A three-year study of controls on methane emissions from two Michigan peatlands

We investigate temporal changes in methane emissions over a three-year period from two peatlands in Michigan. Mean daily fluxes ranged from 0.6–68.4 mg CH₄ m^–2d^–1 in plant communities dominated by Chamaedaphne calyculata, an eficaceous shrub, to 11.5–209 mg CH₄ m^–2d^–1 in areas dominated by plants with aerenchymatous tissues, such as Carex oligosperma and Scheuchzeria palustris. Correlations between methane flux and water table position were significant at all sites for one annual cycle when water table fluctuations ranged from 15 cm above to 50 cm below the peat surface. Correlations were not significant during the second and third annual periods with smaller water table fluctuations. Methane flux was strongly correlated with peat temperatures at –5 to –40 cm (r _s = 0.82 to 0.98) for all three years at sites with flora acting as conduits for methane transport. At shrub sites, the correlations between methane flux and peat temperature were weak to not significant during the first two years, but were strong in the third year.Low rates of methane consumption (–0.2 to –1.5 mg CH₄ m^–2 d^–1 ) were observed at shrub sites when the water table was below –20 cm, while sites with plants capable of methane transport always had positive net fluxes of methane. The methane oxidizing potential at both types of sites was confirmed by peat core experiments. The results of this study indicate that methane emissions occur at rates that cannot be explained by diffusion alone; plant communities play a significant role in altering methane flux from peatland ecosystems by directly transporting methane from anaerobic peat to the atmosphere.     

若尔盖高原湿地甲烷排放的时空异质性

集中于北美落基山高山湿地甲烷排放的零星报道远不能解析全球高山湿地甲烷源强. 因此,世界范围内其他区域高山湿地甲烷排放的研究对于合理估计全球高山湿地甲烷源强,意义重大.采用静态箱-气相色谱法,基于3种典型湿地类型的甲烷排放数据,认为若尔盖高原湿地生长季甲烷的平均排放量为4.69 mg CH4 m-2 h-1.同时根据2a数据,初步分析了甲烷通量及其对环境因素和生物因素的响应特征,结果表明:(1)甲烷排放昼夜变化具有双峰模式 (主峰出现在15:00,次峰出现在06:00),可由土壤温度以及植物气孔开启来解释.(2)若尔盖湿地甲烷排放季节动态较为典型,即在7月份或8月份出现排放高峰,冬季甲烷排放较少.生长季,对3类群落类型,表面温度与甲烷排放显著相关 (r2=0.55,P<0.05,n=30),地表水位和植物群落高度与甲烷排放相关性更为显著 (r2=0.32,0.61,P<0.01,n=30).分析认为该季节节律是由温度以及植物生长状况直接影响的,而水位则是使该节律发生波动的原因(高原气候).(3)群落尺度下,物候学上相当重要的两个时期,甲烷排放通量均有较高的空间变异 (植物生长高峰变异系数为38%,积雪融化高峰为61%).通过逐步回归线性分析,发现植物生长高峰期,地表水位和群落高度是影响甲烷排放空间差异的主要因素 (r2= 0.43,0.59,P<0.01,n=30).(4)景观尺度下,生长季,景观尺度下甲烷排放有较大的空间变异,湖滨湿地甲烷平排放量最高为11.95 mg CH4 m-2h-1,其次为宽谷湿地,其排放量为2 12 mg CH4 m-2h-1,河岸湿地表现为甲烷吸收,其吸收量为0.007 mg CH4 m-2h-1.地表水位、植物地上生物量以及植物高度能够很好地解释甲烷排放的景观差异.     

鄱阳湖苔草湿地甲烷释放特征

2009年5月-2010年4月在鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区选择以灰化苔草为建群种的洲滩,设置土壤-植物系统(TC)、剪除植物地上部分 (TJ)2个试验处理,利用密闭箱-气相色谱法测定了鄱阳湖典型苔草湿地的甲烷(CH₄)释放通量。结果表明:1)TC、TJ 2个试验处理CH₄释放速率变化范围分别为-0.094-17.75 mg · m^-2 · h^-1、-0.122-19.16 mg · m^-2 · h^-1,均表现出明显的季节变化规律;2)地表未淹水期间,剪草处理CH₄释放显著高于非剪草处理(t=2.69, P<0.05);地表淹水达到15 cm后,剪草处理CH₄释放明显低于非剪草处理。3)土壤5 cm温度、土壤水分与2处理非淹水期间CH₄释放速率均呈显著正相关,是非淹水期间CH₄通量变化的主要控制因子,2因子能够共同解释非淹水期苔草湿地65%-74%的CH₄通量变异;4)试验期间,苔草湿地CH₄释放量约为12.77 gC/m²,相当于同期土壤有机质分解碳排放量的4%,甲烷释放的碳消耗不足苔草湿地年NPP的1%。     

Herbivore damage to sagebrush induces resistance in wild tobacco: evidence for eavesdropping between plants

Whether plants respond to cues produced by neighbors has been a topic of much debate. Recent evidence suggests that wild tobacco plants transplanted near experimentally clipped sagebrush neighbors suffer less leaf herbivory than tobacco controls with unclipped neighbors. Here we expand these results by showing evidence for induced resistance in naturally rooted tobacco when sagebrush neighbors are clipped either with scissors or damaged with actual herbivores. Tobacco plants with sagebrush neighbors clipped in both ways had enhanced activity levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a chemical marker of induced resistance in many solanaceous plants. Eavesdropping was found for plants that were naturally rooted, although only when sagebrush and tobacco grew within 10 cm of each other. Although tobacco with clipped neighbors experienced reduced herbivory, tobacco that grew close to sagebrush had lower production of capsules than plants that grew far from sagebrush. When neighboring tobacco rather than sagebrush was clipped, neither levels of PPO nor levels of leaf damage to tobacco were affected. Eavesdropping on neighboring sagebrush, but not neighboring tobacco, may result from plants using a jasmonate signaling system. These results indicate that plants eavesdrop in nature and that this behavior can increase resistance to herbivory although it does not necessarily increase plant fitness.     

Induced Resistance in Wild Tobacco with Clipped Sagebrush Neighbors: The Role of Herbivore Behavior

Previous experiments showed that wild tobacco plants with experimentally clipped sagebrush neighbors experienced less damage by grasshoppers than tobacco plants with unclipped sagebrush neighbors. This result could have been caused by grasshoppers preferring not to feed near clipped sagebrush. This hypothesis was tested in field choice experiments using six grasshopper species feeding on an unresponsive and uniformly palatable food. When offered food that was either close to clipped sagebrush or close to unclipped sagebrush, grasshoppers showed no preference. When offered food that was either close to sagebrush (3 cm) or far from sagebrush (30 cm), grasshoppers preferred to feed far from sagebrush. However, this preference was similar whether or not the sagebrush had been clipped. Avoidance of feeding near clipped sagebrush, independent of changes in tobacco, was not found to contribute to our earlier result that tobacco near clipped sagebrush suffered less herbivory than tobacco near unclipped sagebrush.     

平茬高度对四合木生长及生理特性的影响

为改善珍稀濒危植物四合木种群衰退现状,促进其更新复壮及可持续发展,对四合木老龄化植株进行了0 cm、5 cm、10 cm、15 cm（文中定义为A、B、C、D）四种平茬高度处理,以未平茬老龄植株为对照（CK）,跟踪测定各处理的生长指标和生理指标变化规律,结果表明：（1）平茬能够促进四合木老龄化植株更新复壮,平茬后第一生长季各处理组株高生长量极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,处理B、C、D冠幅年生长量极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,各处理组新生萌条数量大于CK、萌条基径和萌条枝长极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,其中处理B株高和冠幅生长量分别较对照组增加241.43 %和417.21 %,平均萌条数量为324枝分别大于处理A、C、D和CK的293枝、229枝、221枝159枝;（2）对照植株净光合速率及蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰曲线,四种平茬处理植株平茬后第一个生长季7月份净光合速率和蒸腾速率为单峰曲线,而平茬后第二个生长季7月份变为双峰曲线;（3）平茬后前两个生长季7月份净光合速率日均值排序均为：处理B>D>C>A>CK,其中,处理B日均值分别为CK的2.07倍和1.94倍;（4）平茬处理改善了四合木植株水分状况,提高了四合木抵御干旱胁迫的能力,处理组蒸腾速率和水势均高于对照组;（5）平茬处理提高了四合木水分利用效率,其中,处理B提高程度最为明显,前两个生长季的水分利用效率分别是CK的1.38倍和1.42倍;（6）在平茬后前两个生长季内,5 cm平茬较其他高度平茬在生长和生理特性均有明显优势,但随平茬年限的增加其状况如何尚需进一步研究。     

The dependence of methane transport in rice plants on the root zone temperature

Large diurnal and seasonal variations in methane flux from rice paddies have been found in many studies. Although these variations are considered to result from changes in methane formation rates in the soil and the transport capacity (e.g. biomass, physiological activities, and so on) of rice plants, the real reasons for such variations are as yet unclear. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of temperature on the rate of methane transport from the root zone to the atmosphere using hydroponically grown rice plants. Methane emission rates from the top of the rice plants whose roots were soaked in a solution with a high methane concentration were measured using a flow-through chamber method with the top or root of the rice plants being kept at various temperatures. The methane emission rates and methane concentrations in solution were analyzed using a diffusion model which assumes that the methane emission from a rice paddy is driven by molecular diffusion through rice plants by a concentration gradient. In the experiment where the temperature around the root was changed, the conductance for methane diffusion was typically 2.0-2.2 times larger when the solution temperature was changed from 15 to 30 °C. When the air temperature surrounding the top of the rice plant was changed, the change in conductance was much less. In addition, from measurements of methane flux and methane concentration in soil water in a lysimeter rice paddy during the 2 growing seasons of rice, it was found that the conductance for methane transport was correlated with the soil temperature at 5 cm depth. These results suggest that the temperature around the root greatly affects the methane transport process in rice plants, and that the process of passing through the root is important in determining the rate of methane transport through rice plants.     

Interactive regulation of grass yield and chemical properties by defoliation,a salivary chemical,and inorganic nutrition

Summary Clones of 2 C₄ grass species, Sprobolus ioclados and S. pyramidalis, were obtained from more and less heavily grazed grasslands, respectively, in Tanzania's Serengeti National Park. Plants were grown in a factorial experiment to determine the effects of severe defoliation, nutrient limitation, and a salivary chemical (thiamine) on plant growth, nitrogen content, and non-structural carbohydrate content. The experimental design included: (1) species; (2) clipping, with plants either unclipped or clipped weekly to a height of 5 cm; (3) 0.2 ml of distilled water of 0.2 ml of 10 ppb aqueous thiamine sprayed on plants from an atomizer after clipping and identical treatments at the same time to unclipped plants; (4) phosphorus (P) at 0.2 or 1 mM; (5) nitrogen (N) at 3 or 15 mM. Clipping was the major variable affecting plant growth. Total and litter yields were reduced to half and residual plant yield was reduced to 30% of the values for unclipped plants. Clipping interacted strongly with other variables since they commonly had minor effects on clipped plants and major effects on unclipped plants. Exceptions to this generalization were generally due to better performance by S. ioclados under clipping. Compared to lower treatment levels, higher treatment levels promoted total yield of unclipped plants by 52% for N, 43% for thiamine, and 33% for P. In general, thiamine had greater effects than P but lesser effects than N. Thiamine promoted yield and modified the chemical balance of plants by promoting carbohydrate (CHO) concentrations and reducing N concentrations. N and P deficiencies promoted CHO accumulation. Clipping promoted the N of leaves and crowns and reduced the N levels in roots. Leaf blade water and N contents were positively correlated with very little scatter. The slope of the line was different for S. ioclados and S. pyramidalis. Leaf blade water and CHO contents were negatively related but there was more scatter and the species could not be distinguished. The species from more heavily grazed grasslands was conspicuously more sensitive to thiamine application. The results indicated that leaf treatment with thiamine, the only likely source of which in natural grasslands is saliva deposited by feeding herbivores, can have major effects on plant yield and metabolic balances at very low application levels. But under defoliation levels as severe as those imposed in this experiment, which reduced above ground plant biomass to a fourth of the level produced by unclipped plants, growth was so strongly limited by defoliation that neither thiamine nor inorganic nutrients affected plant yield residual from clipping. Therefore, whether chemicals such as thiamine that may be introduced onto grass foliage by grazing ungulates and other herbivores will influence the growth of grazed plants will depend upon the grazing intensity associated with the transfer.     

Temperature-induced increase in methane release from peat bogs: a mesocosm experiment

Peat bogs are primarily situated at mid to high latitudes and future climatic change projections indicate that these areas may become increasingly wetter and warmer. Methane emissions from peat bogs are reduced by symbiotic methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs). Higher temperatures and increasing water levels will enhance methane production, but also methane oxidation. To unravel the temperature effect on methane and carbon cycling, a set of mesocosm experiments were executed, where intact peat cores containing actively growing Sphagnum were incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C. After two months of incubation, methane flux measurements indicated that, at increasing temperatures, methanotrophs are not able to fully compensate for the increasing methane production by methanogens. Net methane fluxes showed a strong temperature-dependence, with higher methane fluxes at higher temperatures. After removal of Sphagnum, methane fluxes were higher, increasing with increasing temperature. This indicates that the methanotrophs associated with Sphagnum plants play an important role in limiting the net methane flux from peat. Methanotrophs appear to consume almost all methane transported through diffusion between 5 and 15°C. Still, even though methane consumption increased with increasing temperature, the higher fluxes from the methane producing microbes could not be balanced by methanotrophic activity. The efficiency of the Sphagnum-methanotroph consortium as a filter for methane escape thus decreases with increasing temperature. Whereas 98% of the produced methane is retained at 5°C, this drops to approximately 50% at 25°C. This implies that warming at the mid to high latitudes may be enhanced through increased methane release from peat bogs.     

Effect of gas pressure in the root and stem base zone on methane transport through rice bodies

Ebullition of gas bubbles from the soil surface is, in some cases (e.g., in early growth stage of rice), one of the major pathways for methane transport from rice paddies to the atmosphere. However, the role of the gas phase (entrapped gas) in the paddy soil in plant-mediated methane transport, which is the major pathway for methane emission, has not been clarified. To clarify the effect of the gas phase below ground on the methane emission rate through rice plants, we partly exposed the root and stem base of hydroponically grown rice to a high concentration of methane gas at various gas pressures, and immersed the rest of the roots in a solution with a high methane concentration. The methane emission rate was measured from the top of the rice plant using a flow-through chamber method. The methane emission rate drastically increased with a small increase in gas pressure in the gas phase at the root and stem base zone, with about a 3 times larger emission rate being observed with 10 × 10^-3 atm of extra pressure (corresponding to 10 cm of standing water in rice paddy) compared to no extra pressure. However, when alginate was applied to the stem near the base to prevent contact with the gas phase, the methane emission rate did not increase with increasing gas pressure. On the other hand, from observations in the rice paddy, it was found that the gas is entrapped near the surface (e.g., at a depth of 1 cm) and the gas entrapped in the soil would come into direct contact with a part of the stem near the base of the rice plant. Thus, the gas entrapped in the soil could enter into the rice body directly from the part of the stem near the base which is beneath the soil surface due to gas pressure in the gas phase resulting from the pressure exerted by the standing water. Hence, this mechanism involving the entrapped gas could play an important role in methane emission from rice paddy by affecting the plant-mediated methane transport as well as ebullition of gas bubbles.     

Methane production and release from two New England peatlands.

The rate of methane production and release to the atmosphere was determined for two New England peat bogs. Methane production rates from peat sediments, which were measured down to depths of 150 cm, ranged from 1 to 15 micromoles per liter per hour. The highest rates of methane production occurred at depths of 60-100 cm. Methane release from these same peats was quantified from various habitats on the bog using gas collection chambers. The chambers enclose a two-liter volume and cover an area of 0.02 m2. Methane accumulation in the chambers was measured for periods of up to 18 days. Methane release was related to pH and habitat zone. The lowest rates of methane release were from those portions of the bogs that had pH values below 5.0. Peak methane release occurred during or immediately after ice melt in both wetlands with release rates as high as 34 mmoles/m2/d. The overall estimate of yearly release of methane from these bog systems is 2,900 and 14,900 moles per year for Arcadia and Hawley Bogs respectively. Both of these bogs have pH environments close to the lowest limit for methanogenesis, and small differences in pH values can have a large impact on both the rate of methane production and the rate of methane release to the atmosphere.     

The interaction of defoliation and nutrient uptake in Sporobolus kentrophyllus,a short-grass species from the serengeti plains

Summary Sporobolus kentrophyllus, a grazing-tolerant C₄ grass from the southeastern Serengeti Plains, was grown in solution culture to examine the effects of clipping on the uptake, preference and subsequent transport of varying nitrogen forms. Clipping reduced offtake mass, crown mass ane root mass, resulting in a 58% decline in plant mass. Proportional biomass allocation to roots decreased with clipping, while tillering rates increased. Clipping also increased the nitrogen concentrations of all tissues, and plant nitrogen uptake (nitrogen accumulated throughout the experiment per gram root). The ¹⁵N concentrations (% atom excess) of all tissues were higher in clipped compared with unclipped plants, and the average ¹⁵N uptake rate of clipped plants was twice that of unclipped plants. The relative ¹⁵N allocation to aboveground mass, a measure of canopy sink strength, was higher in clipped plants. Plants fed ¹⁵N-ammonium or ¹⁵N-nitrate during the ¹⁵N pulse experiment had greater ¹⁵N tissue concentrations compared with urea-fed plants, and ¹⁵N uptake rates were higher in ammonium-fed and nitrate-fed plants, compared with urea-fed plants. The relative magnitudes of these differences were higher when plants were clipped. Clipped plants had higher uptake rates for potassium, phosphorus and sodium, while differences between clipping treatments for calcium, iron, and magnesium were indistinguishable. Rapid uptake rates for species on the southeastern Serengeti plains, particularly during grazing periods, have important implications for nutrient cycling in this system.     

Variation in the plant-mediated methane transport and its importance for methane emission from intact wetland peat mesocosms

Aims and Methods Vascular plants are known to influence the production, transport and oxidation of methane in wetland soils, but these processes are not well understood. Using plants grown in intact peat cores, we compared the influence upon methane emissions of 20 forb and graminoid species from European wetlands. We measured plant-mediated transport of methane (conduit or chimney effect) using a novel agar-sealing technique that prevented methane exchange from the bare soil to the atmosphere.Important Findings The plant-mediated transport (chimney effect) represented between 30% and almost 100% of the total methane flux, with graminoids exhibiting greater internal transport than forbs. In general, plants with less dense root tissues and a relatively larger root volume exhibited a larger chimney effect. Most species (12 out of 20) significantly reduced methane emissions compared to bare soil and only one species, Succisa pratensis, increased them. We suggest that characterising vegetation in terms of plant functional traits and plant processes offers an effective method for estimating methane emissions from wetlands. However, we found no correlation between the magnitude of the chimney effect and the overall influence of different plant species on methane emissions. Besides introducing a useful tool to study plant-mediated transport, this work suggests that characterising vegetation in terms of functional traits could improve estimates of methane emissions from wetlands, which in turn could help in designing mitigation strategies.     

Effects of cultivar and irrigation management on population growth of the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on greenhouse ivy geranium

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine whether different ivy geranium cultivars and different irrigation frequencies influenced population growth of the twospotted spider mite (TSM), Tetranychus urticae. Results showed that mite numbers at harvest (about 4 weeks after plants were artificially infested) were very low on 'Sybil Holmes', but significantly higher on 'Amethyst 96'. Irrigation frequency of ivy geraniums had no measurable effect on TSM populations over a range in which water was applied when pot weight dropped 15, 30 or 45% from container capacity. However, the most frequently irrigated plants (15% treatment) produced as much or more growth than plants that received less water. These plants also had the lowest incidence of oedema. There was no significant interaction between water management and host plant resistance, implying the difference in host plant resistance to TSM between the two cultivars should remain constant, at least within the range of the irrigation frequencies studied. Our findings suggest that growers can take advantage of plant resistance to TSM on ivy geranium cultivars of current commercial importance, and that watering practices can be adjusted to optimize plant production without affecting pest populations.     

陆生植物自身能否排放甲烷?

一般认为自然来源的甲烷是在厌氧环境下形成的,而最近研究却发现在有氧环境下植物自身也能释放甲烷,这将对全球甲烷收支产生重大影响。但这一发现目前还存在很大争议,一些研究证实植物在有氧环境下能排放甲烷,果胶、聚半乳糖醛酸等含甲氧基官能团的组分是植物产生甲烷的主要来源物质,甚至纤维素、木质素等植物结构组分也能排放甲烷;而另一些研究却发现植物并不能排放甲烷或者排放速率极小,而观测到的植物甲烷排放可能来自于土壤中,即溶解有甲烷的土壤水分被被植物吸收并通过蒸腾或蒸发作用而排放到大气中。有氧环境下植物排放甲烷的机制仍不清楚,光照、温度、紫外辐射、机械损伤等环境胁迫可能是导致植物排放甲烷的重要原因,但这些因素的影响作用仍存在很大的不确定性。即使如此,一些研究仍对全球或区域植物甲烷排放的通量进行了估算,估计全球植物甲烷排放通量为10-236Tg.a-1。未来研究应在更多地区针对不同生境的各种植物是否排放甲烷进行独立检验,并在此基础上探讨植物排放甲烷的机制。     

若尔盖高原湿地木里苔草生理生态特征对水深梯度的响应

木里苔草作为一种典型的高原湿地植被景观,其生理生态特征受到水深梯度变化的显著影响。选取若尔盖高原沼泽湿地典型植物木里苔草（Carex muliensis）作为研究对象,通过模拟实验,研究了其在-5cm、-3.5cm、0cm、8cm和22cm水深梯度下株高、叶长和叶宽的生长特征及增长量的变化规律,以及叶绿素、叶氮和生物量的变化趋势。结果表明：木里苔草在水深为8cm时呈现最大的株高、叶长和叶宽,其中以株高对水深梯度的响应最为显著,叶宽对水深梯度的响应并不明显,适度干旱或淹水都对木里苔草生长起到促进作用。此外,叶绿素、叶氮含量和生物量也都在8cm水位下达到最大。通过此实验,可以阐明木里苔草生长对水深条件的响应,为若尔盖湿地保护和恢复提供数据支撑与实践依据。     

Effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carex rostrata</Emphasis> on soil oxygen in relation to soil moisture

Many wetland plants are faced with severe edaphic problems. Long term flooding effects a sequence of chemical processes that result in soil anoxia and production of several phytotoxic compounds. In order to maintain an aerobic root respiration wetland plants produce aerenchyms that enable oxygen conduction through the plant body to underground organs. Moreover wetland plants are able to release oxygen into the soil. This aeration effect of wetland plants in turn can influence soil chemistry considerably and protects roots by an aerobic rhizosphere. Oxygen release by underground organs of aerenchymous plants has been well documented in laboratory investigations but not under field conditions. In this study, dynamics of oxygen saturation were measured together with soil water content and microclimatic parameters. Measurements were carried out on some lowland peat covered by Carex rostrata Stokes from July to October 2001. Oxygen saturation was quantified using novel optical sensors (microoptrodes). The presence of C. rostrata significantly increased oxygen content in the soil. Mean oxygen saturation under Carex rostrata (56.0%) was significantly higher than in a control plot without vegetation (26.6%). Due to fluctuating water content, oxygen saturation in both plots was characterized by pronounced time variation. Increasing soil water content caused an extreme decline of oxygen saturation in both plots and led to anoxia in the control plot. In the presence of C.rostrata, the decline in soil oxygen took place at significantly higher water content (68.5% compared to 67.5% in the control plot) which is substantial as the mean water contents varied between 67 and 69% during the measurement period.     

扎龙芦苇湿地生长季的甲烷排放通量

为研究高寒地区天然淡水芦苇湿地的甲烷排放特征,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,测定了扎龙不同水位芦苇湿地生长季的甲烷排放通量.结果表明:观测期内,扎龙芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量平均为7.67 mg·m^-2·h^-1（-21.18～46.15 mg·m^-2·h^-1）,其中深水区(平均水深100 cm)和浅水区(平均水深25 cm)的平均甲烷排放通量分别为5.81和9.52 mg·m^-2·h^-1,排放峰值分别出现在8月和7月,最低值均出现在10月.深水区夏季(6-7月)的甲烷排放通量显著低于浅水区,而春(5月)、秋(8-10月)季节显著高于浅水区.生长季甲烷排放通量的变化为夏季>秋季>春季;昼夜排放量为12:00和14:00最高,0:00最低.温度和水位是高寒地区淡水芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量变化的主要影响因子.     

植物在CH4产生、氧化和排放中的作用

综合评述了植物对CH4产生、内源CH4氧化和CH4排放的影响．不同植物释放根系分泌物能力的不同是造成CH4产生量差异的主要原因。而植物不同生育期分泌分泌物能力的差异是造成季节性变化的关键．植物泌O2能力的高低和季节性变化通过影响内源CH4的氧化来改变CH4的排放数量．植物问通气组织数量和密度的差异及其随生育期的变化,通过影响对CH4的传输能力来改变CH4的排放量．因此,植物排放CH4的通量及其季节性变化规律是由植物根系分泌分泌物能力、分泌O2能力和传输CH4能力综合决定的．     

Seasonal variation of methane emissions from a temperate swamp

Methane flux measurements were made at four sites in a freshwater temperate swamp over the 13 month period of April 1985 through May 1986. Emissions were highly variable both between sites and over time at any one site. Ebullition from sediments was an important component of methane release. Although release of methane through bubbling occurred in only 19% of the measurements made between April and June 1985, when instrumentation allowed us to separate diffusive and bubble fluxes, ebullition accounted for 34% of the total flux during this period. Methane release rates showed a strong seasonal variation, with highest emission rates observed in early spring and again in late summer, which was associated with changes in plant growth and physiology. Emission rates were partially correlated with sediment temperature, but the relationship was not straightforward, and resembled a step function. Emissions responded strongly to temperature change through the range of 10–16°C. At winter sediment temperatures between 4–9°C, CH₄ flux continued at low rates (0–28 mg CH₄ m^–2d^–1; average = 7.9 mg CH₄m^–2d^–1) and appeared insensitive to changes in sediment temperature. Annual methane emission from three constantly flooded sites (mean water depth = 35 cm) was 43.7 +/- 7.8 gm^–2 (standard error); annual flux from a bank site was 41.4 +/- 20.5 gm^–2. A comparison of flux measurements from fresh and saline wetlands in the immediate area of Newport News Swamp emphasizes the importance of edaphic factors in controlling flux.