Seasonal use by birds of stream-side riparian habitat in coniferous forest of northcentral British Columbia

To determine use of riparian habitats by birds in the northern coniferous forest of British Columbia, we censused birds and vegetation along 500 m transects placed parallel and perpendicular to three second-order streams. Censuses were conducted during spring, summer, autumn, and winter to investigate how use of riparian habitat changed seasonally. Stream-side riparian zones were characterized by a dense understorey of deciduous vegetation not found in the upslope forest. Nine bird species preferred the riparian understorey for breeding, six preferred it only during migration. Neotropical migrants (16 of 46 species) were more closely associated with stream-sides than year-round residents (11 species). Some breeding birds (five species) were significantly negatively associated with riparian habitats. The density of riparian birds declined with distance upstream but did not decline up to 250 m away from the stream. The more extensive riparian areas downstream supported a greater density of birds in all seasons compared to upstream areas, but more species only in spring and autumn. Species that nested in non-riparian areas in summer used riparian habitat in autumn, making riparian corridors in the northern coniferous forest important during migration. Maintaining both riparian and upslope habitats is necessary to preserve species diversity al the landscape level.     

Food hoarding behaviour of black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus ) in relation to forest edges

In temperate forests, small birds avoid the use of forest edges in adverse winter weather suggesting high foraging costs in terms of energetic requirements. Since hoarding species will often retrieve caches during adverse winter weather, they may perceive forest edges, especially exposed ones, as low quality hoarding sites. We tested whether black-capped chickadees ( Poecile atricapillus) inhabiting fragmented forests modify and reduce hoarding activity near forest edges. We also tested whether hoarding behaviour will be most affected in sites with forest edges more exposed to extreme weather. Black-capped chickadees taking food from a feeder 30 m from the nearest forest edges hoarded items mostly towards the forest interior, whereas no preference in hoarding location was observed with birds taking food from a feeder placed >100 m from the edge. Furthermore, birds avoided direct flights towards forest edges and, at sites exposed to prevailing winds, hoarding trips were shorter than at other locations. These results suggest that individuals avoid hoarding near forest edges and there, they lower their investment in terms of hoarding effort. The observed difference in hoarding behaviour was more evident near forest edges delimiting wide unforested areas than in edges delimiting narrower unforested areas. Edge exposure to prevailing winds influenced hoarding behaviour much less. We suggest that hoarding birds may partially overcome the ecological costs of habitat loss and fragmentation due to abiotic edge effects. By hoarding food away from forest edges in good weather, they may use forest interiors as low-cost retrieval sites under adverse weather.     

Should females of migratory dabbling ducks switch mates between wintering and breeding sites?

Pairing of northern hemisphere dabbling ducks normally occurs in wintering sites. Mate choice occurs when some individuals congregate in courtship parties, in which females mainly choose mates according to male behavioural dominance. The sex ratio of some species is more male-biased at northern than at southern wintering sites, and the age ratio is adult-biased in northern areas. A possible mechanism responsible for this spatial segregation of sex and age classes is behavioural dominance, with males usually dominating females and adults dominating yearlings. Due to this latitudinal segregation of sexes during winter, presumably more males would remain unpaired in northern sites utilized by the more dominant birds than in southern sites utilized by the less-dominant birds, and this is paradoxical. I argue that some females having wintered and paired in southern sites may switch mates at stopover sites during northward migration. This hypothesis provides an explanation as to why, in spite of females being paired when initiating northward migration, some species show an increase in courtship activity during spring at stopover sites, as in common teals (Anas crecca) in southern Spain. In contrast, populations that do not migrate, e.g. mallards (A. platyrhynchos) in southern Spain, do not exhibit an increase in courtship activity during spring.     

BIRD MIGRATION AT ELAT, ISRAEL

Several years' observations at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba are summarized. Migrants occur the whole year round, but most numerously in March-April and September. Only a few of the 185 species recorded pass the winter at Elat. About 25 species are recorded more in autumn, whereas about 50 species are commoner in spring. The causes of these disparities are discussed. Thousands of soaring raptors pass through, mainly in spring. In spring only, thousands of Lesser Black-backed Gulls stream through Elat, and many rest there for a short period. Mass migration of storks occurs too, more conspicuously in spring than autumn. An attempt is made to construct the routes of these birds between Eurasia and Africa, by analysing published sight records of raptors and storks and ringing recoveries of gulls. It is suggested that many of these birds move in autumn on a wide front, which may include Arabia, but that the core of the spring passage is shifted westward and part of it is channelled through the Rift Valley north of the northern end of the Red Sea and in the areas between the rift and the Mediterranean (Fig. 4). Supporting evidence is still needed from Arabia and the coasts of the Red Sea, especially from its southern end, where birds may be concentrated at the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, as they are over the Bosphorus. Pelicans and a few other species perform very late southerly movements. These movements involve small numbers of birds, which may belong to late-breeding populations. About 45 other species of water and shore birds have been recorded, many of which occur in winter. With the expansion of areas of artificial water, some of them have become very common. About 75 passerines, near-passerines and other migrants pass through. The numbers involved suggest that the movement is on a broad front. Out of about 50 species whose passage is adequately recorded for seasonal comparison, 30 are more common in spring. Most of these are also commoner in other eastern Mediterranean countries and in Iraq in spring, md are presumed to perform a continuous overhead flight in autumn. Cases of “loop-migration” among these species are rare.     

Bird communities of dry forests and oak woodland of western Mexico

Bird species-richness and densities were studied in spring and autumn of 1991 and 1992 in dry forest and oak woodland in western Mexico. Classification of the vegetation resulted in the identification of six dry forest types: from thorn forests, dominated by Acacia , through broad-leaved tree forest (typical dry forest of western Mexico) and small-leaved tree forest to Ipomoea forest. Oak woodland and mixed woodland, which are a transition between dry forest and the more mesic oak woodland, formed two further forest types. In the study area as a whole, bird densities were higher in autumn, following the rainy season, than in spring, which is the dry season, and the beginning of the breeding season. Densities in the two autumns were very similar (mean 93 ± 7.8 birds per 2.8 ha) but differed significantly between spring 1991 (57 ± 2.2 per 2.8 ha) and spring 1992 (70 ± 3.2 per 2.8 ha), possibly due to unseasonal rain in 1992. In autumn, bird densities were highest in thorn forests and lowest in broad-leaved tree forests and oak woodland. In spring 1991, bird densities were highest in Prosopis thorn forest and mixed woodland, and lowest in oak woodland. Bird species-richness was low in oak woodland, in both seasons, and high in mixed woodland and Ipomoea forest in spring. Bird species composition between forest types was more similar in the spring than autumn. The spring similarity in species composition is explained by the presence of generalist species in times of food scarcity during the dry season, and by the homogeneity of the predominantly leafless vegetation. Comparison with the bird species composition of a dry forest in Venezuela and the Pacific coast of Mexico indicates that the sites in the present study have an intermediate number of species. Although the present study recorded a smaller number of bird species than on the Pacific coast, 16 were different, expanding the total for Mexican dry forest by 14% from 118 to 134.     

Can forest management have season-dependent effects on bird diversity?

Forest management modified the original structure of most European forests, and in the most extreme cases, genuinely natural and semi-natural forests were turned into plantations through clear felling and replanting, often using non-native species. We compared the bird community structure of native oak woods of northern Italy with that of their anthropogenic counter-parts: black locust and sweet chestnut woods. The three stand types were compared in terms of vegetation structure, bird species richness, diversity and abundance of foraging guilds. We analysed both the overwintering and the breeding community, to assess whether management had specific seasonal effects on bird diversity. Forestry-imposed disturbances affected bird diversity more consistently in winter than in breeding time: bird species richness and diversity were significantly greater in oak and chestnut stands, which were the preferred habitat for bark foragers and foliage gleaners. In the breeding period, bird diversity of black locust woodlands increased, and inter-stand differences were not significant. At this time of year, understorey gleaners were more abundant in black locust stands (where shrubs were denser). In winter, species richness, diversity and the abundance of several guilds were positively correlated with stand age, whereas in the breeding period canopy gleaners preferred younger woodlots. Despite the lack of inter-stand differences in breeding bird diversity, young-managed woods benefited generalist birds that need no particular conservation efforts. Conversely, priority species for forest conservation such as specialised bark foragers positively selected native and mature stands throughout the year. We suggest that detailed year-round studies on diversity and community composition could sharpen the precision with which it is possible to prescribe conservation measures in forested areas.     

Weight changes of cross-desert migrants at an oasis —do energetic considerations alone determine the length of stopover?

Summary Trans-Saharan insectivorous passerine night migrants stopping-over at a small oasis in Sinai were weighed as frequently as possible, throughout the entire length of fall and spring migration passages. Due to the small size of the oasis and the intensive trapping effort, most stopping-over birds were captured and weighed throughout a sizeable portion of their stopover period. Weights at first capture were either similar in both seasons, or greater in fall than in spring. In some species fall migrants that stayed one day were heavier than those staying longer. In other species, and for all species in spring, weights of birds that stayed one day did not differ from those staying longer. In most species the weight of birds that stayed for more than one day did not vary significantly between arrival and departure, and cases of weight gains were commoner in fall than in spring. Trends of weight changes of an individual during stopover were usually inconsistent, but the longer it stayed, more it gained (in fall), or less it lost (in spring). It is proposed that stopping-over birds do not always resume their migration only after their fat reserves have been replenished, but that their decision to take off, or the reappearance of the migration impulse, are also controlled by a time program incorporated into their endogenous migration scheme, which constantly updates the time left for sampling and refuelling. It seems that in spring less time is allotted for the whole migration program, hence the time constraint overrides then all other tactical considerations, such as the state of fat reserves, and the weather.     

Environmental determinants of seasonal changes in bird diversity of Mediterranean oakwoods

The strong season-to-season variation (seasonality) in abiotic factors and productivity shape the changing patterns of species distribution and diversity throughout the year in temperate ecosystems. However, the determinants of seasonal changes within animal communities have rarely been explored, and the prognosis of community variation typically relies on identifying simple factors (e.g., mean temperature) that are assumed to have a constant effect throughout the year. Here we analyze the competing and changing roles of biotic (vegetation structure and phenology) and abiotic (temperature and elevation) factors in determining the richness and nestedness of montane Mediterranean oakwoods (central Spain) bird species in winter and spring. In winter, the most energy-demanding period, birds prefer mature forests with higher nocturnal temperatures where they can minimize thermoregulation costs during the long winter nights. In spring, which is the breeding season, spatial variation of species richness and nestedness is more deterministic than in winter. Breeding birds prefer lower forests with cooler temperatures at midday (presumably to avoid summer overheating stress), less unpredictable weather, and where trees develop leaves earlier (suggesting that birds, particularly those that prey on folivorous insects, would be able to breed early in the season). Thus, although both biotic and abiotic factors take part in the assemblage of local communities, the intervening specific components vary between seasons. For example, temperature—the factor most widely used to forecast future community changes—had opposite effects in winter than in spring. These results highlight the importance of fine-grained scale studies in accounting for temporal variation to understand both current and future regional biodiversity patterns.     

Sexual segregation in winter, spring dispersal and habitat use in the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Sexual segregation, spring dispersal and late winter to spring habitat selection were studied in the pheasant Phasianus colchicus L. on two areas for which the proportions of different habitats were similar. On one of the sites (Damerham) hand-reared pheasants were released for shooting. On the other (Fulwell) no releasing or shooting took place.
The sex ratio of birds feeding in fields in autumn favoured males because females fed in groups within woods. Groups of birds were significantly segregated by sex during early to late winter periods, but by late March they were not. Male groups and solitary males in winter were more evenly dispersed than female groups.
At Fulwell, female winter groups consisted of regular group members (mainly adults) and transitory individuals called 'drifters' (mainly immatures).
Females in their first breeding attempt dispersed further from their winter range to their breeding range than did adult females and females dispersed further than males. Males gaining a territory for the first time moved significantly further than old territory owners. Territorial males moved less than non-territorial males between successive spring ranges.
During March June, habitat use by 33 radio-tagged females changed markedly from mixed and deciduous woodland to fields sown with winter and spring corn. The implications for management are outlined.     

BIRD MIGRATION OVER THE MALTESE ISLANDS

The present paper is based on data obtained during several years' observations and three recent surveys. Little has previously been published on migration through the Maltese Islands. The geographical, vegetational and climatic factors of the islands are discussed in so far as they affect the migrants. Visible migration is seen with anticyclonic weather and westerly winds. Birds are found grounded after night migration in cyclonic weather with southwesterly or easterly winds, much larger numbers and variety being seen with the latter. When there is a deterioration in the weather during the night, a large influx of birds is seen on the following morning, and in addition large flocks of migrating Turtle Doves are seen. Several trans-Saharan migrants may pass in smaller numbers during autumn than spring, but the difference may be more apparent than real because in early autumn the birds may depart after only a very short stay, and a few conspicuous species are absent or scarce. By contrast several species which winter north of the Sahara pass only or in much larger numbers during autumn, and these more than make up for those which are absent or rare. There is no evidence from bird ringing that in spring Malta regularly gets birds from Tunisia, at any rate from that part covered by the ringing stations (Cap Bon, Enfidaville, Gabes). The migrants which pass through Malta probably originate from an area in North Africa around Tripoli and some way westwards of it. During autumn the bulk of recoveries is from eastern European countries with a smaller percentage from northern and central Europe. Several species or groups of species are dealt with individually. In the discussion stress is laid on the very close relationship between migration and weather, especially the wind component. The comparatively small numbers of birds seen at Malta probably form part of a larger movement travelling on a broad front. It is argued that the large “falls” of migrants in bad weather result from drift acting on a mass passing mainly to one side or the other of the islands. Since much larger densities are seen with easterly than with westerly winds, it follows, if the hypothesis of drift be correct, that the numbers of birds travelling to the east of Malta are larger than those to the west of it. Moreover, since day migrants are seen with westerly winds and the bulk of night migrants with easterly ones, it is inferred that day migrants normally pass to the west, and the bulk of night migrants to the east, of the Maltese Islands. A parallel is drawn between the autumn migration and the performance of racing pigeons which are flown from the north and NE at this season.     

云南哀牢山徐家坝常绿阔叶林的鸟类取食集团

2006年3-4月,采用无距离估计样线法对云南哀牢山徐家坝中山湿性常绿阔叶林中的鸟类群落做了直接观察,观察到鸟类取食行为14 345次只.运片j聚类分析,依据鸟类的栖息取食行为格局将62种鸟划分为11个取食集团:(G1)地面拾取集团、(G2)地面扒取集团、(G3)树冠层飞取/拾取集团、(G4)树冠层飞取集团、(G5)树干层探取集团、(G6)灌层竹秆探取集团、(G7)树干粗枝搜寻集团、(G8)树冠层粗枝搜寻集团、(G9)树冠层拾取集团、(G10)灌丛下层叶层/树干/地面拾取集团、(G11)灌层拾取集团.结果表明,由于各个集团在栖息基层、取食基层及取食方式上的分离,使各集团分割了该地区的取食空间和食物资源;而集团内部的各个种间主要通过对取食高度的划分,使得集团内部的取食空『白j和食物资源得到了更深层次的利用,使种间竞争减至最小.其结果还表明,鸟类取食集团的数量和结构因不同的植被类型而异,顶级群落中包含的鸟类种类更多,各个种间的生态位分化也更为细致.     

The utilization of heather moorland by territorial Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus

Although the breeding density of Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus is related to the density of burned patches of heather Calluna vulgaris , territories appear to offer surplus food, and other factors, especially the risk of predation, may be important. In order to determine how Red Grouse make use of heather moorland, an individually marked population was studied on a moor in northeast Scotland from 1992 to 1994. Territorial birds preferred stands of tall heather during the daytime in autumn and winter, but in spring they increased their use of heterogeneous heather/grass mixtures. Furthermore, in spring, females showed a very strong affinity for edges between heather stands of different ages, where they had easy access to nutritious young heather and good cover. When near the vegetation edge, territorial birds spent most time on the side of the edge providing greater cover. Broods occupied ranges in areas with rather more old heather and with more edge than was available over the entire study site. Within their ranges though, broods clearly preferred heterogeneous areas during the first month after hatching, and showed a further preference for vegetation edge. Their behaviour changed during the second month after hatching, when they utilized tall heather to a greater extent, but edge remained important.     

红腹角雉取食栖息地选择的研究

１９９３年１１月－１９９４年１０月,在以无线电遥测技术对贵州省仙人山地区红腹角ｒｕｇｏｐａｎ ｔｅｍｍｉｎｃｋｉｉ的活动范围,栖息选择及食性研究的基础上,对其取食栖息地的选择作了探讨。红腹角雉遥测位点和粪便相对集中分布。表明对栖息一半存在明显的选择,对食物分布的样方分析表明其活动特点与食物密切相关。红腹角雉各季节我灌木与草本植物的沟谷带上段,春冬季主要取食草本及蕨类植物,活动范围较大小二对二得的物     

Do Blue Tits time their breeding based on cues obtained by consuming buds?

ABSTRACT.   Many temperate-zone birds must track seasonal variation in food availability to time breeding and enhance reproductive success. However, the external cues birds use to fine-tune sexual development and timing of reproduction remain unclear. One possibility is that birds may use chemical substances in plants and bud tissues as a reliable predictor of leaf flush and the appearance of caterpillars, the preferred prey of many insectivorous birds during the breeding season. However, few data on seasonal shifts in key plant material consumption are available. To test this hypothesis, we examined the gizzard contents of Corsican Blue Tits ( Cyanistes caeruleus ), a small passerine bird with a breeding schedule tightly linked to the phenology of oak trees. We quantified and compared the consumption of tree buds by birds captured during winter (nonbreeding) and early spring (prebreeding) and found that bud use by Blue Tits was limited and constant through time. Fewer than 30% of birds had buds in their gizzards during the critical prebreeding period, and these items represented less than 1% of gizzard contents. It is unlikely that this limited use of buds allowed birds to track a potential chemical signal at the time of reproductive decision making. Unless more data on the consumption of plant material become available, we suggest that other environmental factors be examined to help identify the cues used by temperate-zone birds to time their reproduction.     

Effect of global warming on the timing of migration and breeding of passerine birds in the 20th century

Long-term monitoring of the dates of arrival, breeding, and autumn migration in 25 passerine bird species on the Kurshskaya (Courland) Spit, the Baltic Sea, has shown that spring migration and nesting in most species wintering in Europe or Africa have shifted to earlier dates in the past two decades, whereas the dates of autumn migration in most species studied have not changed significantly. In 16 bird species, a significant negative correlation of the timing of arrival and breeding with the average spring air temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO) in February and March was revealed. In years with early and warm springs, birds arrived at the spit and nested considerably earlier than in years with cold springs. The dates of autumn migration in most species studied largely depended on the timing of nesting but not on weather conditions in autumn. The data obtained indicate that the main factor responsible for long-term changes in the timing of arrival, nesting, and autumn migrations of passerine birds in the Baltic Region is climate fluctuations that led to considerable changes in thermal conditions in the Northern Hemisphere in the 20th century. The hypothesis is proposed that recent climate warming has caused changes in the timing of not only the arrival of birds in Europe but also of their spring migrations from Africa. Further changes in the dates of passerine bird arrival and breeding in the Palearctic in subsequent years will largely depend on the dynamics of winter and spring air temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas the timing of autumn migrations will be determined mainly by the dates of their arrival and nesting.     

雷州半岛湿地水鸟区系组成及生态分布的初步研究

1998年10月至2000年6月,对雷州半岛湿地水鸟区系组成及生态分布进行了调查,结果表明,雷州半岛湿地水鸟56种,隶属7目9科,种类最多的是鹭类（Ardeidae)、鸭类（Antidae)和Xin鹬类（Charadriidae and Scolopacidae),共有41种,56种水鸟中,古北界成分35种,占绝对优势;东洋界、广布种分别只有13和8种。以冬候鸟为主,共有33种;留鸟、族鸟和夏候鸟分别占13、7和3种。冬候鸟主要是鸭类和Xin鹬种类,留鸟主要是鹭类,本地的鸥类（Laridae)几乎都是冬候鸟,受各种协定或法规保护的水鸟有38种。雷州半岛的水鸟主要人布在沿海滩涂湿地,共有49种,红树林是最重要的水鸟栖息地,分布在这里的水鸟有37种。     

Quantitative studies of phenology and early effects of non-grazing in Cretan phrygana vegetation

Abstract. The phenology of five types of phrygana vegetation situated at various altitudes in SW Kríti (Crete), Greece, was studied over a period of 17 months. Two treatments were compared - traditional pasturing and non-grazing since spring 1993. The numbers of species in blossom and the numbers of flowering units were recorded. For each site, management type and year were displayed in symphenological diagrams. Differences in phenology were mainly related to altered management or the weather regime, or both. The numbers of flowering units were more evident than those of species in blossom for describing the early response of phrygana vegetation to non-grazing. Increases in numbers of flowering units in the ungrazed areas are mainly due to certain abundant therophytes. Unfavourable weather conditions in late winter or early spring may cause a temporary decline in annual species. Rainfall in May at low altitudes promotes resprouting and reflowering of annuals.     

Impact of climate change on migratory birds: community reassembly versus adaptation

Aim Species can respond to global climate change by range shifts or by phenotypic adaptation. At the community level, range shifts lead to a turnover of species, i.e. community reassembly. In contrast, phenotypic adaptation allows species to persist in situ, conserving community composition. So far, community reassembly and adaptation have mostly been studied separately. In nature, however, both processes take place simultaneously. In migratory birds, climate change has been shown to result in both exchange of species and adaptation of migratory behaviour. The aim of our study is to predict the impact of global climate change on migratory bird communities and to assess the extent to which reassembly and adaptation may contribute to alterations. Location Europe. Methods We analysed the relationship between current climate and the proportion of migratory species across bird assemblages in Europe. The magnitude of community reassembly was measured using spatial variation in the proportion of potentially migratory species. Adaptation was inferred from spatial variation in the proportion of potentially migratory species that actually migrate at a specific site. These spatial relationships were used to make temporal predictions of changes in migratory species under global climate change. Results According to our models, increasing winter temperature is expected to lead to declines in the proportion of migratory species, whereas increasing spring temperature and decreasing spring precipitation may lead to increases. Changes in winter and spring temperature are expected to cause mainly adaptation in migratory activity, while changes in spring precipitation may result in both changes in the proportion of potentially migratory species and adaptation of migratory activity. Main conclusions Under current climate change forecasts, changes in the proportion of migratory species will be modest and the communities of migratory birds in Europe are projected to be altered through adaptation of migratory activity rather than through exchange of species.     

西藏慈巴沟自然保护区鬣羚生境选择的季节性变化

2001 年12 月至2002 年8 月, 在西藏察隅慈巴沟国家级自然保护区采用设立固定样方的方法, 调查鬣羚对植被类型, 海拔、坡度、郁闭度、隐蔽度以及水源距离等指标的选择利用情况。通过计算Ivlev 的选择性指数,对鬣羚植被类型选择及其季节性变化进行了研究。研究发现, 鬣羚冬季主要选择箭竹—针叶林型, 到春季向下迁移, 对针阔混交林的选择性最大, 而夏季向上迁移, 利用范围扩大, 选择类型包括针阔混交林、箭竹—针叶林、杜鹃—针叶林。鬣羚对植被与对海拔高度选择趋势呈极显著相关( P < 0.01) , 表明海拔高度和植被类型对鬣羚活动分布有着相似的影响。食物的季节性变化可能是鬣羚对植被类型和垂直高度选择变化的主要原因。鬣羚在春季和冬季对平缓坡利用最大, 夏季对急陡坡利用最大, 这可能是因为随坡位变化而表现出的冬春与夏季差异。但鬣羚对隐蔽度、郁闭度和水源距离这3 个因子的选择并没有表现出明显的季节变化, 仅表现为利用中隐蔽度、高郁闭度和距离水源较近的地方。     

Spatiotemporal variation in avian diversity and the short-term effects of typhoons in tropical reef-karst forests on Taiwan

The diversity and spatiotemporal variation of avifauna in different settings of tropical coral reef-karst forests on the Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan, were examined. The short-term effects on bird assemblages following two typhoons that severely impacted Hengchun were investigated. Line-transect census recorded 46 species of birds, dominated by forest-associated gleaning insectivores or omnivores, and 13% of the endemics of Taiwan. Prior to the typhoons, the continuous-canopy forest was close to the open forest setting in species evenness, but the species heterogeneity was lower and more variable. The continuous-canopy and open forests differed in overall avian composition, whereas two continuous-canopy forest settings were similar in composition. Typhoons did not significantly lower the mean numbers of either species or birds, nor affect the pattern of their spatial distribution in the forest settings. However, they did increase similarities in the species composition between the open and continuous-canopy settings, and caused a decrease in the similarity between forest edges and interiors. Overall, typhoons affected species composition more in the continuous-canopy forests than in the open setting, and more in interiors than in forest edges. This pattern corresponded to an increase in the species heterogeneity and species evenness in the forest interiors, indicating movements of birds from the edge toward the interior. Among different functional groups, gleaning omnivores tended to retain a pattern of higher abundance in the open forest setting than in the continuous-canopy forests, whereas the abundances of gleaning insectivores and cavity-nesting frugivores tended to decline in the latter or both settings.