因传递和放大,最终诱导一系列防卫反应基因的表达和代谢的变化而产生抗性。植物防卫信号的产生有类似于动物免疫系统因子的介导,并可由非寄主病原菌或诱导子诱发。这些信号途径所产生的广谱抗性为植物抗病基因工程的应用奠定了基础。     

植物抗病反应的信号传导网络

植物由抗病基因介导的防卫过程存在一系列生理生化和分子生物学反应,这些反应从病原菌侵染点开始的超敏反应（HR）并延伸到远处组织的系统抗性或获得性抗性（SAR）,受制于一种信号传导网络的调控,这个信号系统由抗病蛋白和病原菌非毒性蛋白在一种配体-受体的互作模式下激发,并由信号分子H2O2,NO和系统信号分子SA,JA和乙烯和通过关键调控基因传递和放大,最终诱导一系列防卫反应基因的表达和代谢的变化而产生抗性。植物防卫信号的产生有类似于动物免疫系统因子的介导,并可由非寄主病原菌或诱导子诱发,这些信号途径所产生的广谱抗性为植物抗病基因工程的应用奠定了基础。     

植物抗病基因工程的研究进展及前景展望

近年来,随着植物抗病基因(尤其是抗病毒基因)的分离,植物抗病机制的分子生物学和植物抗病基因工程的研究轰轰烈烈地展开并取得重大突破。本文针对植物抗病基因工程的原理、抗病基因、转化方法等方面的进展进行了综述,并对抗病基因工程的应用前景做了展望。     

植物抗病基因克隆研究进展

随着分子生物学及其相关技术的飞速发展,人们对植物与病原微生物相互作用的分子机制了解得越来越透彻。本文对植物过敏性反应和系统获得抗性作了简要概述,并着重讨论了植物抗病基因克隆的进展,涉及到转座子标签技术、定位克隆技术、染色体步行、染色体登陆等方法和策略,归纳了克隆到的植物抗病基因及其产物结构,概述了这些基因产物所共有的特点,并简要介绍了植物抗病基因工程的进展。     

基础研究与植物抗病、抗虫的基因工程(书面)

1970年左右即开始了植物基因工程的准备工作——改造Ti质粒为转化外源基因载体——至今已经十五载。这期间由于双元型或整合型Ti质粒载体系统的成功,并相继出现:PEG和/或电激法、微量注射法、花粉管通道法以及基因枪等的直接转化法。利用病毒和微生物分子生物学基础知识日趋成熟的植物组培及植物体再生技术,植物基因工程进展的确令人惊叹。1983年以来,一批抗病毒、抗除草剂、抗虫、保鲜的转基因植物出现了,其中不少已进入大     

植物抗病基因克隆研究进展

随着分子生物学及其相关技术的飞速发展,人们对植物与病原微生物相互作用的分子机制了解得越来越透彻。本文对植物过敏反应和系统获得抗性作了简要概述,并着重讨论了植物抗病基因克隆的进展,涉及到转座子标签技术、定位克隆技术、染色体步行、染色体登陆等方法和策略,归纳了克隆到的植物抗病基因及其产物结构,概述了这些基因产物所共有的特点,并简要介绍了植物抗病基因工程的进展。     

植物基因工程的新进展

七十年代中期,在分子生物学和细胞培养技术发展的基础上,出现了一个新的生物学研究领域一植物基因工程。由于微生物和动物基因工程研究成果的推动,植物基因工程一开始就发展迅猛,掀起了高潮,这时期的研究情况我们已作过介绍。     

植物来源的镰刀菌抗性相关基因

镰刀菌是植物的重要病原真菌,其入侵植物体可引起镰刀菌病害,给农作物和其它植物的生产带来极大的危害。植物是抗性基因的重要来源之一,随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,大量的镰刀菌相关抗性基因和抗性候选基因从不同的植物中被分离和鉴定,并应用于抗镰刀菌基因工程育种。对植物来源的镰刀菌抗性基因的种类及其作用机理、抗病候选基因、拟南芥-镰刀菌互作机制及基因调控进行了概述。     

Genetic analysis of osmotic adjustment in crop plants

Plant water deficit is a component of several different stresses, including drought, salinity and low temperatures, which severely limit plant growth and crop productivity. Genetic modification of plants to allow growth and yield under unfavourable conditions is an important component of the solution to problems of environmental stress. While disagreement and even confusion may characterize some of the discussions on what constitutes a significant and an effective osmotic adjustment (OA) is receiving increasing recognition as a major mechanism. This paper starts with review of OA functions, genetic variation and inheritance, and theories and principles involved in commonly used protocols for quantifying OA. Emphasis is placed on a summary of current molecular strategies and advanced in the improvement of plant stress resistance through manipulating OA. They include a genetic engineering approach and a QTL mapping approach. Future promising strategies for improving drought resistance lie in molecular technology that allows genes or QTLs controlling OA to be tagged and isolated, these genes to be expressed in transgenic plants, and efficiency of breeding via marker-assisted selection to be improved. Aspects of QTL utilization in plant genetics, breeding and physiology and future research directions are discussed.     

Antibody-mediated resistance against plant pathogens

Plant diseases have a significant impact on the yield and quality of crops. Many strategies have been developed to combat plant diseases, including the transfer of resistance genes to crops by conventional breeding. However, resistance genes can only be introgressed from sexually-compatible species, so breeders need alternative measures to introduce resistance traits from more distant sources. In this context, genetic engineering provides an opportunity to exploit diverse and novel forms of resistance, e.g. the use of recombinant antibodies targeting plant pathogens. Native antibodies, as a part of the vertebrate adaptive immune system, can bind to foreign antigens and eliminate them from the body. The ectopic expression of antibodies in plants can also interfere with pathogen activity to confer disease resistance. With sufficient knowledge of the pathogen life cycle, it is possible to counter any disease by designing expression constructs so that pathogen-specific antibodies accumulate at high levels in appropriate sub-cellular compartments. Although first developed to tackle plant viruses and still used predominantly for this purpose, antibodies have been targeted against a diverse range of pathogens as well as proteins involved in plant–pathogen interactions. Here we comprehensively review the development and implementation of antibody-mediated disease resistance in plants.     

谷子逆境相关基因家族研究进展

植物抗逆分子机制是当前的热点研究问题之一,研究目的在于从分子水平上解释植物适应逆境的机制、获得各种抗逆基因并通过遗传工程提高植物抗逆性。介绍了植物响应逆境的分子机制,重点概述了近年来抗旱耐瘠典型作物谷子的抗逆相关基因家族的研究进展,同时展望了谷子基因功能研究的发展前景,以期为今后培育高效抗逆作物新品种提供思路。     

Genetic engineering of crops as potential source of genetic hazard in the human diet.

The benefits of genetic engineering of crop plants to improve the reliability and quality of the world food supply have been contrasted with public concerns raised about the food safety of the resulting products. Debates have concentrated on the possible unforeseen risks associated with the accumulation of new metabolites in crop plants that may contribute to toxins, allergens and genetic hazards in the human diet. This review examines the various molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which new hazards may appear in foods as a direct consequence of genetic engineering in crop plants. Such hazards may arise from the expression products of the inserted genes, secondary or pleiotropic effects of transgene expression, and random insertional mutagenic effects resulting from transgene integration into plant genomes. However, when traditional plant breeding is evaluated in the same context, these mechanisms are no different from those that have been widely accepted from the past use of new cultivars in agriculture. The risks associated with the introduction of new genes via genetic engineering must be considered alongside the common breeding practice of introgressing large fragments of chromatin from related wild species into crop cultivars. The large proportion of such introgressed DNA involves genes of unknown function linked to the trait of interest such as pest or disease resistance. In this context, the potential risks of introducing new food hazards from the applications of genetic engineering are no different from the risks that might be anticipated from genetic manipulation of crops via traditional breeding. In many respects, the precise manner in which genetic engineering can control the nature and expression of the transferred DNA offers greater confidence for producing the desired outcome compared with traditional breeding.     

植物细胞工程在小麦抗赤霉病育种中的应用

小麦赤霉病是全球性小麦病害,严重影响小麦产量和品质,赤霉菌产生的毒素进一步威胁人畜安全,培育抗病品种是控制小麦赤霉病危害的根本途径。植物细胞工程技术可创造新的遗传变异、加快育种进程,已经广泛应用于小麦抗赤霉病育种。概述了体细胞无性系变异诱导、花药培养、小麦与玉米杂交培育加倍单倍体以及幼胚培养一年多代快速成苗等植物细胞工程技术研究进展,着重介绍了其在抗小麦赤霉病育种中的应用。最后对未来发展趋势做了展望,植物细胞工程结合分子育种技术将在小麦抗赤霉病品种培育中发挥更重要的作用。     

Advances in Research on Genetically Engineered Plants for Metal Resistance

The engineering application of natural hyperaccumulators In removing or inactivating metal pollutants from soil and surface water In field trials mostly presents the insurmountable shortcoming of low efficiency owing to their little biomass and slow growth. Based on further understanding of the molecular mechanism of metal uptake, translocation, and also the separation, identification, and cloning of some related functional genes, this article highlights and summarizes In detail the advances in research on transgenlc techniques, such as Agrobacterlurn tumefaciens-medlated transformation and particle bombardment, in breeding of plants for metal resistance and accumulation, and points out that deepening the development of transgenlc plants Is one of the efficient approaches to improving phytoremedlatlon efficiency of metalcontaminated environments. From the viewpoint of sustainable development, governments should strengthen support to the development of genetic engineering for metal resistance and accumulation In plants.     

抗旱相关基因在烟草中的应用研究进展

干旱是影响烟草正常生长、发育、产量和烟叶品质的一个重要逆境因子。在干旱胁迫下,植物体内会通过激发一些抗旱基因的表达来增强植物的抗旱能力。目前,很多抗旱相关的功能蛋白基因和调控蛋白基因已被克隆并在烟草中实现了遗传转化,外源抗旱基因的表达提高了转基因烟草的抗旱能力。抗旱基因的克隆为烟草抗旱新品种的培育奠定了良好的分子基础,系统深入地研究抗旱相关基因在干旱胁迫条件下的表达与调控,可为通过基因工程手段提高烟草的抗旱能力开辟新途径,同时也能为其他农作物的抗旱分子育种和品种改良提供基因资源。     

拟南芥与叶际微生物组的互作遗传机制——基于网络作图理论

叶际微生物组对植物的生长发育至关重要，但植物与其定殖微生物组相互作用机制尚不明确。目前植物与微生物互作研究多集中于根际微生物组，对叶际微生物组的研究较少，且这些研究未能从微生物互作的角度探究植物与微生物的相互作用机理。基于网络作图理论，将拟南芥基因组SNP （Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms）分子标记数据与微生物组网络特征值相关联，挖掘影响叶际微生物组网络结构的枢纽基因，以探究拟南芥塑造叶际微生物组网络结构的遗传机制。通过对188株拟南芥及其叶际微生物组数据的分析，识别出四种关系下的中心节点微生物，筛选到622个显著SNP位点。进一步构建了贝叶斯遗传网络，获得26个枢纽基因，这些基因可能参与了植物抗病、激素分泌和生长发育相关的分子途径。本研究从全基因组角度探究植物调控自身微生物组的遗传机制，揭示植物与微生物组如何互作促进植物健康，将为精准分子育种提供理论基础和遗传资源，并为合成菌群用于创制新型菌剂提供数据支持，具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

植物矮化相关基因研究进展

矮化植株株型紧凑,冠幅小,抗倒伏,且生产管理方便,丰产性能好,矮化育种是植物育种的发展趋势。国内外学者对植物矮化的机理、矮化基因、矮化育种等进行了比较深入的研究。我们对植物矮化的遗传特点、分子标记在矮化基因研究上的应用、矮化基因的定位、矮化基因的分离与克隆、矮化转基因等方面的研究进展进行了概述。