Production of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates-co-3-hydroxy-ω-fluoroalkanoates) byPseudomonas oleovorans from 1-fluorononane and gluconate

Summary Pseudomonas oleovorans grew well and synthesized copolyesters of 3-hydroxyalkanoates and 3-hydroxy--fluoroalkanoates in the mineral medium containing 1-fluorononane and sodium gluconate. The content of fluorinated units in copolyesters could be controlled from 0 to 40 mol%. The copolyesters were shown to have a random sequence distribution of different monomeric units by analysis of the¹³C NMR spectra. The melting temperatures of copolyesters were 52–58°C, and the enthalpy of fusion decreased with the content of fluorinated units.     

人干扰素ω(huIFN-ω)的高效表达、纯化及生物学活性

为了获得人干扰素-ω(huIFN-ω)在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,根据大肠杆菌的偏爱密码子,人工设计并合成了huIFN-ω高表达基因,并克隆到原核表达载体pBV220,在大肠杆菌DH5α中实现了高效表达,目的蛋白占细胞总蛋白的15%左右,以包涵体形式存在.表达产物经变性、复性及阳离子和分子筛层析纯化,纯度达90%以上,产物的抗病毒活性约为1.0×108IU/mg,并具有体外促NK杀伤活性.此结果为进一步研究和开发重组huIFN-ω奠定了基础.     

Apparent relative retention of the phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species 18:0–20:5(n−3), 16:0–22:6(n−3) and the sum 16:0–20:4(n−6) plus 16:0–20:3(n−9) in the liver microsomes of pig on an essential fatty acid deficient diet

Attempts at a better understanding of the cell membrane organization and functioning need to assess the physical properties which partly depend (i) on the positional distribution of the fatty acids in the membrane phospholipids (PLs) and (ii) on the way by which the PL molecular species are affected by exogenous fatty acids. To do that, the effects of essential (polyunsaturated) fatty acid (EFA) deficiency and enrichment were studied in the liver microsomes of piglets feeding on either an EFA-deficient diet or an EFA-enriched diet containing hydrogenated coconut oil or a mixture of soya + corn oils, respectively. After derivatization, the diacylated forms of choline and ethanolamine PLs were analyzed using a combination of Chromatographic techniques and fast-atom bombardmentmass spectrometry. The dinitrobenzoyl-diacylglycerol derivatives corresponding to the molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were identified. It appears that three factors brought about a marked apparent relative retention: the nature of (i) the base of the polar head, (ii) fatty acids at the sn−1 position and (iii) fatty acids at the sn−2 position. The highest apparent relative retentions were displayed by the 18:0–20:5(n−3)-PE and 16:0–22:6(n−3)-PE. It is noteworthy that the behavior of 20:3 n−9 — which is synthesized during the EFA-deficient diet by the same bioconversion system as 20:4 n−6 — was very similar to that of 20:4 n−6 during the formation of PC and PE molecular species and that the molecular species of PE containing 20:4(n−6) and 20:3(n−9), gathered together as metabolical homologues, were also apparently retained, particularly in association with 16:0. Present observations are consistent with some others showing retention or preferential distribution of EFA in PE and suggest that specific acyltransferase(s), ethanolamine phosphotransferase and methyltransferase would be mainly involved for PE and PC formation in liver endoplasmic reticulum. Fast-atom bombardment-mass spectrometry of intact phospholipids enables us to show that there is no very long chain dipolyunsaturated phospholipid in liver endoplasmic reticulum.     

Postprandial metabolism of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n−3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n−3) in humans

The study of the metabolism of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n?3) in humans has been limited by the unavailability of pure DPA and the fact that DPA is found in combination with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n?3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n?3) in natural products. In this double blind cross over study, pure DPA and EPA were incorporated in meals served to healthy female volunteers. Mass spectrometric methods were used to study the chylomicron lipidomics. Plasma chylomicronemia was significantly reduced after the meal containing DPA compared with the meal containing EPA or olive oil only. Both EPA and DPA were incorporated into chylomicron TAGs, while there was less incorporation into chylomicron phospholipids. Lipidomic analysis of the chylomicron TAGs revealed the dynamic nature of chylomicron TAGs. The main TAG species that EPA and DPA were incorporated into were EPA/18:1/18:1, DPA/18:1/16:0 and DPA/18:1/18:1. There was very limited conversion of DPA and EPA to DHA and there were no increases in EPA levels during the 5 h postprandial period after the DPA meal. In conclusion, EPA and DPA showed different metabolic fates, and DPA hindered the digestion, ingestion or incorporation into chylomicrons of the olive oil present in the meal.     

行为生态学(十一):昆虫社会的经济学(3)

等翅目(Isoptera)昆虫等翅目(白蚁)昆虫是昆虫纲的一个大类群,它们的行为变化多端,但全部依靠吃植物纤维为生。白蚁的经济对策同大多数社会性膜翅目昆虫有明显不同。它们的能量收益很少与采食对策相关,而主要是取决于食物的消化和利用效率。从社会比较能量学的观点看,白蚁最明显的特点是,它们常常直接居住在食物资源的内     

Polymers from fatty acids: poly(ω-hydroxyl tetradecanoic acid) synthesis and physico-mechanical studies

This Article describes the synthesis and physicomechanical properties of bioplastics prepared from methyl ω-hydroxytetradecanoic acid (Me-ω-OHC14), a new monomer available by a fermentation process using an engineered Candida tropicalis strain. Melt-condensation experiments were conducted using titanium tetraisopropoxide (Ti[OiPr](4)) as a catalyst in a two-stage polymerization (2 h at 200 °C under N(2), 4 h at 220 °C under 0.1 mmHg). Poly(ω-hydroxytetradecanoate), P(ω-OHC14), M(w), determined by SEC-MALLS, increased from 53K to 110K as the Ti(OiPr)(4) concentration increased from 50 to 300 ppm. By varying the polymerization conditions (catalyst concentration, reaction time, second-stage reaction temperature) a series of P(ω-OHC14) samples were prepared with M(w) values from 53K to 140K. The synthesized polyesters with M(w) ranging from 53K to 140K were subjected to characterization by DSC, TGA, DMTA, and tensile testing. Influences of P(ω-OHC14) molecular weight, melting point, and enthalpies of melting/crystallization on material tensile properties were explored. Cold-drawing tensile tests at room temperature for P(ω-OHC14) with M(w) 53K-78K showed a brittle-to-ductile transition. In contrast, P(ω-OHC14) with M(w) 53K undergoes brittle fracture. Increasing P(ω-OHC14) M(w) above 78K resulted in a strain-hardening phenomena and tough properties with elongation at break ~700% and true tensile strength of ~50 MPa. Comparisons between high density polyethylene and P(ω-OHC14) mechanical and thermal properties as a function of their respective molecular weights are discussed.     

Reduction of N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine by the mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC)

NOSs (nitric oxide synthases) catalyse the oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide via the intermediate NOHA (N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine). This intermediate is rapidly converted further, but to a small extent can also be liberated from the active site of NOSs and act as a transportable precursor of nitric oxide or potent physiological inhibitor of arginases. Thus its formation is of enormous importance for the nitric-oxide-generating system. It has also been shown that NOHA is reduced by microsomes and mitochondria to L-arginine. In the present study, we show for the first time that both human isoforms of the newly identified mARC (mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component) enhance the rate of reduction of NOHA, in the presence of NADH cytochrome b? reductase and cytochrome b?, by more than 500-fold. Consequently, these results provide the first hints that mARC might be involved in mitochondrial NOHA reduction and could be of physiological significance in affecting endogenous nitric oxide levels. Possibly, this reduction represents another regulative mechanism in the complex regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis, considering a mitochondrial NOS has been identified. Moreover, this reduction is not restricted to NOHA since the analogous arginase inhibitor NHAM (N(ω)-hydroxy-N(δ)-methyl-L-arginine) is also reduced by this system.     

迷失的世界(20)

正~~     

马齿苋组织中的ω-3脂肪酸

在美国,马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea)被认为是一种野草,地中海东部国家的人们把它当作一种蔬菜,用来做汤或色拉。在这些国家里心脏病和癌症的发病率是较低的。在一些欧洲和亚洲国家,马齿苋被当作一种蔬菜,并已发展为好几个不同的品种。马齿苋整株植物均可食用,可以生吃、炒熟或腌制。它的嫩尖单独或同其它蔬菜配在一起可以做成很可口的色拉。马齿苋有点酸味、有点粘,不少人喜欢吃。马齿苋广泛生长于热带和亚热带地区。它是一种含ω-3脂肪酸很丰富的资源。ω-3脂肪酸对人类的冠心病具有有益的作用。因此     

大豆ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸脱氢酶基因密码子优化

DHA和EPA对心脑血管疾病以及癌症等疾病的防治有着重要的作用,其中ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸脱氢酶是合成多不饱和脂肪酸DHA和EPA过程中的两个关键的去不饱和酶,由于缺乏这两种酶的基因,高等动物无法自发合成多不饱和脂肪酸,为了得到可以生产多不饱和脂肪酸的转基因动物,本研究计划将大豆的这两个去饱和脂肪酸作为目的基因,但由于不同物种之间的密码子使用具有偏爱性,会严重影响到目的基因在宿主体内的表达水平,为了解决这一问题,提高目的基因在宿主体内的表达水平,同时采用Jcat在线软件和手动替换密码子两种方法对大豆的ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸脱氢酶基因进行了优化,然后选出最优的优化方法,为后期进一步的实验提供目的基因。最后本文预测了两种优化结果的RNA二级结构和CAI、CBI、Nc值和GC含量,比较得出手动替换的结果优于在线优化的结果。     

Poly(3-mercaptopropionate): a nonbiodegradable biopolymer?

Polythioesters (PTEs) represent a novel class of biopolymers, which basically can be synthesized with polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis systems. Albeit technical applications of PTEs have not been elucidated yet, biodegradability might be an important property of this new thermoplastic material. In this study, extensive approaches were employed to isolate microorganisms capable of degrading poly(3-mercaptopropionate), poly(3MP), as a model compound of PTEs. Screening of 74 different environmental samples using various enrichment techniques were applied, but neither bacteria nor fungi could be isolated hydrolyzing poly(3MP). Furthermore, microcosms such as soil, compost, or activated sludge were applied to search for poly(3MP) degrading microorganisms, considering microbial communities and/or nonculturable bacteria, and the poly(3MP) material was exposed for more than half a year. However, no poly(3MP) degrading organisms were found, indicating an unexpected persistence of this biologically produced polymer.     

Novel taxa-4(20),12-diene and 2(3→20)abeotaxane from needles of Taxus canadensis

A novel 6/8/6-membered taxane with a rare C-12(13)-double bond and rare 2(3→20)abeotaxane were isolated from the needles of Taxus canadensis. Their structures were characterized as 7β,9α,10β-triacetoxytaxa-4(20),12-diene-2α,5α,11β-triol (1) and 2α,7β,10β-triacetoxy-5α-hydroxy-2(3→20)abeotaxa-4(20),11-diene-9,13-dione (2) on the basis of 1D and 2D spectroscopic data. 1 is the first example of a natural taxane without substitution at both C-13 and C-14.     

Novel Taxa-4(20),12-diene and 2(3→20)Abeotaxane from Needles of Taxus canadensis

A novel 6/8/6-membered taxane with a rare C-12(13)-double bond and rare 2(3→20)abeotaxane were isolated from the needles of Taxus canadensis. Their structures were characterized as 7β,9α,10β-triacetoxytaxa-4(20),12-diene-2α,5α,11β-triol (1) and 2α,7β,10β-triacetoxy-5α-hydroxy-2(3→20)abeotaxa-4(20),11-diene-9,13-dione (2) on the basis of 1D and 2D spectroscopic data. 1 is the first example of a natural taxane without substitution at both C-13 and C-14.     

A20 (TNFAIP3) Alleviates CVB3-Induced Myocarditis via Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling

Background

Viral myocarditis, which is most prevalently caused by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, is a serious clinical condition characterized by cardiac inflammation. However, efficient therapies targeting inflammation are still lacking and much needed. A20, also known as tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) is a key negative regulator of inflammation. But whether A20 may affect cardiac inflammation during acute viral myocarditis remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of A20 on CVB3-induced myocarditis.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with CVB3 to establish acute viral myocarditis model. We found that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were markedly and persistently increased during the progression of CVB3-induced myocarditis, and positively correlated with the disease severity. Notably, intravenous injection in vivo with adenovirus expressed A20 (Ad-A20) remarkably reduced CVB3-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production and alleviated the severity of myocarditis. Further, we observed that nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling which mediates inflammatory response was significantly inhibited in CVB3-infected mice with Ad-A20 treatment. Finally, we revealed that A20 was required to inhibit CVB3-induced NF-κB signaling by restricting TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) ubiquitylation.

Conclusion/Significance

This study demonstrates the protective role of A20 against CVB3-induced myocarditis, which may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of viral myocarditis.     

Bis(α,ω-dimethyltripyrrinato)cadmium(II) (Trpy2Cd): Serendipitous finding and structural characterization of an unexpected coordination compound

The treatment of the trifluoroacetatocadmium(II) complex of a sterically hindered α,ω-dimethyltripyrrin TrpyCdOAc^F (1) with fluoride and other basic anions like hydroxide, phenoxide or t-butoxide does not result in the expected formation of the ligand exchange product nor in the breakdown of the sensitive tripyrrolic ligand framework, but yields the sterically congested 2:1 product, bis(tripyrrinato)cadmium(II) (Trpy₂Cd) (2), as the only isolated compound in almost quantitative yield. Trpy₂Cd (2) is the first tripyrrinate with a hexacoordinate metal centre observed so far. The compound was characterized by means of solution spectroscopy (¹H/¹³C NMR, UV/Vis, MS), combustion analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The result of the X-ray crystallographic analysis of the new compound demonstrates the chiral nature of single molecules of Trpy₂Cd in the solid state. This chirality stems from the helical distortion of both tripyrrin ligands, which in turn is the structural answer to the presence of a steric constraint at the open face of this ligand. In solution, however, the compound racemizes rapidly.     

每期20题(初中用)

1.螂鱼的消化系统中,不与食物接触的器官是 )。A.肠B.食管c.气管D.肝胰脏2.有关鱼类特征的描述哪项正确()。A.心脏二腔,二腔中都为动脉血B.附月支骨与脊柱不相连C.软骨鱼的鳃有鳃盖保护D.唾液腺发达,与水生习性有关3.「列在一生的某时期里形成脊索的动物是 A. 4.位是( A. I今 C. D.海胆B.章鱼c.鸽子D义昌鱼在显微镜卜观察活金负尾部毛细血管,最好的部有血液流动的小血管血液流动尾部的血管红细胞成单行通过的血管血液;友向头部的血管卜列不属一f同一门的动物是()。大麻哈鱼B.海琢C.马面纯D.海参大多数海产鱼类不能在淡水中生存,因为…     

每期20题(高中用)

1.预防小儿麻痹症的糖丸(疫苗),必须在一定的较低温度下保存。其原因是()。 A.防止环境污染,以免病菌随疫苗服入 B.防止蛋白质变性,以免疫苗死亡失效 c.防止疫苗大量繁殖,以免服入剂量失控 D.防止蛋白质脱水分解,以免疫苗溶解失效2.与植物体中的豆固醇属于同类的物质是(). A.纤维素B.胰岛素C.叶绿素.D.性激素3.人和动物乳汁中特有的二精水解后产物是()。 A一分子葡萄糖和一分子果精 B一分子果糖和一分子半乳糖 C一分子半乳糖和一分子葡萄搪 D.二分子葡萄糖4.以下四种物质中,能构成蛋白质的物质是()。N。:_止_达一(。H {!CH之SH }NH:…