禄丰古猿地点中国兔猴一新种

本文记述的是在云南禄丰石灰坝古猿化石产地与古猿共生的一种中国兔猴化石。这类化石以下颌骨和牙齿较纤细,牙齿的颊侧齿带较发育,牙齿狭长,齿尖锐利和臼齿咬合面的三角凹较大,下次小尖向后延伸而使下内尖和下次小尖之间有较大间隔;上臼齿的颊舌径较小等特征区别于中国兔猴厚齿种(Sinoadapis carnosus Wu and Pan.)根据以上的形态特征,作者把它订为中国兔猴一新种:中国兔猴石灰坝种Sinoadapis shihuibaensis sp.nov.。     

禄丰古猿地点的鼷鹿化石

本文记述了在禄丰古猿地点发现的鼷鹿科化石两属两种,一为简单云南鼷鹿(新属、新种)Yunnanotherium simplex gen.et sp.nov;另一为进步丘齿鼷鹿 Dorcabune progressus (Yan)。新属、种代表了中新世鼷鹿科中一进步类型,根据齿系特征,它与 Dorcatherium 属的亲缘关系较近。进步丘齿鼷鹿无疑与南亚西瓦立克纳格瑞带的同属动物有密切的关系,但具有一些明显的进步性质。     

禄丰古猿地点的兔形目化石

Alilepus longisinuosus sp.nov.系禄丰古猿动物群兔形目的唯一代表。基于自1976年以来采集到的69件标本,本文对新种的特征,特别是在种内的变异作了描述;并将其与华北及欧洲其它地点的翼兔作了比较。研究结果表明,可能由Gobiolagus或Ordolagus进化而来的Alilepus,在中新世晚期有较大的分化;禄丰的翼兔似乎代表该属向南亚现生的Nesolagus进化的一种。     

禄丰古猿地点的小哺乳动物化石

过去十年,在禄丰古猿地点作了多次的发掘和筛洗,采集到包括食虫类,翼手类,啮齿类和兔形类在内的一千余件标本,使这一小哺乳动物的化石组合从1979年首次报道的6种增加到了38种,成为我国南方新第三纪中期最丰富而有代表性的小哺乳动物群。材料的初步鉴定表明:动物群中有代表我国首次发现的化石科和属;并有相当数量与华北、印巴次大陆和欧洲有密切亲缘关系的类型;其地质时代属最晚中新世保德期,相当于欧洲陆相哺乳动物分期的土洛里期(Turolian)。     

云南禄丰古猿化石地点的豪猪化石

描述了产自云南禄丰古猿化石地点的豪猪化石禄丰豪猪 (新种 ) (Hystrixlufengensissp .nov.)。这是一种较原始的豪猪。它的个体中等 ;两上颊齿列往前靠近 ;下颌骨骨体较低 ,齿隙稍凹 ,其前端高于下颊齿冠面 ;颊齿齿冠较低 ;上颊齿舌侧沟横向较短 ;P4大 ,前尖通常孤立 ,中附尖很发达 ,不与中脊连 ;M3较少退化 ;上颊齿具 3齿根 ,大的内侧齿根具明显纵沟 ;下颊齿通常具 4齿根等。形态结构分析表明 ,H .lufengensis仅比H .parvae进步 ,比H .primigenia和H .sivalensis及其他种都原始。它可能代表亚洲目前已知最早、最原始的豪猪。其产出时代为晚中新世保德期 (狭义 )的较早期 (距今约 8Ma)。     

Functional morphology of the hindlimb of tupaiids (Mammalia,Scandentia) and its phylogenetic implications

In this study, the hindlimb of 12 species of tupaiids was analyzed functionally and compared to that of primates, dermopterans, and chiropterans. Many aspects of the tupaiid hindlimb vary in relation to differential substrate use. These differences include width of the ilium, shape of the acetabulum, size of the anterior inferior iliac spine, size of the greater and third trochanters, depth of the femoral condyles, shape of the patellar groove, and size of the tibial tuberosity. The hindlimb of the arboreal Ptilocercus lowii, the only ptilocercine, is better adapted for arboreal locomotion, whereas that of tupaiines is better adapted for rapid terrestrial (or scansorial) locomotion. The hindlimb of Ptilocercus seems to be habitually flexed and has more joint mobility, a condition necessary for movement on uneven, discontinuous arboreal supports. The tarsus of Ptilocercus facilitates inversion of the foot and its grasping hallux is capable of a great range of abduction. Tupaiines, on the other hand, are characterized by more extended hindlimbs and less mobility in their joints. These restricted joints limit movements more to the parasagittal plane, which increases the efficiency of locomotion on a more even and continuous surface like the ground. The hindlimb of tupaiines is adapted for powerful flexion and extension. Even the most arboreal tupaiines remain similar to terrestrial tupaiines in their hindlimb morphology, which probably reflects the terrestrial ancestry of Tupaiinae (but not Tupaiidae). Many attributes of the tupaiid hindlimb, especially those of the foot, reflect the arboreal ancestry of Tupaiidae and it is proposed that the ancestral tupaiid was arboreal like Ptilocercus. Also, compared to the hindlimb character states of tupaiines, those of Ptilocercus are more similar to those of other archontans, and it is proposed that the hindlimb features of Ptilocercus are primitive for the Tupaiidae. Hence, Ptilocercus should be considered in any phylogenetic analysis that includes Scandentia.     

禄丰古猿雌性头像的复原

本文叙述了制作禄丰古猿雌性复原头像的根据和过程。复原像以宽阔的眶间宽和中面部,以及低平的鼻根和鼻梁硬骨部为其显著的特点。它的“鼻—前颌部”侧面轮廓和软鼻形态与猩猩的较相似。它的鼻属猿型鼻,有类似大猩猩的和人形化的性状。     

元谋新第三纪食肉动物化石的初步观察

本文对云南元谋盆地产古猿化石地点的部分食肉类化石进行了初步观察分类,认为它们的时代似应稍晚于禄丰,相当上新世早期,估计距今5-6百万年.     

云南元谋古猿地点的小哺乳动物化石

本文依据元谋盆地西北小河村一带古猿化石地点所产６种小哺乳动物（Ａｎｏｕｒｏｓｏｒｅｘｓｐ．,Ｌｅｐｏｎｄａｅｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｉｎｄｅｔ．,Ｓｃｉｕｒｏｔａｍｉａｓｓｐ．,Ｍｏｎｏｓａｕｌａｘｓｐ．,Ｂｒａｃｈｙｒｈｉｚｏｍｙｓｂｌａｃｋｉ,Ｒｈｉｚｏｍｙｉｄａｅｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｉｎｄｅｔ）,初步论证了几个合古猿化石地点（８６０３、８７０１、８７０４、８８０１、９００１）的时代均为晚中新世,相当于欧洲Ｔｕｒｏｌｉａｎ晚期,比禄丰古猿化石地点的时代稍晚．     

中国新近纪几种稀有啮齿动物

30多年来,中国新近纪堆积物中发现了大量的小哺乳动物化石,但一些种类的材料很少,而且仅在个别地点出现,在动物群中常以未定属、种记述.详细描述了4种罕见的啮齿动物,其中3种,泗洪豪鼠(Sayimys sihongensis)、亚洲别齿始鼠(Apeomys asiaticus)和新来鼠(未定种)(Neocometes sp.)发现于江苏泗洪早中新世下草湾组,一种,细小云南始鼠(Yuneomys pusillus)产自云南禄丰晚中新世石灰坝组.与欧亚或北美有关材料的比较研究表明,江苏泗洪标本无法归入相关属的任何已知种,因此被确定了两个新种(S.sihongensis和A.asiaticus);禄丰原归入Leptodontomys pusillus的标本与该属的特征不符,被指定为新属Ynueomys.泗洪的A.asiaticus和Neocometes sp.分别代表该属在亚洲和中国的首次记录;它们与S.sihongensis在亚洲远东地区的出现,增加了我们对这些稀有动物地理分布和欧亚古生物地理关系的知识.禄丰的新属Yuneomys与共生的Plesieomys和Heteroeomys属同为丘齿型始鼠类,可能都属热带或亚热带森林型动物;在禄丰动物群中缺少脊齿型始鼠类,与华北动物群的组成不同,似乎表明华南和华北始鼠动物群在中新世期间已有明显的分异,进而支持这一时期亚洲出现了不同生态区系的设想.     

腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿的形态特征及其系统关系——下颌骨的形态与比较

本文通过禄丰腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿的下颌骨与现代大猿类和其它同时代的古猿及南方古猿类的下颌骨的比较得出:禄丰的两类古猿有不少特征与猩猩相似,因此它们可能与猩猩有较密切的关系,两类古猿可能是同一类型的雌雄个体。但另一方面,禄丰腊玛古猿又显示出一些与南方古猿相似的性状,因而另一种可能是腊玛古猿是与西瓦古猿不同的类型,它比西瓦古猿更接近于人猿的共同主干。     

云南禄丰古猿产地的獾类化石

记述了云南禄丰古猿产地的一些獾类化石,主要据其牙齿和下颌特征订为食肉目、鼬科、獾亚科中一个新的属种——禄丰云南獾(Yunnanotherium lufengense gen.et sp.nov.)。从M1的冠面和牙根的特征看,可把宗冠福1991年提出、1997年所订的Trochotherium yuanmouense 1)的1枚M1(另1枚所谓m2经本文作者鉴定不属于这类动物)以及在元谋雷老发现的1枚M1和1枚m2放入这个属中。另外,产自禄丰古猿产地D剖面6层的1枚单个的m1也可归入这个属中。云南獾与欧洲的Trochotherium在牙齿(主要是M1)方面有某种程度的相像(如冠面较平坦、齿尖较低、齿根多),都是一类主要以软体动物为生的食肉动物,但二者之间在牙齿(特别是M1)的结构和下颌形态方面仍有明显的区别。这可能与二者所生长的时代以及生态环境不同有关。     

腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿的形态特征及其系统关系——牙齿的形态与比较

禄丰腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿的牙齿有许多性状是一致的,但在犬齿和下前臼齿的形态上则有较大的差别,这些差别可能是两性的差别。它们与现代大猿类相比,表现出与猩猩比较相似,而与大猩猩和黑猩猩差别较大,因而禄丰腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿可能是同一类型的雌雄个体,与猩猩有较近的关系。但另一方面,与南方古猿类的牙齿相比,禄丰腊玛古猿牙齿又显示出较多的相似于南方古猿阿法种和非洲种的性状,而西瓦古猿大的犬齿与所有南方古猿类差别甚大,因此另一种可能性是禄丰腊玛古猿与西瓦古猿是不同的类型,前者是向南方古猿方向进化的早期的人科成员。     

禄丰大猿化石分类的修订

本文将禄丰西瓦古猿与巴基斯坦和土耳其的标本进行了对比,认为前者与后者有明显的不同。提出把禄丰的标本修订为禄丰古猿属同名种(Lufengpithecus lufengensis)。     

禄丰食肉类化石记述

自1975年以来已在禄丰西瓦古猿(腊玛古猿)化石产地进行过多次发掘。在晚中新世的褐煤地层中,除获数量较多的古猿及小灵长类化石外,其他哺乳类化石的数量和种类也颇丰富。本文记述的是1976年以前从禄丰所采集的部分食肉类化石,其中包括Proputorius lufengensis和Epimachairodus fires两个新种。     

记三列齿科一新属

<正> 本文所记述的标本,是1972年袁祖银同志与笔者在云南进行野外工作时采集的。化石产于云南禄丰的下禄丰组深红层地层中,与周明镇教授描述过的禄丰兽(Lufengia)同层。由于风化,头骨缝合线不清楚,但就头骨显示出的其他特征,不难看出,此标本系代表三列齿科(Tritylodontidae)中一新种属。本文承王哲夫、侯晋封同志分别照相和绘图,谨此表示感谢。     

New Late Miocene murids from China (Mammalia, Rodentia)

New murids of Late Miocene (medial Baodean Chinese Mammal Unit) age from Inner Mongolia, northern China, and from Yunnan Province, southern China, are described. Hansdebruijnia perpusilla nov. sp. represents the earliest known and morphologically most primitive species of the genus, which is known from the latest Miocene of Europe and western Asia. The new species suggests an eastern Palaearctic origin of Hansdebruijnia. “Progonomys” yunnanensisQIU and STORCH, 1990 from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, is referred to Linomys nov. gen. New samples from Leilao, Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, are included in this species, although this population is somewhat more primitive than that from Lufeng. Leilaomys zhudingi nov. gen. and sp. from Leilao shows a unique combination of apomorphic and plesiomorphic characters, which suggest an early divergence from the murid stem. The new findings indicate that our knowledge of the early radiation of murids in southeast Asia is still in its infancy.     

云南禄丰古猿化石地点的犀科化石

描述了产自云南禄丰古猿化石地点的犀科化石禄丰无鼻角犀新种(Acerorhinus lufengensis sp. nov.)和林氏山西犀相似种(Shansirhinus cf.S.ringstroemi)。A.lufengensis的个体较大;原尖不收缩或微弱收缩,次尖几乎不收缩,反前刺缺失或非常微弱;前臼齿前尖肋强壮;臼齿前刺短小,无内齿带,除M3外无小刺;下前臼齿的下内脊呈横向;下门齿呈特别粗壮的獠牙状。从A.lufengensis的一系列进步性状判断,它的时代至少不会早于M3外脊和后脊分界明显的A.palaeosinensis,应相当于晚中新世的NMU10或MN12,年龄约7 Ma。S.cf.S.ringstroemi具有丰富的釉质褶皱、微弱的前尖肋、非常强大的前刺、强烈收缩的原尖、发达的齿桥和中窝、角状的U形内谷、连续的内齿带、膨大成方形的次尖等。在这个种内,体型有增大的趋势,釉质褶皱向增强的方向发展,中窝数量增多,而禄丰标本在尺寸上略小于甘肃临夏的上新世最早期材料,釉质褶皱也相对更弱,中窝仅有一个。因此,禄丰S.cf.S.ringstroemi的时代应该略早,出现于晚中新世的7 Ma左右是比较合理的解释。     

禄丰中新世兔猴类一新属

本文记述的是在云南禄丰腊玛古猿化石产地发现的原猴类化石,分类上归于兔猴科。鉴于它的形态特征,作者把它订为一新属新种(Sinoadapis carnosus gen. et sp. nov.),这是迄今已知兔猴科最晚的记录。这一发现对兔猴类的进化及探讨腊玛古猿的生活环境具有一定的意义。     

The Ear Region of the Pen-tailed Treeshrew, Ptilocercus lowii Gray, 1848 (Placentalia, Scandentia, Ptilocercidae)

The ear region of the pen-tailed treeshrew, Ptilocercus lowii Gray, 1848 (Scandentia, Ptilocercidae), is described and illustrated in detail based on five museum specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, two with the auditory bulla removed exposing the intratympanic surfaces. Soft tissues (arteries, veins, nerves, and muscles) are reconstructed onto the adult skulls based on published reports of these elements in a fetal P. lowii. Comparisons are made with four specimens of the common treeshrew, the tupaiid Tupaia glis (Diard, 1820), from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, including one with the auditory bulla removed. The mammalian ear region widely is regarded to be a rich source of characters for phylogenetic analysis. This study supports this view by identifying numerous features that are shared between the two treeshrews as well as numerous features that distinguish them. Several features used in the past to distinguish tupaiid treeshrews from primates are found to differ between P. lowii and T. glis: the composition of the bony tubes for the internal carotid artery and the composition of the intrabullar septa and spaces. Despite the compositional differences, it seems likely that the bony carotid tubes and intrabullar septa and spaces shared by P. lowii and T. glis occurred in their common ancestor. Evaluating the utility of these and other ear region features awaits future phylogenetic analysis of treeshrews and related Euarchontoglires.